CN111372656A - 抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(adcc)的增强 - Google Patents
抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(adcc)的增强 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于增加抗体对受试者的治疗益处的方法。改善的益处通常是由抗体的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)作用的增加来介导的。该方法包括:(a)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者;和(b)还将所述抗体给予受试者。对受试者的治疗益处的增加可涉及所述抗体对其具有预防作用或治疗作用的任何疾病。所述疾病可以是癌症。本发明还涉及所述免疫治疗组合物和所述抗体以及包含它们的试剂盒。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种用于增加抗体对受试者的治疗益处的方法。改善的益处通常是由抗体的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)作用的增加来介导的。该方法包括:(a)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者;和(b)还将所述抗体给予受试者。对受试者的治疗益处的增加可涉及所述抗体对其具有预防作用或治疗作用的任何疾病。所述疾病可以是癌症。
本发明还涉及所述免疫治疗组合物和所述抗体以及包含它们的试剂盒。
发明背景
一些抗体的治疗功效取决于抗体识别其靶标(例如肿瘤细胞上的抗原)并通过免疫效应细胞网络诱导细胞毒性的能力。该过程被称为抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)。它是由抗体的可结晶片段(Fc)部分与效应细胞(包括自然杀伤(NK)细胞、巨噬细胞、γδT细胞和树突细胞)的复杂网络上的Fc受体(FcR)的相互作用触发的。尽管以前认为ADCC是一个相对简单的过程,通过这个过程,效应免疫细胞通过释放像穿孔素和颗粒酶的细胞毒性分子来裂解抗体包被的靶细胞,但现在已知ADCC是一个复杂的过程,其协调和连接了对上述免疫细胞类型的调节。
数种抗体(包括利妥昔单抗(rituximab)、曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)、阿仑珠单抗(alemtuzumab)、西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)、帕尼单抗(panitumumab)和奥法木单抗(ofatumumab))已经成为用于实体瘤和血液恶性肿瘤治疗的护理标准。然而,许多患者从这样的抗体治疗中可能获得低的治疗效果或有时没有治疗效果。因此,需要增强此类抗体的ADCC的方法。
发明内容
出人意料地,发明人已经证明包含免疫系统检查点组分或其免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物可增强作为疗法给予受试者的抗体的ADCC作用。该类型的免疫治疗组合物先前已被证明促进CD4+和CD8+ T细胞对检查点组分的应答,导致抑制所述检查点的作用,以及对表达检查点组分的癌细胞的直接T细胞介导的杀伤。参见,例如WO 2009/143843、WO2013/056716、WO/2016/041560和PCT/EP2017/055093——这些文献、特别是单独公开的肽序列以及包含它们的任何组合物都通过引用全部并入本文中。由于这类组合物对检查点活性的影响,它们已经被描述为免疫调节疫苗。然而,先前没有描述对并非由CD4+和CD8+细胞应答直接介导的免疫效应机制的作用。具体地,先前从未认为这类组合物对ADCC具有任何作用。
本发明涉及一种用于增加抗体对受试者的治疗益处的方法。该方法包括:(a)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者;和(b)还将所述抗体给予受试者。步骤(a)和(b)可同时进行、分开进行或依次进行。
所述抗体可以是给予受试者的作为疾病治疗的任何抗体,并且治疗益处的增加通常是与所述疾病有关。因此,所述方法也可描述为使用免疫治疗组合物和抗体治疗所述疾病的方法,该方法比仅给予抗体更加有效。所述抗体优选已被证明具有治疗作用,该治疗作用至少部分地由抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)介导。所述抗体通常为抗癌抗体。抗癌抗体意指表明用于癌症治疗的任何抗体。此类抗体通常特异性地结合到在癌细胞表面上表达的抗原上。
因此,本发明还提供一种用于预防或治疗受试者中癌症的方法,该方法包括将以下物质给予所述受试者:
(i)包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物;和
(ii)抗癌抗体。
本发明还提供包含所述免疫治疗组合物和所述抗体的试剂盒。
序列表简要说明
SEQ ID NOs:1-49为来自免疫系统检查点的多肽组分的氨基酸序列。它们的全长示于表1中。
附图简要说明
图1:白细胞单采产物(leukapheresis product)的实例,其显示了对PDL1 long1刺激的IFN-γ应答(下图),这与达雷木单抗(daratumumab)对ADCC的增强作用有关(上图)。
图2:健康捐赠者血沉棕黄层(buffy coat)的实例,其显示了对PDL1 long1刺激的IFN-γ应答(下图),这与达雷木单抗对ADCC的增强作用有关(上图)。
图3:健康捐赠者血沉棕黄层的实例,没有对PDL1 long1刺激的IFN-γ应答(下图)。没有观察到达雷木单抗对ADCC的增强作用(上图)。
图4(A):在来自患多发性骨髓瘤患者的白细胞单采产物中,对用肽IO103(FMTYWHLLNAFTVTVPKDL)刺激的应答(黑色柱)或没有用肽刺激的应答(白色柱)的IFN-γ酶联免疫斑点测定(ELISPOT)。测试了来自20位患者的白细胞单采样本。在细胞回收率较差时,实验进行三次(n=10)或两次(n=10)。来自患者18的细胞死亡。*表示具有显著DFRx1的三次重复实验。**表示具有显著DFRx2的三次重复实验,如Moodie等人2012所记载。(*)表示p值<0.05(Student’s t检验)的两次重复实验。每孔细胞数:患者1:4.0x105;患者2:2.5x105;患者3:4.0x105;患者4:2.8x105;患者5:4.0x105;患者6:3.6x105;患者7:2.7x105;患者8:3.7x105;患者9:3.4x105;患者10:6.0x105;患者11:3.0x105;患者12:4.0x105;患者13:3.0x105;患者14:2.3x105;患者15:3.0x105;患者16:4.0x105;患者17:4.0x105;患者19:4.0x105;患者20:6.0x105。图中描述了具有平均值的标准误差(SEM)的平均值。
图4(B):在来自骨髓瘤患者(患者9)的白细胞单采产物中针对IO103肽的T细胞应答的实例。
图4(C):结果显示,先前制备的HLA-A2限制性的PD-L1特异性CTL裂解了用PD-L1肽脉冲处理的T2细胞以及PD-L1阳性、HLA-A2阳性的多发性骨髓瘤细胞系U266。通过标准的51Cr释放试验来测量杀伤力。用IFN-γ处理上调了PD-L1,并介导了增加骨髓瘤细胞系杀伤的倾向(具有标准差(SD)的平均值)。
图5:代表性的结果显示,刺激患者的白细胞单采细胞或健康捐赠者的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)增强了达雷木单抗针对CD38阳性骨髓瘤的ADCC作用。如图所示,用IO103或混杂的(scrambled)对照肽刺激来自不同的多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者的白细胞单采产物(白细胞单采产物1、9、11和20)或来自健康捐赠者(HD-361、HD-382)的PBMC。在第2天,以120U/ml添加IL-2。在第7天,将白细胞单采产物或PBMC洗涤,计数,并以在51Cr释放细胞毒性试验+/-针对CD38阳性细胞系RPMI-8226的达雷木单抗中所示的比例用作效应细胞(具有SD的均值)。
图6:实施例的研究设计示意图。
发明详述
应当理解,所公开的产物和方法的不同应用可根据本领域中的具体需要调整。也应当理解,本文中所使用的术语仅用于描述本发明的特定实施方案的目的,而并非旨在限制。
此外,如在本说明书和所附权利要求书中使用的那样,除非文中另有明确规定,单数形式“一个”、“一种”和“所述”包括复数指示物。因此,例如,提及“一种抑制剂”包括两种或更多种此类抑制剂,或提及“一种寡核苷酸”包括两种或更多种此类寡核苷酸等。
术语“患者”和“受试者”可互换使用,并且通常是指人类。
“多肽”在本文中以其最广泛的意义使用,是指两个或更多个亚基氨基酸、氨基酸类似物或其他拟肽的化合物。因此,术语“多肽”包括短肽序列以及较长的多肽和蛋白质。如本文中所使用的,术语“氨基酸”是指天然的和/或非天然的或合成的氨基酸(包括D旋光异构体或L旋光异构体)以及氨基酸类似物和拟肽。
本文中(无论在上文中还是在下文中)引用的所有出版物、专利和专利申请都通过引用全部并入本文。
免疫系统检查点
术语“免疫系统检查点”在本文中用于指改变平衡以利于抑制免疫效应应答的任何分子相互作用。即,在发生时负向调节免疫效应细胞激活的分子相互作用。这种相互作用可能是直接的,如配体与细胞表面受体之间的相互作用,其将抑制信号传递到效应细胞中。或其可能是间接的,如阻断或抑制配体与细胞表面受体之间的相互作用,其原本会将激活信号传递到效应细胞中,或促进抑制分子或细胞上调的相互作用,或酶对效应细胞所需的代谢物的消耗,或其任意组合。
免疫系统检查点的实例包括:
a)PD1与PDL1之间和/或PD1与PDL2之间的相互作用;
b)吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO1)或色氨酸2,3-双加氧酶(TDO)与其底物(色氨酸)之间的相互作用;
c)精氨酸酶1(Arg1)或精氨酸酶2(Arg2)与其底物(精氨酸)之间的相互作用;
d)CTLA4与CD86和/或CTLA4与CD80之间的相互作用;
e)B7-H3和/或B7-H4与其各自配体之间的相互作用;
f)HVEM与BTLA之间的相互作用;
g)GAL9与TIM3之间的相互作用;
h)MHC I类或II类与LAG3之间的相互作用;和
i)MHC I类或II类与KIR之间的相互作用。
检查点(a)(即在PD1与其配体PDL1和PDL2中任一种之间的相互作用)为用于本发明目的的优选检查点。PD1在效应T细胞上表达。与任一配体结合都会产生下调激活的信号。配体被一些肿瘤表达。PDL1具体地由许多实体瘤(包括黑色素瘤)表达。因此,这些肿瘤可通过激活T细胞上的抑制性PD1受体而下调免疫介导的抗肿瘤作用。通过阻断PD1与其配体中的一种或两种之间的相互作用,可除去免疫应答的检查点,导致增强的抗肿瘤T细胞应答。发明人已经证明,通过给予包含PDL1的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物来靶向PD1-PDL1相互作用,也出人意料地导致增强的ADCC活性。如果依此方式靶向PD1-PDL2相互作用,则可预期相同的结果,并且通过靶向任一种上文所列的检查点,也可预期类似结果。因此,PD1及其配体是免疫系统检查点组分的实例,其在本发明的方法中优选为合适的免疫治疗组合物的靶向目标。PDL1由于其与CD80以及PD1相互作用而是一种特别有意思的靶标。
用于本发明的目的的另一种优选的检查点为检查点(b),即IDO1或TDO与它们的底物之间的相互作用。该检查点是需要必需氨基酸色氨酸的免疫系统细胞中的代谢途径。缺乏色氨酸导致效应T细胞功能的普遍抑制,并促进初始T细胞向调节性(即免疫抑制性)T细胞(Tregs)的转化。这也可抑制ADCC活性。在许多肿瘤细胞中,蛋白质IDO1被上调,并造成色氨酸水平降低。IDO1是催化L-色氨酸向N-甲酰犬尿氨酸转化的酶,因此是色氨酸通过犬尿氨酸途径分解代谢的第一酶和限速酶。TDO催化同样的步骤。因此,IDO1和TDO是免疫系统检查点的组分,并且在本发明的方法中各自可优选为合适的免疫治疗组合物的靶向目标。
用于本发明的目的的另一种优选的检查点为检查点(c),即Arg1或Arg2与它们的底物之间的相互作用。精氨酸酶是催化将氨基酸L-精氨酸转化成L-鸟氨酸和尿素的反应的酶。这耗尽了精氨酸的微环境,并导致对肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T细胞应答的抑制。已经在患乳腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌或前列腺癌的患者的癌细胞中检测到了精氨酸酶1的活性增加。因此,Arg1和Arg2是免疫系统检查点的组分,并且在本发明的方法中各自可优选为合适的免疫治疗组合物的靶向目标。
用于本发明的目的的另一种优选的检查点为检查点(d),即T细胞受体CTLA-4与其配体B7蛋白(B7-1和B7-2)之间的相互作用。在初始激活后,CTLA-4通常在T细胞表面上上调,并且配体结合导致抑制进一步/持续激活的信号。CTLA-4与受体CD28(其也在T细胞表面上表达,但其上调激活)竞争结合到B7蛋白上。因此,通过阻断CTLA-4与B7蛋白的相互作用,但不阻断CD28与B7蛋白的相互作用,可除去免疫应答的一种正常检查点,导致增强的抗肿瘤T细胞应答。这也可导致增强的ADCC活性。因此,CTLA4及其配体是免疫系统检查点组分的实例,其在本发明的方法中可优选为合适的免疫治疗组合物的靶向目标。
免疫治疗组合物
本发明的免疫治疗组合物导致针对免疫系统检查点、优选如前述部分中所述检查点的组分的免疫应答。所述组分通常为多肽。因此,免疫治疗组合物可包含所述组分或可包含其免疫原性片段。“免疫原性片段”在本文中用于表示比所述免疫系统检查点的组分短、但能够引起对所述组分的免疫应答的多肽。
可通过任何合适的方法评估片段引起免疫系统检查点组分的免疫应答的能力(“免疫原性”)。通常,所述片段能够在体外诱导对于所述组分特异性的T细胞中的增殖和/或细胞因子释放,其中所述细胞可存在于取自捐赠者(如健康个体或优选癌症患者)的淋巴细胞样本中。可通过任何合适的方法(包括ELISA和ELISPOT)来评估增殖和/或细胞因子释放。示例性的方法记载于实施例中。优选地,所述片段诱导组分特异性T细胞的增殖和/或诱导从此类细胞中释放γ干扰素。
为诱导对于所述组分特异性的T细胞中的增殖和/或细胞因子释放,该片段必须能够结合到MHC分子上,从而将其呈递给T细胞。换句话说,该片段包含所述组分的至少一个MHC结合表位或由其组成。所述表位可以是MHC I类结合表位或MHC II类结合表位。特别优选的是,如果该片段包含多于一个MHC结合表位,则每个所述表位结合到由不同的HLA等位基因表达的MHC分子上,从而增加了取自远交(outbred)人群的受试者的覆盖宽度。
可通过任何合适的方法(包括使用计算机方法(in silico method))来评估MHC结合性。优选的方法包括竞争抑制试验,其中相对于参照肽测量结合性。参照肽通常是已知为给定MHC分子的强结合剂的肽。在这样的试验中,如果肽的IC50比给定HLA分子的参照肽的IC50低100倍以上,则所述肽为给定HLA分子的弱结合剂。如果肽的IC50比给定HLA分子的参照肽的IC50低20倍以上但100倍以下,则所述肽为中等的结合剂。如果肽的IC50比给定HLA分子的参照肽的IC50低20倍以下,则所述肽为强结合剂。
包含MHC I类表位的片段优选与选自以下的MHC I类HLA物质结合:HLA-A1、HLA-A2、HLA-A3、HLA-A11和HLA-A24,更优选HLA-A3或HLA-A2。或者,该片段可与选自以下的MHCI类HLA-B物质结合:HLA-B7、HLA-B35、HLA-B44、HLA-B8、HLA-B15、HLA-B27和HLA-B51。
包含MHC II类表位的片段优选与选自以下的MHC II类HLA物质结合:HLA-DPA-1、HLA-DPB-1、HLA-DQA1、HLA-DQB1、HLA-DRA、HLA-DRB和这些组中的所有等位基因以及HLA-DM、HLA-DO。
免疫治疗组合物可包含免疫系统检查点组分的一个免疫原性片段,或可包含两个或更多个这样的片段的结合物,每个片段特异性地与至少一种不同的HLA分子相互作用,从而覆盖更大比例的靶标群体。因此,作为示例,组合物可含有HLA-A分子限制性肽和HLA-B分子限制性肽的结合物,例如包括与靶标群体中常见的HLA表型对应的那些HLA-A分子和HLA-B分子,例如HLA-A2和HLA-B35。此外,组合物可包含HLA-C分子限制性肽。
本发明的优选的免疫治疗组合物优选产生针对前述部分中描述的至少一种免疫系统检查点的免疫应答。换句话说,本发明的方法优选包括给予产生针对至少一种所述检查点的免疫应答的免疫治疗组合物。因此,免疫治疗组合物可替代地被描述为针对一种或多种检查点组分的疫苗,并且更确切地被描述为针对所述一种或多种检查点组分的免疫调节疫苗。
本发明的免疫治疗组合物可包含检查点组分或其免疫原性片段。所述片段可由所述组分的至少8个、优选至少9个连续氨基酸组成。所述片段可由所述组分的最多达50个连续氨基酸、所述组分的最多达40个连续氨基酸、所述组分的最多达30个连续氨基酸或所述组分的最多达25个连续氨基酸组成。因此,所述片段可包含所述组分的8至50个、8至40个、8至30个、8至25个、9至50个、9至40个、9至30个或9至25个连续氨基酸或由它们组成。所述片段优选包含所述组分的9至30个连续氨基酸或由它们组成。所述片段的所述连续氨基酸优选包含任一种在表1中提供的序列或由其组成。因此,所述片段可包含任一种在表1中提供的序列或由其组成。所述片段优选包含任一种在表1中标记“*”的序列或由其组成。所述片段最优选包含任一种在表1中标记“#”的序列或由其组成。
表1
免疫治疗组合物可优选包含佐剂和/或载体或赋形剂。佐剂是混合到组合物中增加或另外改变该组合物所引起的免疫应答的任何物质。广义上的佐剂是促进免疫应答的物质。佐剂还可优选具有储库效应(depot effect),因为它们还导致活性剂从给药部位缓慢和持久释放。在Goding,Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles&Practice(第二版,1986年)第61-63页中提供了对佐剂的一般性讨论。
佐剂可选自以下物质:AlK(SO4)2、AlNa(SO4)2、AlNH4(SO4)、二氧化硅、明矾、Al(OH)3、Ca3(PO4)2、高岭土、碳、氢氧化铝、胞壁酰二肽、N-乙酰基-胞壁酰-L-苏氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺(thr-DMP)、N-乙酰基-去甲胞壁酰(nornuramyl)-L-丙氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺(CGP11687,也称为nor-MDP)、N-乙酰胞壁酰-L-丙氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺酰-L-丙氨酸-2-(1′2′-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油基-3-羟磷酰氧基)-乙胺(CGP 19835A,也称为MTP-PE)、于2%鲨烯/Tween-80.RTM.乳液中的RIBI(MPL+TDM+CWS)、脂多糖及其多种衍生物(包括脂质A)、弗氏完全佐剂(FCA)、弗氏不完全佐剂、Merck佐剂65、多核苷酸(例如多IC和多AU酸)、来自结核分支杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)的蜡D,在短小棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium parvum)、百日咳博德特氏菌(Bordetella pertussis)和布鲁氏菌(Brucella)属成员中发现的物质,Titermax、ISCOMS、Quil A、ALUN(参见US 58767和5,554,372)、脂质A衍生物、霍乱毒素衍生物、HSP衍生物、LPS衍生物、合成肽基质或GMDP、白细胞介素1、白细胞介素2、MontanideISA-51和QS-21。也已表明多种皂素(saponin)提取物可用作免疫原性组合物中的佐剂。粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)也可用作佐剂。
待用于本发明的优选佐剂包括基于油/表面活性剂的佐剂,如Montanide佐剂(可从Seppic,比利时获得),优选Montanide ISA-51。其他优选佐剂为基于细菌DNA的佐剂,如包括CpG寡核苷酸序列的佐剂。其他优选佐剂为基于病毒dsRNA的佐剂,如poly I:C。GM-CSF和Imidazochiniline也是优选佐剂的实例。
佐剂最优选为Montanide ISA佐剂。Montanide ISA佐剂优选为Montanide ISA 51或Montanide ISA 720。
在Goding,Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles&Practice(第二版,1986)第61-63页中,还记载了,当目的抗原分子量低或免疫原性差时,推荐偶联至免疫原性载体。本发明的免疫治疗组合物的多肽或片段可偶联至载体。载体可独立于佐剂存在。载体的功能可以是,例如,增加多肽片段的分子量以增加活性或免疫原性、赋予稳定性、增加生物活性或增加血清半衰期。此外,载体可辅助将多肽或其片段呈递到T细胞。因此,在免疫原性组合物中,多肽或其片段可与载体(如下文所述的那些)联合。
载体可以是本领域技术人员已知的任何合适的载体,例如蛋白或抗原呈递细胞,如树突细胞(DC)。载体蛋白包括钥孔血蓝蛋白,血清蛋白如转铁蛋白、牛血清白蛋白、人血清白蛋白、甲状腺球蛋白或卵白蛋白,免疫球蛋白,或激素如胰岛素或棕榈酸。或者,载体蛋白可以是破伤风类毒素或白喉类毒素。或者,载体可以是右旋糖酐如琼脂糖。载体必须是人生理上可接受的和安全的。
免疫治疗组合物可任选地包含药学上可接受的赋形剂。赋形剂在可与组合物的其他成分相容的意义上必须是“可接受的”,并且对其接受者无毒。辅助物质如润湿剂或乳化剂、pH缓冲物质等,可存在于赋形剂中。这些赋形剂和辅助物质通常是药剂,其在接受组合物的个体中不引起免疫应答,并且可被给药而不产生过度的毒性。药学上可接受的赋形剂包括但不限于:液体如水、盐水、聚乙二醇、透明质酸、甘油和乙醇。其中也可包括药学上可接受的盐,例如无机酸盐,如氢氯酸盐、氢溴酸盐、磷酸盐、硫酸盐等;以及有机酸的盐,如乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丙二酸盐、苯甲酸盐等。药学上可接受的赋形剂、载体和辅助物质的充分讨论可在Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Pub.Co.,N.J.1991)中获得。
免疫治疗组合物可以以适于推注给药或适于连续给药的形式制备、包装或销售。可注射组合物可以以单位剂量形式(如以安瓿)或以包含防腐剂的多剂量容器来制备、包装或销售。组合物包括但不限于:悬浮剂、溶液剂、在油性或水性载体中的乳剂、糊剂和可植入的缓释制剂或可生物降解的制剂。在组合物的一个实施方案中,以干燥形式(例如粉末或颗粒)提供活性成分,用于使用合适的载体(例如无菌无热原的水)复水(reconstitution),之后给予经复水的组合物。组合物可以以无菌可注射水性或油性悬浮液或溶液的形式来制备、包装或销售。该悬浮液或溶液可根据已知技术配制,并且除活性成分之外,还可包含其他成分,如本文中描述的佐剂、赋形剂和辅助物质。这种无菌可注射的制剂可使用无毒、肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂(例如水或1,3-丁二醇)来制备。其他可接受的稀释剂和溶剂包括但不限于:林格氏溶液、等渗氯化钠溶液和不易挥发的油类(如合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯)。可使用的其他组合物包括包含微晶形式的活性成分、脂质体制剂中的活性成分或作为可生物降解的聚合物体系组分的活性成分的那些。用于缓释或植入的组合物可包含药学上可接受的聚合材料或疏水材料,如乳液、离子交换树脂、微溶性聚合物或微溶性盐。或者,可将组合物的活性成分封装、吸附到颗粒载体上或与颗粒载体联合。合适的颗粒载体包括衍生自聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的那些,以及衍生自聚(丙交酯)和聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)的PLG微粒。参见,例如Jeffery等人(1993)Pharm.Res.10:362-368。也可使用其他颗粒体系和聚合物,例如聚合物如聚赖氨酸、聚精氨酸、聚鸟氨酸、精胺、亚精胺以及这些分子的缀合物。
抗体
用于本发明方法中的抗体可以是给予受试者作为疾病治疗的任何抗体,并且治疗益处的增加通常是与所述疾病有关。所述抗体优选已被证明具有至少部分地由抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作用(ADCC)介导的治疗作用。所述抗体通常为抗癌抗体。抗癌抗体意指表明用于癌症治疗的任何抗体。此类抗体通常特异性地结合到在癌细胞表面上表达的抗原上。所述抗原可描述为肿瘤抗原。
所述癌症可以是急性淋巴细胞白血病、急性髓样白血病、肾上腺皮质癌、AIDS相关癌症、AIDS相关淋巴瘤、肛门癌、阑尾癌、星形细胞瘤、儿童小脑或大脑癌、基底细胞癌、肝外胆管癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、骨肉瘤/恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、脑干胶质瘤、脑癌、脑瘤-小脑星形细胞瘤、脑瘤-脑星形细胞瘤/恶性脑胶质瘤、脑瘤-室管膜瘤、脑瘤-髓母细胞瘤、脑瘤-幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、脑瘤-视觉通路和下丘脑胶质瘤、乳腺癌、支气管腺瘤/类癌、Burkitt淋巴瘤、类癌瘤、胃肠道类癌瘤、原发灶不明癌、中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、小脑星形细胞瘤、大脑星形细胞瘤/恶性脑胶质瘤、宫颈癌、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性髓性白血病、慢性骨髓增殖性疾病、结肠癌、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、促结缔组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤、子宫内膜癌、室管膜瘤、食道癌、尤因肿瘤家族(Ewing family of tumor)中的尤因氏肉瘤、儿童性颅外生殖细胞肿瘤、腺外生殖细胞瘤、肝外胆管癌、眼癌-眼内黑色素瘤、眼癌-视网膜母细胞瘤、胆囊癌、胃癌、胃肠道类癌肿瘤、胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)、颅外、性腺外或卵巢生殖细胞瘤、妊娠滋养细胞瘤、脑干胶质瘤、胶质瘤-儿童脑星形细胞瘤、儿童视觉通路和下丘脑胶质瘤、胃类癌、毛细胞白血病、头颈癌、心脏癌、肝细胞(肝)癌、霍奇金(Hodgkin)淋巴瘤、下咽癌、下丘脑和视觉通路胶质瘤、眼内黑色素瘤、胰岛细胞癌(内分泌胰腺)、卡波西(Kaposi)肉瘤、肾癌(肾细胞癌)、喉癌、白血病、急性成淋巴细胞白血病(也称为急性淋巴细胞性白血病)、急性髓样白血病(也称为急性骨髓性白血病)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(也称为慢性淋巴细胞性白血病)、慢性髓细胞性白血病(也称为慢性骨髓性白血病)、毛细胞白血病、唇和口腔癌、脂肪肉瘤、肝癌(原发性)、非小细胞肺癌、小细胞肺癌、淋巴瘤、AIDS相关淋巴瘤、Burkitt淋巴瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(旧分类,除霍奇金氏淋巴瘤以外的所有淋巴瘤)、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、巨球蛋白血症、骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤/骨肉瘤、髓母细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、眼内(眼)黑色素瘤、Merkel细胞癌、间皮瘤、成人恶性间皮瘤、原发性隐匿性转移性鳞状颈癌、口腔癌、多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征、多发性骨髓瘤/浆细胞瘤、蕈样真菌病、骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓增生异常/骨髓增生性疾病、慢性骨髓性白血病、成人急性髓样白血病、儿童急性髓样白血病、多发性骨髓瘤(骨髓癌)、骨髓增殖性疾病、鼻腔和鼻旁窦癌、鼻咽癌、神经母细胞瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、非小细胞肺癌、口腔癌、口咽癌、骨肉瘤/骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、卵巢癌、卵巢上皮癌(表面上皮间质瘤)、卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤、卵巢低度恶性潜在肿瘤、胰腺癌、胰岛细胞胰腺癌、鼻旁窦和鼻腔癌、甲状旁腺癌、阴茎癌、咽癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、松果腺星形细胞瘤、松果腺生殖细胞瘤、松果体母细胞瘤和幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、垂体腺瘤、浆细胞瘤/多发性骨髓瘤、胸膜肺母细胞瘤、原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤、前列腺癌、直肠癌、肾盂和输尿管肾细胞癌(肾癌)、移行细胞癌、视网膜母细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、尤因家族肿瘤肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、软组织肉瘤、子宫肉瘤、塞扎里(Sézary)综合征、皮肤癌(非黑色素瘤)、皮肤癌(黑色素瘤)、Merkel细胞皮肤癌、小细胞肺癌、小肠癌、软组织肉瘤、鳞状细胞癌、原发性隐匿性鳞状颈癌、转移性胃癌、幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(参见蕈样真菌病和塞扎里综合征)、睾丸癌、喉癌、胸腺瘤、胸腺瘤和胸腺癌、甲状腺癌、甲状腺癌、肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌、输尿管和肾盂滋养细胞瘤、移行细胞癌尿道癌、子宫内膜子宫癌、子宫肉瘤、阴道癌、视觉通路和下丘脑胶质瘤、外阴癌、巨球蛋白血症和肾母细胞瘤(肾癌)。
所述癌症优选为多发性骨髓瘤、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、肾(肾细胞)癌、食道癌、甲状腺癌、皮肤癌、淋巴瘤、黑素瘤或白血病。
用于该方法中的抗体的目的抗原靶标包括:CD2、CD3、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD25、CD30、CD32、CD33、CD40、CD52、CD54、CD56、CD64、CD70、CD74、CD79、CD80、CD86、CD105、CD138、CD174、CD205、CD227、CD326、CD340、MUC16、GPNMB、PSMA、Cripto、ED-B、TMEFF2、EphA2、EphB2、FAP、整合素av、间皮素、EGFR、TAG-72、GD2、CA1X、5T4、整合素α4β7、Her2。其他靶标为细胞因子,如白介素IL-1至IL-13、肿瘤坏死因子α&β、干扰素α、β和γ、肿瘤生长因子Beta(TGF-β)、集落刺激因子(CSF)和粒细胞单核细胞集落刺激因子(GMCSF)。参见HumanCytokines:Handbook for Basic&Clinical Research(Aggrawal等人编辑,BlackwellScientific,Boston,MA 1991)。其他靶标为激素、酶以及胞内信使和胞间信使,如腺苷酸环化酶、鸟苷酸环化酶和磷脂酶C。其他目的靶标为白细胞抗原,如CD20和CD33。
抗体可以是阿巴伏单抗(Abagovomab)、阿昔单抗(Abciximab)、阿托续单抗(Actoxumab)、阿达木单抗(Adalimumab)、阿德木单抗(Adecatumumab)、阿非莫单抗(Afelimomab)、阿夫妥珠单抗(Afutuzumab)、培化阿珠单抗(Alacizumab pegol)、ALD518、阿仑珠单抗、阿里若库单抗(Alirocumab)、喷替酸阿妥莫单抗(Altumomab pentetate)、阿麦妥昔单抗(Amatuximab)、麻安莫单抗(Anatumomab mafenatox)、安芦珠单抗(Anrukinzumab)、阿泊珠单抗(Apolizumab)、阿西莫单抗(Arcitumomab)、阿塞珠单抗(Aselizumab)、阿替奴单抗(Atinumab)、阿利珠单抗(Atlizumab)(=托珠单抗(tocilizumab))、阿托木单抗(Atorolimumab)、巴匹珠单抗(Bapineuzumab)、巴利昔单抗(Basiliximab)、巴韦妥昔单抗(Bavituximab)、贝妥莫单抗(Bectumomab)、贝利木单抗(Belimumab)、贝那珠单抗(Benralizumab)、柏替木单抗(Bertilimumab)、贝索单抗(Besilesomab)、贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)、贝兹罗图单抗(Bezlotoxumab)、比西单抗(Biciromab)、比麦芦单抗(Bimagrumab)、莫比伐珠单抗(Bivatuzumab mertansine)、兰妥莫单抗(Blinatumomab)、布索珠单抗(Blosozumab)、贝伦妥单抗-维多汀(Brentuximabvedotin)、布雷奴单抗(Briakinumab)、巴罗达鲁单抗(Brodalumab)、卡那单抗(Canakinumab)、坎妥珠单抗-默坦辛(Cantuzumab mertansine)、坎妥珠单抗-拉夫坦辛(Cantuzumab ravtansine)、卡普拉西珠单抗(Caplacizumab)、卡罗单抗-喷地肽(Capromabpendetide)、卡鲁单抗(Carlumab)、卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)、CC49、西利珠单抗(Cedelizumab)、培化赛托珠单抗(Certolizumab pegol)、西妥昔单抗、Ch.14.18、泊-西他妥珠单抗(Citatuzumab bogatox)、西妥木单抗(Cixutumumab)、克拉扎珠单抗(Clazakizumab)、克利昔单抗(Clenoliximab)、轮环藤宁四乙酸克伐珠单抗(Clivatuzumabtetraxetan)、可那妥木单抗(Conatumumab)、扣西珠单抗(Concizumab)、克雷内珠单抗(Crenezumab)、CR6261、达西妥珠单抗(Dacetuzumab)、达克珠单抗(Daclizumab)、达洛妥珠单抗(Dalotuzumab)、达雷木单抗、德美西珠单抗(Demcizumab)、地诺单抗(Denosumab)、地莫单抗(Detumomab)、阿托度单抗(Dorlimomab aritox)、卓齐妥单抗(Drozitumab)、度利戈妥单抗(Duligotumab)、度匹鲁单抗(Dupilumab)、杜斯吉妥单抗(Dusigitumab)、依美昔单抗(Ecromeximab)、依库珠单抗(Eculizumab)、埃巴单抗(Edobacomab)、依决洛单抗(Edrecolomab)、依法利珠单抗(Efalizumab)、依夫单抗(Efungumab)、埃罗妥珠单抗(Elotuzumab)、艾西莫单抗(Elsilimomab)、依纳伐妥珠单抗(Enavatuzumab)、PEG化恩莫单抗(Enlimomab pegol)、依诺珠单抗(Enokizumab)、依诺替库单抗(Enoticumab)、恩西妥昔单抗(Ensituximab)、西依匹妥莫单抗(Epitumomab cituxetan)、依帕珠单抗(Epratuzumab)、厄利珠单抗(Erlizumab)、厄马索单抗(Ertumaxomab)、埃达珠单抗(Etaracizumab)、依托珠单抗(Etrolizumab)、依伏罗库单抗(Evolocumab)、艾韦单抗(Exbivirumab)、法索单抗(Fanolesomab)、法拉莫单抗(Faralimomab)、法勒珠单抗(Farletuzumab)、法西奴单抗(Fasinumab)、FBTA05、泛维珠单抗(Felvizumab)、非扎奴单抗(Fezakinumab)、芬克拉妥珠单抗(Ficlatuzumab)、芬妥木单抗(Figitumumab)、弗拉伏妥单抗(Flanvotumab)、芳妥珠单抗(Fontolizumab)、佛拉鲁单抗(Foralumab)、佛拉韦芦单抗(Foravirumab)、夫苏木单抗(Fresolimumab)、弗拉奴单抗(Fulranumab)、弗妥昔单抗(Futuximab)、加利昔单抗(Galiximab)、甘尼妥单抗(Ganitumab)、甘特芦单抗(Gantenerumab)、加韦莫单抗(Gavilimomab)、吉妥珠单抗-奥佐米星(Gemtuzumabozogamicin)、吉沃珠单抗(Gevokizumab)、吉瑞妥昔单抗(Girentuximab)、格列姆巴妥木单抗-维多汀(Glembatumumab vedotin)、戈利木单抗(Golimumab)、吉妥珠单抗(Gomiliximab)、GS6624、伊巴珠单抗(Ibalizumab)、替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab tiuxetan)、伊克芦库单抗(Icrucumab)、伊戈伏单抗(Igovomab)、英西单抗(Imciromab)、英加妥珠单抗(Imgatuzumab)、英克勒库单抗(Inclacumab)、英达妥昔单抗-拉夫坦辛(Indatuximabravtansine)、英利昔单抗(Infliximab)、英特妥木单抗(Intetumumab)、伊诺莫单抗(Inolimomab)、伊诺妥珠单抗-奥佐米星(Inotuzumab ozogamicin)、伊匹单抗(Ipilimumab)、伊拉妥木单抗(Iratumumab)、伊托珠单抗(Itolizumab)、伊克塞珠单抗(Ixekizumab)、凯利昔单抗(Keliximab)、拉贝妥珠单抗(Labetuzumab)、兰帕珠单抗(Lampalizumab)、来金珠单抗(Lebrikizumab)、来马索单抗(Lemalesomab)、乐德木单抗(Lerdelimumab)、来沙妥木单抗(Lexatumumab)、利韦单抗(Libivirumab)、利格珠单抗(Ligelizumab)、林妥珠单抗(Lintuzumab)、利利单抗(Lirilumab)、罗德希珠单抗(Lodelcizumab)、罗伏妥珠单抗-默坦辛(Lorvotuzumab mertansine)、鲁卡妥木单抗(Lucatumumab)、鲁昔单抗(Lumiliximab)、马帕妥木单抗(Mapatumumab)、马司莫单抗(Maslimomab)、马利木单抗(Mavrilimumab)、马妥珠单抗(Matuzumab)、美泊珠单抗(Mepolizumab)、美特木单抗(Metelimumab)、米拉珠单抗(Milatuzumab)、明瑞莫单抗(Minretumomab)、米妥莫单抗(Mitumomab)、莫加木珠单抗(Mogamulizumab)、莫罗木单抗(Morolimumab)、莫他韦珠单抗(Motavizumab)、Moxetumomab pasudotox、莫罗单抗-CD3(Muromonab-CD3)、他那可单抗(Nacolomab tafenatox)、那米鲁单抗(Namilumab)、他那莫单抗(Naptumomab estafenatox)、纳那妥单抗(Narnatumab)、那他珠单抗(Natalizumab)、奈巴库单抗(Nebacumab)、奈昔妥木单抗(Necitumumab)、奈瑞莫单抗(Nerelimomab)、耐斯伐库单抗(Nesvacumab)、尼妥珠单抗(Nimotuzumab)、尼伏鲁单抗(Nivolumab)、诺莫单抗-默喷坦(Nofetumomab merpentan)、Obinutuzumab、奥卡拉妥珠单抗(Ocaratuzumab)、奥瑞珠单抗(Ocrelizumab)、奥度莫单抗(Odulimomab)、奥法木单抗、奥拉妥单抗(Olaratumab)、奥洛珠单抗(Olokizumab)、奥马珠单抗(Omalizumab)、奥纳妥珠单抗(Onartuzumab)、莫奥珠单抗(Oportuzumab monatox)、奥戈伏单抗(Oregovomab)、奥替库单抗(Orticumab)、奥特利昔珠单抗(Otelixizumab)、奥昔鲁单抗(Oxelumab)、奥扎尼珠单抗(Ozanezumab)、奥左拉珠单抗(Ozoralizumab)、帕吉巴昔单抗(Pagibaximab)、帕利珠单抗(Palivizumab)、帕尼单抗、帕诺巴库单抗(Panobacumab)、巴萨妥珠单抗(Parsatuzumab)、帕考珠单抗(Pascolizumab)、帕特克珠单抗(Pateclizumab)、帕曲妥单抗(Patritumab)、培妥莫单抗(Pemtumomab)、培拉珠单抗(Perakizumab)、帕妥珠单抗(Pertuzumab)、培克珠单抗(Pexelizumab)、皮地珠单抗(Pidilizumab)、皮那妥珠单抗-维多汀(Pinatuzumabvedotin)、平妥莫单抗(Pintumomab)、普拉库鲁单抗(Placulumab)、泊拉妥珠单抗-维多汀(Polatuzumab vedotin)、泊尼珠单抗(Ponezumab)、普立昔单抗(Priliximab)、普立托昔单抗(Pritoxaximab)、普托木单抗(Pritumumab)、PRO 140、奎利珠单抗(Quilizumab)、雷妥莫单抗(Racotumomab)、雷得妥单抗(Radretumab)、雷韦单抗(Rafivirumab)、雷莫芦单抗(Ramucirumab)、兰尼单抗(Ranibizumab)、雷西库单抗(Raxibacumab)、瑞加韦单抗(Regavirumab)、瑞利珠单抗(Reslizumab)、利妥木单抗(Rilotumumab)、利妥昔单抗、罗妥木单抗(Robatumumab)、罗度单抗(Roledumab)、罗莫索珠单抗(Romosozumab)、罗利珠单抗(Rontalizumab)、罗维珠单抗(Rovelizumab)、卢利珠单抗(Ruplizumab)、沙马珠单抗(Samalizumab)、沙里鲁单抗(Sarilumab)、沙妥莫单抗-喷地肽(Satumomab pendetide)、苏金单抗(Secukinumab)、司里班妥单抗(Seribantumab)、司托昔抗(Setoxaximab)、司韦单抗(Sevirumab)、西罗珠单抗(Sibrotuzumab)、西法木单抗(Sifalimumab)、西妥昔单抗(Siltuximab)、西妥珠单抗(Simtuzumab)、西利珠单抗(Siplizumab)、西芦库单抗(Sirukumab)、茄尼醇单抗(Solanezumab)、索利托单抗(Solitomab)、索耐珠单抗(Sonepcizumab)、索土珠单抗(Sontuzumab)、司他木鲁单抗(Stamulumab)、硫索单抗(Sulesomab)、苏韦珠单抗(Suvizumab)、他巴鲁单抗(Tabalumab)、Tacatuzumabtetraxetan、他度珠单抗(Tadocizumab)、他利珠单抗(Talizumab)、他尼珠单抗(Tanezumab)、帕他莫单抗(Taplitumomab paptox)、替非珠单抗(Tefibazumab)、阿替莫单抗(Telimomab aritox)、替妥莫单抗(Tenatumomab)、替奈昔单抗(Teneliximab)、替利珠单抗(Teplizumab)、替妥木单抗(Teprotumumab)、TGN1412、替昔木单抗(Ticilimumab)(=曲美木单抗(tremelimumab))、替拉珠单抗(Tildrakizumab)、替加珠单抗(Tigatuzumab)、TNX-650、托珠单抗(=阿利珠单抗)、托拉珠单抗(Toralizumab)、托西莫单抗(Tositumomab)、特拉罗奴单抗(Tralokinumab)、曲妥珠单抗、TRBS07、曲加珠单抗(Tregalizumab)、曲美木单抗(Tremelimumab)、妥可妥珠单抗-西莫白介素(Tucotuzumabcelmoleukin)、妥韦单抗(Tuvirumab)、优利妥昔单抗(Ublituximab)、乌瑞鲁单抗(Urelumab)、乌珠单抗(Urtoxazumab)、优特克单抗(Ustekinumab)、伐利昔单抗(Vapaliximab)、伐特珠单抗(Vatelizumab)、维多珠单抗(Vedolizumab)、维妥珠单抗(Veltuzumab)、维帕莫单抗(Vepalimomab)、维森库单抗(Vesencumab)、维西珠单抗(Visilizumab)、伏洛昔单抗(Volociximab)、伏司妥珠单抗-马佛多汀(Vorsetuzumabmafodotin)、伏妥莫单抗(Votumumab)、扎鲁妥木单抗(Zalutumumab)、Zanolimumab、扎妥昔单抗(Zatuximab)、齐拉木单抗(Ziralimumab)或阿佐莫单抗(Zolimomab aritox)。
优选的抗体包括:那他珠单抗、维多珠单抗、贝利木单抗、阿塞西普(Atacicept)、阿法西普(Alefacept)、奥特利昔珠单抗、替利珠单抗、利妥昔单抗、奥法木单抗、奥瑞珠单抗、依帕珠单抗、阿仑珠单抗、阿巴西普(Abatacept)、依库珠单抗、奥马珠单抗、卡那单抗、美泊珠单抗(Meplizumab)、瑞利珠单抗、托珠单抗、优特克单抗、布雷奴单抗、依那西普(Etanercept)、Inlfliximab、阿达木单抗、培化赛托珠单抗、戈利木单抗、曲妥珠单抗、吉妥珠单抗-奥佐米星、替伊莫单抗、Tostitumomab、西妥昔单抗、贝伐单抗、帕尼单抗、地诺单抗、伊匹单抗、贝伦妥单抗和维多汀。
可用于本发明方法中的特别优选的抗体包括:达雷木单抗、尼伏鲁单抗、派姆单抗(pembrolizumab)、avelumab、利妥昔单抗、曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、阿仑珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、托西莫单抗和奥法木单抗。尤其优选达雷木单抗。
改善抗体的治疗益处的方法
本发明提供一种改善抗体、优选如前述部分中描述的抗体对受试者的益处的方法。改善的益处通常通过抗体的ADCC作用增加来介导。可通过任何合适的技术来测定受试者中的ADCC应答水平。这样的技术可包括测试取自受试者的样本的ADCC活性,例如使用如实施例中所述的Cr51释放试验,或使用合适的荧光标记物(如钙黄绿素或铕),或检测裂解细胞所释放的酶的活性的酶促试验。
该方法包括(a)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者;和(b)还将所述抗体给予受试者。步骤(a)和(b)可同时进行、分开进行或依次进行。
因此,本发明还提供一种用于预防或治疗受试者的疾病的方法,该方法包括将以下物质给予所述受试者:
(i)包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物;和
(ii)用于治疗所述疾病的抗体。
本发明还提供包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物,其用在治疗受试者的疾病的方法中,其中所述方法包括(i)将所述组合物给予受试者;和(ii)将用于治疗所述疾病的抗体给予所述受试者。
本发明还提供用在治疗受试者的疾病的方法中的抗体,其中所述抗体适合用于治疗所述疾病,并且其中所述方法包括:(i)将所述抗体给予受试者;和(ii)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者。
本发明还提供包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物在制备用于治疗疾病的药剂中的用途,其中所述药剂用在包括以下步骤的方法中:(i)将所述药剂给予受试者;和(ii)将用于治疗所述疾病的抗体给予所述受试者。
本发明还提供抗体在制备用于治疗疾病的药剂中的用途,其中所述抗体适合用于治疗所述疾病,并且所述药剂用在包括以下步骤的方法中:(i)将所述药剂给予受试者;和(ii)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者。
在以上各实施方案中,疾病通常是癌症。
给药方案
在本发明的方法中,将免疫治疗组合物和抗体各自以治疗有效量给予受试者。“治疗有效量”的物质意指将给定的物质以足以治愈、缓解或部分控制疾病或其一种或多种症状的量给予受试者。这种治疗处理可导致疾病症状的严重程度降低或无症状期的频率或持续时间增加。这种治疗可导致实体瘤体积减小。
为预防疾病,将免疫治疗组合物和抗体各自以预防有效量给予受试者。“预防有效量”的物质意指将给定的物质以足以长期防止与疾病相关的一种或多种症状发生或复发的量给予受试者。
用于给定目的或给定组合物或药剂的有效量将取决于疾病的严重程度以及受试者的体重和整体状态,并且可由医师容易地确定。
免疫治疗组合物和抗体可同时给药或以任何顺序依次给药。各自适当的给药途径和剂量可由医师确定,并相应地配制成组合物和药剂。
免疫治疗组合物通常通过肠胃外途径给药,通常通过注射给药。给药可优选通过皮下、皮内、肌内或瘤内途径。可例如使用咪喹莫特(imiquimod)或类似的局部佐剂预处理注射部位以增强免疫原性。在单剂量的本发明的免疫治疗组合物中作为活性剂存在的多肽的总量的范围通常为10μg至1000μg、优选10μg至150μg。
抗体通常以全身输注的方式给药,例如静脉内给药。抗体的适当剂量可由医师确定。抗体的适当剂量通常与受试者的体重成比例。
用于本发明方法的典型的方案将涉及免疫治疗组合物和抗体的多次独立的给药。每种物质可独立地多次给药,例如两次、三次、四次、五次、六次、七次或更多次。具体地,如果将免疫治疗组合物给药多次,则其可提供增加的益处,因为重复剂量可增强产生的免疫应答。组合物或抗体的单独给药可通过由医师确定的适当的间隔分开,但该间隔通常为1-2周。给药之间的间隔在治疗过程开始时通常较短,并且会在接近治疗过程结束时增加。
一个示例性的给药方案包括以例如每千克体重3毫克的剂量给予抗体,每三周一次,总共约四个系列,还将免疫治疗组合物(通常包括佐剂)在手臂背部或大腿前部(左右两侧交替)经皮下给药。免疫治疗组合物的给药可伴随第一系列的抗体开始,总共递送约7个剂量的组合物;首先每周一次,共四次,其后三个额外的剂量,每两周一次。
另一个示例性的给药方案包括每第二周治疗(诱导)受试者一次,持续2.5个月,其后每月(维持)经皮下给予免疫治疗组合物(通常包括佐剂)一次。咪喹莫特软膏(Aldara,Meda AS,www.meda.se)可任选地在给予组合物之前8小时给药,并且用贴剂覆盖皮肤,直至在皮肤的相同区域中给药。
试剂盒
本发明还提供适合用在本发明方法中的试剂盒,该试剂盒含有有效量的免疫治疗组合物。本发明的试剂盒可另外包含一种或多种使得能够进行上述任一种实施方案的其他试剂或仪器。这样的试剂或仪器包括以下的一种或多种:治疗有效量的抗体、合适的缓冲剂(水溶液)、以静脉输注的方式将药剂给予受试者的工具(如包括针头的容器或仪器)。试剂可以干燥状态存在于试剂盒中,以便流体样本重新使试剂悬浮。任选地,试剂盒还可包括使得该试剂盒能够用在本发明的方法中的说明书,或关于该方法可用于哪些患者的详细说明。
本发明通过以下实施例说明。
实施例1
简介
先前已经证明了癌症患者中存在PDL1特异性T细胞,而其在健康受试者中则较少。用PDL1 long1(IO103)肽在体外刺激PBMC增强了PDL1特异性T细胞的活性,导致各种癌细胞(包括骨髓瘤细胞)的细胞毒性杀伤。在MM患者中正进行I期临床试验。
类似地,MM患者通常携带PDL1特异性T细胞。在PDL1 long1肽(IO103)的存在下进行体外刺激之后,来自这些患者的白细胞单采产物会扩增分泌IFNγ的PDL1特异性T细胞(通过ELISPOT检测)。
进行以下研究以评估用PDL1 long1进行疫苗接种是否还可增强治疗性抗体的ADCC作用,这将提供以下明确指示:免疫治疗组合物和治疗性抗体的组合可为非常有益的。由于这样的组合物通常具有极好的耐受性(无>1级毒性),因此所提出的增强作用可能不会增加治疗性抗体(如达雷木单抗)的毒性。
选择达雷木单抗作为用于研究中的示例性的治疗性抗体,因为它已获FDA和EMA批准,目前在与来那度胺(lenalidomide)和地塞米松(dexamethasone)组合给予时,作为多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的二线治疗。它是一种针对CD38的IgG1 mAb,具有有效的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)和补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)活性。
材料和方法
细胞
将来自20位多发性骨髓瘤患者的冷冻保存的白细胞单采产物和来自健康捐赠者的冷冻保存的血沉棕黄层解冻到造血细胞培养基(Lonza X-vivo)中,以在这些试验中使用。在解冻后,将细胞静置2小时并计数。白细胞单采产物经适合的伦理委员会批准获得。所有细胞都在-150℃下在1.8ml冷冻管中的FBS+10%DMSO中冷冻保存。
用PDL1(IO103)的免疫原性片段进行体外刺激
第一天:准备24孔板,其中6孔的细胞来自白细胞单采产物(在造血细胞培养基中每孔约6×106个细胞)和6孔的细胞来自健康捐赠者血沉棕黄层(在造血细胞培养基中每孔约7×106个细胞)。将每种细胞类型中的3个孔用PDL1肽片段IO103(10μM)孵育,3个孔用混杂的对照肽(10μM)孵育。肽IO103也可称为PDLong1。
第二天:向所有孔中加入IL-2 120U/ml(Proleukin,Novartis)。
第8天:除保留用于ELIPSOT测试的少量子样本(sub-sample)外,将每个孔一分为二,以提供用于在铬51释放试验中测试CTL介导的细胞毒性的效应细胞。来自各孔的细胞中有一半添加了达雷木单抗(Janssen Oncology)(0.5μg/ml),一半没有添加。参见下文中细胞毒性试验的进一步详述。
如WO2013/056716的实施例1中所述进行ELISPOT测试,以测定相对于对照组,细胞是否响应IO103肽的刺激而释放IFN-g。该试验中的阳性结果视为表明在捐赠者中存在PDL1特异性免疫应答。大多数白细胞单采产物具有PDL1特异性免疫应答。一些健康的捐赠者也具有PDL1特异性免疫应答。
针对多发性骨髓瘤肿瘤细胞系靶细胞的铬51释放细胞毒性试验
获得RPMI-8226细胞(来自ATCC:多发性骨髓瘤细胞系:HLA-A2阴性,CD38阳性,PDL1阳性;在该实施例中还可称为RPMI-8266)用作靶细胞。
靶细胞通过以下方法预先制备:对0.5x106个RPMI-8266细胞进行快速离心,并丢弃上清液,剩下约100μl。然后将这些细胞用51Cr在37℃下孵育60-90分钟,之后在RPMI-1640+10%FCS中洗涤两次,并重新悬浮于RPMI-1640+10%FCS中。
将经洗涤的靶细胞铺于96孔板中,其中来自体外刺激+/-达雷木单抗的不同的效应细胞具有多种效靶比(E∶T)。然后将所有细胞在37℃下孵育4小时,之后吸出100μl培养基,并在γ计数器(Perkin Elmer)中计数51Cr释放量。
在单独的孔中通过仅向靶细胞中添加100μl 10%Triton X-100来测定最大51Cr释放量。在单独的孔中通过仅向靶细胞中添加100μl R10来测定自发性释放量。
使用下式计算特异性裂解:((实验释放量-自发性释放量)/(最大释放量-自发性释放量))x 100。
结果
图1、2和3提供了独立实验的代表性结果。总结以下发现:
1.在用PDL1肽IO103刺激后,MM白细胞单采产物在IFNγELISPOT试验中通常显示出可测量的PDL1特异性应答。参见图1(下图)中的代表性结果。
在Cr51试验中,用IO103刺激且在没有达雷木单抗的情况下测试的白细胞单采产物细胞通常比用对照肽刺激且在没有达雷木单抗的情况下测试的细胞显示出明显更大的细胞毒性杀伤作用。细胞毒性杀伤水平与用对照肽刺激的细胞加上达雷木单抗所达到的杀伤水平相当,表明单独用IO103刺激诱导了良好的细胞毒性应答。这可能是因为MM患者携带MM特异性T细胞,导致在缺乏任何抗体的情况下,T细胞对靶细胞的杀伤度相对较大。然而,发现用IO103刺激且用达雷木单抗测试的细胞具有最大的细胞毒性杀伤水平,表明IO103刺激还增强了达雷木单抗的ADCC活性。参见图1(上图)中的代表性结果。
2.来自健康捐赠者的PBMC在用PDL1肽IO103刺激之后,在IFNγ ELISPOT试验中有时也表现出可测量的PDL1特异性应答。参见图2(下图)中的代表性结果。
与对照肽相比,来自这些捐赠者的细胞在用IO103刺激之后也显示出达雷木单抗的ADCC作用增强。在缺乏达雷木单抗的情况下,用任一种肽刺激的细胞未显示出良好的杀伤水平。
因此,与MM患者相比,在这些健康捐赠者中达雷木单抗-增强作用是一种更为主要的作用,表明健康捐赠者没有携带任何MM特异性T细胞。参见图2(上图)中的代表性结果。
3.来自健康捐赠者的PBMC在用PDL1肽IO103刺激之后,在IFNγ ELISPOT试验中有时没有显示出可测量的PDL1特异性应答。参见图3(下图)中的代表性结果。
与对照肽相比,来自这些捐赠者的细胞在用IO103刺激之后,没有显示出达雷木单抗的ADCC作用增强。在缺乏达雷木单抗的情况下,用任一种肽刺激的细胞没有显示出良好的杀伤水平。参见图3(上图)中的代表性结果。
结论
该研究表明通过使用PDL1的免疫原性片段(IO103)刺激效应细胞,增强了达雷木单抗介导的癌细胞杀伤。这表明用IO103疫苗接种与达雷木单抗结合使用将提供一种增强达雷木单抗的作用的简单方法。这也为以下原理提供了证据,即免疫治疗组合物/免疫调节疫苗通常可增强治疗性抗体的ADCC作用。
实施例2
在从MM患者和健康捐赠者获得的白细胞单采产物的其他样本上进行另外的实验(参见如实施例1中的方法)。骨髓瘤细胞系U266和RPMI-8226细胞系从美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)获得,并根据制造商的说明进行培养。达雷木单抗和IL2如实施例1中所述获得。
材料和方法
ELISPOT
ELISPOT试验使用如实施例1中的IO103肽(FMTYWHLLNAFTVTVPKDL;SEQ ID NO:1)。在用该肽在体外刺激7天后,在白细胞单采产物上进行针对该肽的γ干扰素(IFN-γ)-ELISPOT。ELISPOT步骤如实施例1中所述进行。根据癌症免疫疗法指南(CIP)进行ELISPOT试验。在可能的情况下,将样本进行三次重复试验,并使用如在Moodie等人2012(ResponseDetermination Criteria for ELISPOT:Toward a Standard that Can Be AppliedAcross Laboratories.In:Methods in Molecular Biology.第792卷,2012:185-196)中描述的非参数分布自由重复采样(DFR)测试来比较用肽刺激的细胞和阴性对照。在样品存活力允许重复测试时,使用Student’s t检验来比较结果。
细胞毒性试验
如实施例1中所述进行细胞毒性试验。简言之,将对PD-L1特异性的HLA-A2阳性CTL解冻,静置过夜,并以不同的效应细胞/靶细胞(E∶T)比例用作针对51Cr标记的HLA-A2阳性U266骨髓瘤细胞的效应细胞。
ADCC
如实施例1,在51Cr释放细胞毒性试验中使用骨髓瘤细胞系RPMI-8226评估ADCC。简言之,在第一天将白细胞单采产物或健康捐赠者的PBMC解冻,静置2小时,并计数。使用PD-L1 long1(10μM)或对照混杂肽(10μM)刺激细胞,进行三次重复试验。在第二天,向孔中加入120U/ml白细胞介素2。在第8天,将每个孔中的样本分成两半,并且在51Cr释放试验中用作针对RPMI-8226+/-0.5μg/ml达雷木单抗的效应细胞。白细胞单采产物和细胞系RPMI-8226不具有匹配的HLA类型。
结果和讨论
在来自MM患者的20个白细胞单采产物中,19个在解冻之后可存活。在可存活的白细胞单采产物中,在三次重复试验中观察到7个具有针对PD-L1肽的IFN-γ应答,满足根据CIP和Moodie等人2012的应答的定义。由于存活力不足,在两次重复实验中分析了10个样本。其中,有6个显示出明显的应答迹象,但由于进行两次重复实验而未满足应答的标准定义(图4A)。因此,大多数的患者样本显示出针对PD-L1的自发性的IFN-γ应答。
PD-L1特异性CTL对HLA匹配的骨髓瘤细胞系U266具有细胞毒性。IFN-γ是PD-L1表达的主要诱导剂,并且已显示上调U266细胞上的PD-L1。当使用IFN-γ预处理U266细胞时,该细胞更容易被PD-L1特异性CTL杀死(图4B)。
用PD-L1肽刺激白细胞单采产物,并且随后使用该培养物作为针对RPMI-8226+/-达雷木单抗的效应细胞通常会增强达雷木单抗活性。这可见于来自MM患者的白细胞单采产物和来自健康捐赠者的PBMC(图5)。由于白细胞单采产物与RPMI-8226不是HLA匹配的,因此对细胞毒性的最大贡献可能归因于NK细胞,即归因于ADCC。有趣的是,只有当白细胞单采产物或HD PBMC含有PD-L1特异性细胞时(如针对IO103的IFN-γ ELISPOT试验所证实的),才观察到达雷木单抗活性增强(参见实施例1)。
因此,该研究证实了实施例1中的结果。即,该研究表明患骨髓瘤的患者携带PD-L1特异性T细胞,并且该MM细胞为PD-L1特异性T细胞的细胞毒性杀伤的靶标。此外,PD-L1特异性T细胞可增强达雷木单抗的活性。与实施例1一起,将此认为是肽疫苗可增强人体模型中单克隆抗体的ADCC的第一证据。
鉴于疫苗通常易于给药,并且具有非常有限的毒性,因此免疫治疗疫苗与另一种试剂、特别是抗癌抗体如达雷木单抗的组合具有巨大的潜力。
序列表
<110> IO生物技术公司
<120> 抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性作用(ADCC)的增强
<130> N412382WO
<150> GB1719561.1
<151> 2017-11-24
<150> GB1806575.5
<151> 2018-04-23
<160> 49
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Claims (13)
1.一种用于增加抗体对受试者的治疗益处的方法,该方法包括:(a)将包含免疫系统检查点的组分或所述组分的免疫原性片段的免疫治疗组合物给予所述受试者;和(b)还将所述抗体给予受试者。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述检查点选自:
a)PD1与PDL1之间的相互作用;或
b)吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO1)或色氨酸2,3-双加氧酶(TDO)与它们的底物(色氨酸)之间的相互作用。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含免疫原性片段,该免疫原性片段包含任一种表1中的序列或由其组成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含免疫原性片段,该免疫原性片段包含以下序列中的任一种或由其组成:SEQ ID NOs:1、2、3、4、5、6、12、14、17、19、21、48或49。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含免疫原性片段,该免疫原性片段包含SEQ ID NOs:1、2或21的序列中的任一种或由其组成。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述抗体为抗癌抗体。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述抗体为达雷木单抗、尼伏鲁单抗、派姆单抗、avelumab、利妥昔单抗、曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、阿仑珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、托西莫单抗或奥法木单抗。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含免疫原性片段,该免疫原性片段包含SEQ ID NOs:1、2或21的序列中的任一种或由其组成,并且所述抗体包括达雷木单抗。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)和(b)同时进行、分开进行或依次进行。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,该方法用于治疗受试者的疾病,其中所述疾病易于通过抗体单独治疗。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述疾病为癌症。
12.一种用于预防或治疗受试者的癌症的方法,该方法包括将以下物质给予所述受试者:
(i)如前述权利要求任一项中所定义的免疫治疗组合物;和
(ii)抗癌抗体,如达雷木单抗、尼伏鲁单抗、派姆单抗、avelumab、利妥昔单抗、曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、阿仑珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、托西莫单抗或奥法木单抗。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述组合物包含免疫原性片段,该免疫原性片段包含SEQ ID NOs:1、2或21的序列中的任一种或由其组成,并且所述抗体包括达雷木单抗。
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PCT/EP2018/082427 WO2019101954A1 (en) | 2017-11-24 | 2018-11-23 | Enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc) |
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LIMO CHEN ET AL: "CD38 as a novel immune checkpoint and a mechanism of resistance to the blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis", 《JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY》, vol. 35, no. 7 * |
SAGAR LONIAL ET AL.: ""Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with treatment-refractory multiple myeloma (SIRIUS):an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial", 《LANCET》, vol. 387, no. 10027, XP029496408, DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01120-4 * |
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