CN111365393B - 一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，具体按照以下步骤实施：步骤1、配制耐磨陶瓷浆料；步骤2、制备定向排列BN纤维圆筒；步骤3、制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；步骤4、制备定向孔导热内壁；步骤5、定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。通过本发明的方法制备的导热耐磨复合制动材料，耐磨陶瓷为复合制动材料提供优异的耐磨性能，三层导热通道按照一定的间距排列，在保证材料耐磨性能的同时提高其定向导热性能，在制动过程中可以快速将产生的热量迅速沿着三层导热通道定向导出。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于制动材料技术领域，涉及一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法。
背景技术
随着国内外高速列车运行速度提高，对列车在制动过程中刹车材料的性能提出了更高的要求。首先，要求其具有优异的耐磨性能，能够使得制动材料具有长的使用寿命。此外，在制动过程中由于摩擦会差生大量的热量，使得制动材料发生氧化、软化等问题，导致材料的稳定性和耐磨性能大幅下降。因此，传统的金属材料已不能满足当前对制动材料的高导热和高耐磨要求。许多学者致力于开发导热陶瓷、金属/陶瓷复合导热材料等，以获得具有良好导热性能和耐磨性能。
中国专利“一种导热摩擦制动材料的制备方法”，专利号： CN201710162108，用树胶和微生物对单片层化的石墨改性，接着将氧化锌晶须与改性石墨、树脂等物质进行热压烧结得到制动材料。虽然此发明中材料的导热系数良好，但在高速运行下其耐磨性能差，磨损较大，材料更换周期变短，缩短了材料的使用寿命。
中国专利“一种耐磨制动摩擦材料及其制备方法”，专利号： CN201810071867，通过加入硅烷偶联剂对增强材料及填料成分进行改性，并加入碳化硅及莫来石作为增强剂得到了一种耐磨制动摩擦材料。该方法增强了材料的耐磨性能，然而对于导热性能无明显增强作用，当高速制动时，易出现热量急剧增加，导致产生热纹等情况，对材料产生不可逆的损伤，进而影响整体材料使之失效。
中国专利“一种组合式复合材料制动盘及制备方法和应用”，专利号：CN201710249937，将碳陶摩擦面与梯度铝基复合支撑盘进行组合的方式来获得一种组合式复合材料制动盘，支撑面与摩擦面之间平行排列，在高速运行下可能会发生相对位移，同时其导热性能存在界面热阻，在列车高速运动时易导致散热不及时，进而影响耐磨性能引发事故。
中国专利“一种金属陶瓷摩擦材料及其制备方法”，专利号： CN201110049358，用基体组元(铁粉、铜粉等)、润滑组元(石墨粉、二硫化钼等)和摩擦组元(三氧化二铝和二氧化硅)组成，各组元按配比混合、压制、烧结得到金属陶瓷摩擦材料。此发明中材料无连通的导热通路，导致其导热性能差，在高速制动时无法有效传递热量而使热量急剧增加，进而降低材料的耐磨性能，导致材料的整体失效。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，具有在保证其耐磨性能的基础上获得良好的定向导热性能的特点。
本发明所采用的技术方案是，一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，具体按照以下步骤实施：
步骤1、配制耐磨陶瓷浆料；
将耐磨陶瓷颗粒、分散剂、粘接剂添加到去离子水中，混合后真空除气，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2、制备定向排列BN纤维圆筒；
将三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和无水乙醇在45-60℃下混合，搅拌10-12h得到均匀纺丝液，将得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到BN前驱体纤维膜，然后BN 前驱体纤维膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氮气或氨气环境中煅烧后得到定向排列BN纤维圆筒；
步骤3、制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入模具中，该模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，再将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒套于实心占位圆柱外侧，自然干燥后脱模，得到具有蜂窝结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，将该复合坯体在真空或惰性气氛中烧结，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4、制备定向孔导热内壁；
向步骤3所得定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁涂覆三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液，在氮气或氨气环境中煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5、定向导热耐磨复合制动材料；
将熔融状态的导热金属注入步骤4所得含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，缓慢冷却到室温，则空心部分被导热金属填满，得到定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
本发明的特点还在于：
步骤1中耐磨陶瓷颗粒为碳化硅、氮化铝、氮化硼、碳化锆或氮化硅中的一种，分散剂为聚丙烯酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚丙烯酸铵中的一种，粘接剂为聚乙烯醇或羧甲基纤维素中的一种。
步骤1耐磨陶瓷浆料按质量百分比由以下物质组成：耐磨陶瓷颗粒 50-70％，分散剂为0.5-1％，粘接剂0.2-0.5％，去离子水28.5-59.3％。
步骤1中混合时间为6-24h，真空除气时间为10-15min。
步骤2中纺丝液按质量百分比由以下物质组成：三聚氰胺二硼酸盐 9.4-13.1％、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮8.1-11.5％、无水乙醇75.4-82.5％。
步骤2中静电纺丝的参数为：纺丝电压为18-24kV，接收距离为12-16cm，推进泵推进速度为0.001-0.005mm/s，滚筒转速为2400-2800r/min。
步骤2中煅烧温度为1100-1500℃，煅烧时间为2-4h；步骤2中BN纤维圆筒直径为4-11mm，圆筒壁厚为100-300μm。
步骤3中占位圆柱直径为3-8mm，占位圆柱之间的距离为5-14mm，占位圆柱与模具的高度相同，步骤3中，烧结温度为1500-2200℃，烧结时间为 2-4h。
步骤4中三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液浓度为0.15-0.3mol/L，涂覆次数为1-4次；步骤4中，煅烧温度为1100-1500℃，煅烧时间为1-3h。
步骤5中导热金属为铜、铜合金、铝或铝合金中的一种，步骤5中冷却速率为1-3℃/min。
本发明的有益效果是：本发明一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，制备的复合材料由耐磨陶瓷、BN导热纤维、BN导热薄壁和高导热金属组成，高导热金属、BN导热薄壁和BN导热纤维在复合材料中以同心圆状定向分布形成三层导热通道，耐磨陶瓷为复合制动材料提供优异的耐磨性能，三层导热通道按照一定的间距排列，在保证材料耐磨性能的同时提高其定向导热性能，在制动过程中可以快速将产生的热量迅速沿着三层导热通道定向导出。因此，本发明制备的定向导热耐磨复合制动材料在高速列车、轨道交通、汽车等交通工具的制动材料领域具有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是本发明一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法中模具的俯视图；
图2是通过本发明一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法制备得到的定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的俯视图；
图3是图2中定向导热耐磨复合制动材料A-A的剖视图；
图中，1.占位圆柱，2.导热金属，3.BN纤维圆筒，4.导热内壁，5.耐磨陶瓷。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明。
本发明一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，具体按照以下步骤实施：
步骤1、配制耐磨陶瓷浆料；
将耐磨陶瓷颗粒、分散剂、粘接剂添加到去离子水中，混合6-24h后真空除气10-15min，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
耐磨陶瓷颗粒为碳化硅、氮化铝、氮化硼、氮化硅或碳化锆中的一种，分散剂为聚丙烯酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚丙烯酸铵中的一种，粘接剂为聚乙烯醇或羧甲基纤维素中的一种；
耐磨陶瓷浆料按质量百分比由以下物质组成：耐磨陶瓷颗粒50-70％，分散剂为0.5-1％，粘接剂0.2-0.5％，去离子水28.5-59.3％；
步骤2、制备定向排列BN纤维圆筒；
按照质量百分比量取三聚氰胺二硼酸盐9.4-13.1％、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 8.1-11.5％、无水乙醇75.4-82.5％，在45-60℃下混合，搅拌10-12h得到均匀纺丝液，将得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，静电纺丝的参数为：纺丝电压为18-24kV，接收距离为12-16cm，推进泵推进速度为0.001-0.005mm/s，滚筒转速为 2400-2800r/min，得到BN前驱体纤维膜，然后BN前驱体纤维膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氮气或氨气环境中煅烧后得到定向排列BN纤维圆筒3，煅烧温度为1100-1500℃，煅烧时间为2-4h，BN纤维圆筒直径为4-11mm，圆筒壁厚为100-300μm；
步骤3、制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入模具中，该模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱1，占位圆柱1直径为3-8mm，占位圆柱的圆柱中心线之间的距离为5-14mm，占位圆柱与模具的高度相同，再将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒3 套于实心占位圆柱1外侧，自然干燥后脱模，得到具有蜂窝结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，将该复合坯体在真空或惰性气氛中烧结，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷，烧结温度为1500-2200℃，烧结时间为2-4h；
步骤4、制备定向孔导热内壁；
向步骤3所得定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁涂覆浓度为 0.15-0.3mol/L三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液，涂覆1-4次，在氮气或氨气环境中煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁4的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷，煅烧温度为1100-1500℃，煅烧时间为1-3h；
步骤5、定向导热耐磨复合制动材料；
将熔融状态的导热金属5注入步骤4所得含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，导热金属为铜、铜合金、铝或铝合金中的一种，缓慢冷却到室温，冷却速率为1-3℃/min，则空心部分被导热金属填满，得到定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
由于材料在快速摩擦中会产生大量的热，热量的聚集导致材料温度急剧上升此时材料会发生氧化、软化等问题，本发明的复合材料在摩擦时可以将热量通过BN导热纤维、BN导热薄壁再由高导热金属快速导出，从而迅速降低复合材料温度，尽可能的减少了耐磨陶瓷材料的氧化、软化等问题的发生，并且BN导热纤维、BN导热薄壁和高导热金属的含量相对本发明复合材料较低，所以其对本发明中复合材料整体耐磨性能影响较小，本发明通过将耐磨陶瓷、BN导热纤维、BN导热薄壁和高导热金属进行复合，使得复合材料在保证其耐磨性能的同时提高了定向导热的特点。
实施例1：碳化硅复合制动材料的制备方法
步骤1：配制碳化硅陶瓷浆料：按照各组成物的比例(按质量分数)为：碳化硅陶瓷颗粒60％，聚丙烯酸钠为0.8％，聚乙烯醇0.4％，按比例加入38.8％去离子水中，混合18h后真空除气10min，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2：制备定向排列BN纤维网：将11.1％的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、8.1％聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和80.8％无水乙醇在60℃下混合搅拌12h得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置处中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到 BN前驱体纤维膜，然后将膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氮气环境中，煅烧温度为1300℃，煅烧时间为3h，煅烧后得到直径为7mm，壁厚为300μm 定向排列BN纤维圆筒；其中纺丝工艺参数为：20kV的纺丝电压，14cm的距离，0.003mm/s的推进速率和2600r/min的滚筒转速；
步骤3：制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷：将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入圆柱形模具中，圆柱型模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，圆柱间距为 8mm，直径为4mm，将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒插入浆料中，BN纤维圆筒中心线与实心占位圆柱中心线重合，自然干燥后脱模，形成具有类蜂窝煤结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，在氮气气氛中在2200℃烧结，烧结时间为2h，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4：制备定向孔导热内壁：在定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁用刷子涂覆浓度为0.3mol/L的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液2次，在氮气环境中温度在1300℃煅烧，时间为2h，煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5：制备定向导热复合材料：将熔融状态的导热金属铜及其合金注入含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，在冷却速率为1℃ /min情况下缓慢冷却到室温，获得定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
实施例2：氮化铝复合制动材料的制备方法
步骤1：配制氮化铝陶瓷浆料：按照各组成物的比例(按质量分数)为：氮化铝陶瓷颗粒50％，聚丙烯酸铵为0.8％，羧甲基纤维素0.3％，按比例加入48.9％去离子水中，混合12h后真空除气15min，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2：制备定向排列BN纤维网：将9.4％的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、8.1％聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和82.5％无水乙醇在60℃下混合搅拌12h得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置处中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到 BN前驱体纤维膜。然后将膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氮气环境中，煅烧温度为1100℃，煅烧时间为2h，煅烧后得到直径为4mm，壁厚为200μm 定向排列BN纤维圆筒；其中纺丝工艺参数为：18kV的纺丝电压，12cm的距离，0.001mm/s的推进速率和2400r/min的滚筒转速；
步骤3：制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷：将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入圆柱形模具中，圆柱型模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，圆柱间距为 10mm，直径为5mm，将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒插入浆料中，BN纤维圆筒中心线与实心占位圆柱中心线重合，自然干燥后脱模，形成具有类蜂窝煤结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，在氩气气氛中在1500℃烧结，烧结时间为4h，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4：制备定向孔导热内壁：在定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁用刷子涂覆浓度为0.3mol/L的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液1次，在氨气环境中温度在1500℃煅烧，时间为1h，煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5：制备定向导热复合材料：将熔融状态的导热金属铜及其合金注入含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，在冷却速率为2℃ /min情况下缓慢冷却到室温，获得定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
实施例3：氮化硼复合制动材料的制备方法
步骤1：配制氮化硼陶瓷浆料：按照各组成物的比例(按质量分数)为：氮化硼陶瓷颗粒65％，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为0.7％，羧甲基纤维素0.5％，按比例加入33.8％去离子水中，混合6h后真空除气10min，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2：制备定向排列BN纤维网：将13.1％的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、11.5％聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和75.4％无水乙醇在60℃下混合搅拌12h得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置处中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到 BN前驱体纤维膜。然后将膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氨气环境中，煅烧温度为1500℃，煅烧时间为2h，煅烧后得到直径为11mm，壁厚为100μm 定向排列BN纤维圆筒；其中纺丝工艺参数为：24kV的纺丝电压，16cm的距离，0.005mm/s的推进速率和2800r/min的滚筒转速；
步骤3：制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷：将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入圆柱形模具中，圆柱型模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，圆柱间距为 14mm，直径为8mm，将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒插入浆料中，BN纤维圆筒中心线与实心占位圆柱中心线重合，自然干燥后脱模，形成具有类蜂窝煤结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，在真空气氛中在2200℃烧结，烧结时间为2h，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4：制备定向孔导热内壁：在定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁用刷子涂覆浓度为0.3mol/L的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液4次，在氮气或氨气环境中温度在1500℃煅烧，时间为1h，煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5：制备定向导热复合材料：将熔融状态的导热金属铜及其合金、铝及其合金注入含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，在冷却速率为2℃/min情况下缓慢冷却到室温，获得定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
实施例4：碳化锆复合制动材料的制备方法
步骤1：配制碳化锆陶瓷浆料：按照各组成物的比例(按质量分数)为：碳化锆陶瓷颗粒70％，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮1％，羧甲基纤维素0.5％，按比例加入28.5％去离子水中，混合24h后真空除气12min，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2：制备定向排列BN纤维网：将12％的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、10.5％聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和77.5％无水乙醇在60℃下混合搅拌12h得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置处中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到 BN前驱体纤维膜。然后将膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氨气环境中，煅烧温度为1400℃，煅烧时间为4h，煅烧后得到直径为5mm，壁厚为300μm 定向排列BN纤维圆筒；其中纺丝工艺参数为：22kV的纺丝电压，15cm的距离，0.004mm/s的推进速率和2500r/min的滚筒转速；
步骤3：制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷：将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入圆柱形模具中，圆柱型模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，圆柱间距为 5mm，直径为3mm，将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒插入浆料中，BN纤维圆筒中心线与实心占位圆柱中心线重合，自然干燥后脱模，形成具有类蜂窝煤结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，在氮气气氛中在1800℃烧结，烧结时间为3h，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4：制备定向孔导热内壁：在定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁用刷子涂覆浓度为0.3mol/L的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液1次，在氨气环境中温度在1500℃煅烧，时间为3h，煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5：制备定向导热复合材料：将熔融状态的导热铝及其合金注入含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，在冷却速率为3℃/min 情况下缓慢冷却到室温，获得定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
实施例5：氮化硅复合制动材料的制备方法
步骤1：配制氮化硅陶瓷浆料：按照各组成物的比例(按质量分数)为：氮化硅陶瓷颗粒55％，聚丙烯酸铵为0.6％，羧甲基纤维素0.3％，按比例加入44.1％去离子水中，混合12h后真空除气15min，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2：制备定向排列BN纤维网：将11.4％的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、10％聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和78.6％无水乙醇在60℃下混合搅拌12h得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置处中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到 BN前驱体纤维膜。然后将膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氮气环境中，煅烧温度为1200℃，煅烧时间为2h，煅烧后得到直径为3mm，壁厚为150μm 定向排列BN纤维圆筒；其中纺丝工艺参数为：18kV的纺丝电压，14cm的距离，0.001mm/s的推进速率和2500r/min的滚筒转速；
步骤3：制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷：将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入圆柱形模具中，圆柱型模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，圆柱间距为 9mm，直径为4mm，将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒插入浆料中，BN纤维圆筒中心线与实心占位圆柱中心线重合，自然干燥后脱模，形成具有类蜂窝煤结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，在氩气气氛中在1800℃烧结，烧结时间为4h，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4：制备定向孔导热内壁：在定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁用刷子涂覆浓度为0.3mol/L的三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液3次，在氨气环境中温度在1500℃煅烧，时间为1h，煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5：制备定向导热复合材料：将熔融状态的导热金属铜及其合金注入含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，在冷却速率为2℃ /min情况下缓慢冷却到室温，获得定向导热耐磨复合制动材料。
表1是通过实施例1-5制备的复合制动材料与对应耐磨陶瓷的导热系数和耐磨性能。由表1可以看出通过本发明的方法制备的复合制动材料相比于对应耐磨陶瓷材料其耐磨损性能基本不变但导热性能增加，具有良好的导热和耐磨性能。
表1复合制动材料与对应耐磨陶瓷的导热系数和耐磨性能
Claims (8)
1.一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，具体按照以下步骤实施：
步骤1、配制耐磨陶瓷浆料；
将耐磨陶瓷颗粒、分散剂、粘接剂添加到去离子水中，混合后真空除气，得到耐磨陶瓷浆料；
步骤2、制备定向排列BN纤维圆筒；
将三聚氰胺二硼酸盐、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和无水乙醇在45-60℃下混合，搅拌10-12h得到均匀纺丝液，将得到的均匀纺丝液注入针管，置于纺丝机推进装置中，进行静电纺丝定向滚动接收，得到BN前驱体纤维膜，然后BN前驱体纤维膜沿着纤维排列方向卷成圆筒，在氮气或氨气环境中煅烧后得到定向排列BN纤维圆筒；
煅烧温度为1100-1500℃，煅烧时间为2-4h；所述步骤2中BN纤维圆筒直径为4-11mm，圆筒壁厚为100-300μm；
步骤3、制备定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
将步骤1所得耐磨陶瓷浆料注入模具中，该模具中有等距等尺寸的实心占位圆柱，再将步骤2得到的BN纤维圆筒套于实心占位圆柱外侧，自然干燥后脱模，得到具有蜂窝结构的定向多孔耐磨陶瓷复合坯体，将该复合坯体在真空或惰性气氛中烧结，得到定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤4、制备定向孔导热内壁；
向步骤3所得定向多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔内壁涂覆三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液，在氮气或氨气环境中煅烧后得到含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷；
步骤5、定向导热耐磨复合制动材料；
将熔融状态的导热金属注入步骤4所得含有定向孔导热内壁的多孔复合耐磨陶瓷的定向孔中，缓慢冷却到室温，则空心部分被导热金属填满，得到定向导热耐磨复合制动材料；
所述步骤1中耐磨陶瓷颗粒为碳化硅、氮化铝、氮化硼、碳化锆或氮化硅中的一种，分散剂为聚丙烯酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚丙烯酸铵中的一种，粘接剂为聚乙烯醇或羧甲基纤维素中的一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1耐磨陶瓷浆料按质量百分比由以下物质组成：耐磨陶瓷颗粒50-70%，分散剂为0.5-1%，粘接剂0.2-0.5%，去离子水28.5-59.3%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1中混合时间为6-24h，真空除气时间为10-15min。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤2中纺丝液按质量百分比由以下物质组成：三聚氰胺二硼酸盐9.4-13.1%、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮8.1-11.5%、无水乙醇75.4-82.5% 。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤2中静电纺丝的参数为：纺丝电压为18-24kV，接收距离为12-16cm，推进泵推进速度为0.001-0.005mm/s，滚筒转速为2400-2800r/min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3中占位圆柱直径为3-8mm，占位圆柱之间的距离为5-14mm，占位圆柱与模具的高度相同，所述步骤3中，烧结温度为1500-2200℃，烧结时间为2-4h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤4中三聚氰胺二硼酸盐的乙醇溶液浓度为0.15-0.3mol/L，涂覆次数为1-4次；所述步骤4中，煅烧温度为1100-1500℃，煅烧时间为1-3h。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种定向导热耐磨复合制动材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤5中导热金属为铜、铜合金、铝或铝合金中的一种，所述步骤5中冷却速率为1-3℃/min。
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