CN111328921A - Ruminant fermented feed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Ruminant fermented feed and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of feeds, in particular to a ruminant fermented feed prepared by utilizing molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, corncob crushed particles and neurospora crassa and a preparation method thereof. Fermenting Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) in solid fermented feed carrier to obtain fermented feed for ruminant; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, corncob and bran after adsorption treatment. The feed changes molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid and corncobs into valuable substances, not only is the production cost low, but also the produced fermented feed is less in crude fiber, good in palatability and rich in nutrition, and can play a role in slowing down oxidative stress, reducing somatic cells in milk and preventing recessive mastitis when being fed to cows.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of feeds, in particular to a ruminant fermented feed prepared by utilizing molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, corncob crushed particles and neurospora crassa and a preparation method thereof.
Background
More nutrient substances such as yeast, protein, reducing sugar, polysaccharide, colloid, pigment, amino acid and high molecular organic matters are still remained in the active dry yeast molasses fermentation waste liquid. In addition, the fertilizer also contains rich inorganic trace elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese, and organic substances such as humic acid, fulvic acid and the like. Therefore, many enterprises adopt a direct concentration fertilizer preparation method to treat molasses yeast wastewater. However, the total solid content of the molasses yeast concentrated wastewater is usually concentrated to 40-50%, the equipment investment is large, the operating cost is high, the energy consumption is large, and the problems of equipment corrosion and scale deposition exist in the wastewater evaporation. However, in recent years, sugar cane lands to which molasses fermentation waste liquid type fertilizers have been applied have suffered from irreversible soil hardening problems.
Although the beet molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution is a variety which is allowed to be added into feed as a raw material in feed raw material catalogues in China, the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution contains more potassium ions, and if the beet molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution is directly added into feed, certain damage can be caused to an animal digestive system, and mild diarrhea of animals is caused. The key problem of whether the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution can be used as a feed additive or a feed is solved by removing most of potassium ions and salt. In recent years, the methods for removing potassium ions from molasses yeast wastewater concentrated solution at home and abroad mainly comprise an ion exchange method, a chemical precipitation method and an ion exchange membrane electrodialysis method. However, the methods have the defects of secondary wastewater pollution, large production investment, increased pollution treatment cost and the like.
The corn cob byproduct is about 4000 ten thousand tons per year in China, but the corn cob byproduct is extremely low in development and utilization rate at present and is mainly used as fuel for a long time. According to analysis, the corncob is rich in nutrition, contains 1.1% of crude protein, 0.6% of crude fat, 31.8% of crude fiber, 51.8% of soluble sugar, 0.40% of calcium, 0.25% of phosphorus and 1.3% of crude ash, also contains various mineral elements such as magnesium, sulfur, iron, potassium and the like, and can be used as crude feed for ruminants such as cattle, sheep and the like after being reasonably prepared. But the direct feeding of the corncob has poor palatability and is not favorable for the digestion and absorption of ruminants. Therefore, adding proper enzyme-producing microorganisms for solid fermentation is an effective way to improve the digestibility and the nutritional value of the corncob particles.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a ruminant fermented feed prepared by utilizing molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, corncob crushed particles and neurospora crassa and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a fermented feed for ruminant is prepared by fermenting Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) in solid fermented feed carrier to obtain fermented feed for ruminant; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, corncob and bran after adsorption treatment.
The Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) is inoculated in a solid fermented feed carrier according to the amount of 4-8 wt% and fermented to obtain the ruminant fermented feed; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is prepared by mixing the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption treatment with a mixture of corncobs and bran according to the mass ratio of (1-2) to 1.
The molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption treatment is obtained by adsorbing molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid by using ammonium ion modified zeolite as a selective adsorbent, and concentrating the adsorbed residual liquid for later use.
A preparation method of fermented feed for ruminant comprises inoculating Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) 4-8 wt% into solid fermented feed carrier, and fermenting to obtain fermented feed for ruminant; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is prepared by mixing the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption treatment with a mixture of corncobs and bran according to the mass ratio of (1-2) to 1.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) adsorbing and treating molasses yeast fermentation raffinate by using ammonium ion modified natural clinoptilolite;
2) concentrating the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid obtained in the step 1) to obtain molasses yeast fermentation concentrated liquid;
3) mixing corn cobs and bran into the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution obtained in the step 2) to obtain a solid fermentation feed carrier;
4) inoculating neurospora crassa spore suspension into the solid fermented feed carrier obtained in the step 3) according to the inoculation amount of 4-8% (mass ratio) for solid fermentation and granulation, thus obtaining the fermented feed for ruminants.
The molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid is subjected to ion replacement adsorption through an ion exchange column (phi 1000 × 6400mm stainless steel ion exchange column with a jacket) added with an adsorbent, and the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption is collected, wherein the volume mass ratio of the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid to the adsorbent is (5.1-10): 1.
And (3) concentrating the molasses yeast fermentation waste liquid obtained in the last step by using a multi-effect vacuum evaporation device, wherein the solid content of the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated liquid obtained after concentration is not less than 40%, and the protein content is not less than 20%.
The small-particle size adsorbent in the ion exchange column filled with the adsorbent is filled into the lower part of the ion exchange column according to 30-40% of the total volume of the adsorbent, the large-particle size adsorbent is filled into the upper part of the ion exchange column according to 60-70% of the total volume of the adsorbent, and the filling total volume of the adsorbent accounts for 60-80% of that of the ion exchange column; wherein the particle size of the small particle adsorbent is 1-3mm, and the particle size of the large particle adsorbent is 3-10 mm.
Cooling the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid to normal temperature and settling, introducing the upper residual liquid into an ion exchange column from top to bottom at the flow rate of 2-4SV for adsorption treatment, keeping the temperature in the ion exchange column at 15-30 ℃, performing potassium ion displacement adsorption on molasses yeast fermentation liquid, and discharging the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid from the lower part of the ion exchange column after adsorption is finished.
Further, the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution and the mixture of the corncobs and the bran are fully mixed according to the mass ratio of (1-2) to (1), and the mixture is kept stand for 6-8 hours; after the mixture of the corncobs and the bran fully absorbs the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution, inoculating neurospora crassa spore suspension according to the inoculation amount of 4-8% (mass ratio), and performing solid fermentation for 48-72h after uniformly mixing, wherein the fermentation temperature is controlled at 20-30 ℃; wherein the mass ratio of the corncob particles to the bran in the fermented feed carrier is (8-10): 1.
The corncob particles and the bran are respectively selected corncobs without mildew, rot and sand impurities and are crushed by a crusher; and screening the crushed corncob particles by a sieve of 10-30 meshes, preferably screening by a sieve of 20-30 meshes, and more preferably screening by a sieve of 30 meshes to obtain the corncob particles.
The fermented feed for the ruminant is added into Total Mixed Ration (TMR) of the ruminant according to the mass ratio of 5-15%.
The invention has the advantages that:
the feed changes molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid and corncobs into valuable substances, not only is the production cost low, but also the produced fermented feed has less crude fiber, good palatability and rich nutrition, and can play the roles of slowing down oxidative stress, reducing somatic cells in milk and preventing recessive mastitis when being fed to cows; the method comprises the following steps:
1. the invention adds the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after being processed into the feed, which is NH in the cavity (hole) of clinoptilolite modified by ammonium ion4 +Adsorbing and removing most of potassium ions in the fermentation residual liquid by the characteristics of loosely combined water molecules and grillwork+Substituted NH4 +Most of the nitrogen source will be used by Neurospora crassa, and the rest of NH4 +And the nutrient supplement serving as an inorganic nitrogen source is left in the fermented feed product. Also clinoptilolite is a permitted raw material in the feed additive list (11.1.2); at the same time, a proper amount of NH is added into the feed4 +Not only can effectively prevent postpartum paralysis of ruminants such as dairy cows and the like, but also can promote the development of intestinal flora, is beneficial to the anabolism of amino acid in rumens of intestinal microorganisms of the ruminants, and further promotes the growth and development of the cultured animals. The clinoptilolite and yeast cells in the residual fermented feed can also effectively adsorb or remove harmful microorganisms in the daily ration of the ruminantHarmful substances such as endotoxin and mycotoxin generated by the product.
2. The Neurospora crassa is utilized in the feed, the Neurospora crassa has the advantages of simple nutritional condition, rapid growth, high safety, strong spore production capacity, short fermentation period and the like, the actual production process is easy to control, high-activity cellulases, xylanases, glucanases, hemicellulases, proteases, esterases, laccases and other hydrolases can be produced, and functional metabolites such as vitamin B12, carotenoid and the like can be synthesized, so that the Neurospora crassa can be further used as a novel excellent strain for processing high-fiber solid fermented feed. The invention provides good fermentation carrier and nutrition environment for Neurospora crassa by using the solid feed fermentation carrier containing low [ K + ] molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, and no additional culture medium component is needed. The fermented feed product prepared by the invention can obviously improve the protein content by 30-50% after fermentation, obviously reduce the crude fiber by 40-60%, and the granulated product has special fragrance and better palatability, is more favorable for nutrition demand and energy metabolism of ruminants, and can be added into TMR daily ration of ruminants such as dairy cows and the like by 5-15% of addition amount.
3. The feed obtained by the invention contains 65-75% of solid content, 60-70% of total organic matter, 20-30% of protein, 5-15% of crude fiber, 10-20% of soluble sugar, 3-6% of ash, 2-5% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.1％-0.2％，K+0.3-0.6 percent of humic acid, 10-15 percent of biochemical fulvic acid and 4.5-6.5 percent of pH; can provide beneficial nutrient components for ruminant animals to promote their growth and development.
Detailed Description
The following examples are presented to further illustrate embodiments of the present invention, and it should be understood that the embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the invention.
The physical and chemical indexes described in the following examples were measured: crude protein in the feed is measured according to the method GB/T6432-1994, crude fiber in the feed is measured according to the method GB/T6434-1994, amino acid in the feed is measured according to the method GB/T18246-2000, and vitamin B12 is measured according to the method GB/T17819-1999.
The technical operations adopted in the following embodiments are all the prior art operations, such as concentration, can be subjected to evaporation concentration treatment according to the prior art, and the like, without special requirements, and can be realized by adopting the prior devices, such as multi-effect vacuum evaporation equipment and the like.
Example 1
Preparing fermented feed for ruminants:
firstly, reducing the content of potassium ions in the beet molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid
The beet molasses yeast fermentation raffinate of the embodiment is provided by active source yeast limited, and the physicochemical indexes are as follows: solid content 9.06%, total organic matter 7.61%, protein content 5.12%, soluble sugar 1.37%, ash content 1.43%, amino acid nitrogen 1.27%, P2O50.028％，K+0.75％，pH＝5.69。
Ammonium ion modified clinoptilolite is available from Zhejiang Shenshi mining Ltd (silica content 64% -66%, density 0.9-1.1 g/cm)3) The zeolite used as the adsorbing material is added into an ion exchange column, wherein the particle size of the small-particle-size clinoptilolite adsorbent is 1-3mm, and the particle size of the large-particle-size clinoptilolite adsorbent is 3-10 mm.
Ammonium ion modified clinoptilolite as adsorbent was charged to a size of phi 1000 × 6400mm (about 5 m)3) The jacketed stainless steel ion exchange column of (1); the adsorbent with small particle size is filled into the lower part of the exchange column according to 35 percent of the total volume of the adsorbent, the adsorbent with large particle size is filled into the upper part of the exchange column according to 65 percent of the total volume of the adsorbent, and the filling volume of the adsorbent accounts for 70 percent of the ion exchange column.
Cooling the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid to normal temperature and settling, and taking the upper layer residual liquid from top to bottom at a ratio of 1:6 tons/m3Ratio (1t ammonium ion modified zeolite treatment 6 m)3Beet molasses yeast fermentation raffinate) and 3SV flow rate are added into the molasses yeast fermentation raffinate filled with the adsorbent in an ion exchange column, the temperature is kept at 25 ℃ in the ion exchange column, the beet molasses yeast fermentation broth is subjected to potassium ion replacement adsorption, and the molasses yeast fermentation raffinate after adsorption is treated by the lower part of the ion exchange columnAnd (4) discharging. The physical and chemical indexes of the beet molasses yeast fermentation raffinate after adsorption are as follows: solid content 9.18%, total organic matter 8.16%, protein content 5.81%, soluble sugar 1.49%, ash content 1.02%, amino acid nitrogen 1.21%, P2O50.023％，K+0.19％，pH＝5.87。
The removal rate of K + was 74.7%
Second, multi-effect vacuum concentration of beet molasses yeast raffinate
Concentrating the treated molasses yeast fermentation waste liquid obtained in the previous step by using the conventional multi-effect vacuum evaporation equipment, so that the physical and chemical indexes of the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated liquid obtained after concentration are as follows: 54.52% of solid content, 41.31% of total organic matter, 30.10% of protein content, 7.09% of soluble sugar, 4.97% of ash, 5.94% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.17％，K+0.91%, biochemical fulvic acid 24.31%, and pH 5.77.
Thirdly, mixing the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution with a solid fermentation feed carrier
Selecting corncobs around Qizihaer city in Heilongjiang province without mildew, rot and sand impurities to be crushed by a crusher; the crushed corncob particles are screened by a 30-mesh screen, and the physical and chemical indexes of the corncobs are determined as follows: 92.7% of solid, 1.64% of ash, 2.34% of crude protein and 37.52% of crude fiber. And then mixing the treated corncob particles with bran according to the mass ratio of 9:1 for later use.
Discharging the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution obtained in the second step at 50-55 ℃, immediately mixing the discharged molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution into a mixture of corncob particles and bran according to the mass ratio of 1.5:1 to obtain a mixed fermentation feed carrier, wherein the main physical and chemical indexes of the mixed fermentation feed carrier are as follows: 71.24% of solid content, 62.42% of total organic matters, 18.79% of protein content, 17.32% of crude fiber, 23.66% of soluble sugar, 3.83% of ash, 3.58% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.11％，K+0.55 percent, 14.36 percent of biochemical fulvic acid and 5.89 percent of pH.
Fourthly, inoculating neurospora crassa to carry out solid fermentation and granulation
Fully mixing the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution with a fermentation feed carrier, and standing for 7 hours after mixing; after the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution is fully absorbed by the fermented feed carrier, spraying and inoculating neurospora crassa CICC40203 spore suspension according to the inoculation amount of 5.5 wt%, performing solid fermentation for 60 hours at the temperature of 28 ℃ after uniformly mixing, and drying and granulating the fermented feed to obtain the fermented solid feed product.
Wherein the spore suspension is Neurospora crassa spore suspension prepared with sterile physiological saline (0.85% NaCl solution), and has a concentration of 7 × 106CFU/ml; the Neurospora crassa CICC40203 is purchased from China center for culture Collection of industrial microorganisms and is available to the public.
The main physical and chemical indexes of the fermented feed are as follows: 69.07% of solid content, 64.42% of total organic matter, 25.83% of protein content, 10.01% of crude fiber, 14.98% of soluble sugar, 4.31% of ash, 2.97% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.12％，K+0.56%, biochemical fulvic acid 13.48%, and pH 5.12. After the fermentation of the neurospora crassa is finished, compared with the fermentation before, the solid content is slightly reduced, the total organic matter is slightly improved, the protein content is obviously improved by 37.47%, and the crude fiber and the soluble sugar are respectively and obviously reduced by 42.21% and 36.68%.
Example 2
Preparing fermented feed for ruminants:
first, the content of potassium ions in the beet molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid is reduced
The beet molasses yeast fermentation raffinate of the embodiment is provided by active source yeast limited, and the physicochemical indexes are as follows: 9.14 percent of solid content, 7.68 percent of total organic matter, 5.15 percent of protein content, 1.29 percent of soluble sugar, 1.41 percent of ash content, 1.29 percent of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.031％，K+1.02％，pH＝5.86。
Ammonium ion modified clinoptilolite is available from Zhejiang Shenshi mining Ltd (silica content 64% -66%, density 0.9-1.1 g/cm)3) (ii) a Adding it as adsorbent into ion exchange column, wherein the zeolite is small-particle-size clinoptilolite adsorbent with particle size of 1-3mm and largeThe clinoptilolite adsorbent has a particle size of 3-10 mm.
Ammonium ion modified clinoptilolite as adsorbent was charged to a size of phi 1000 × 6400mm (about 5 m)3) The jacketed stainless steel ion exchange column of (1); the adsorbent with small particle size is filled into the lower part of the exchange column according to 40 percent of the total volume of the adsorbent, the adsorbent with large particle size is filled into the upper part of the exchange column according to 60 percent of the total volume of the adsorbent, and the filling volume of the adsorbent accounts for 70 percent of the ion exchange column.
Cooling the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid to normal temperature and settling, and taking the upper layer residual liquid from top to bottom at a ratio of 1:8 ton/m3Ratio (1t ammonium ion modified zeolite treatment 8 m)3Beet molasses yeast fermentation raffinate) and 4SV, introducing the molasses yeast fermentation raffinate into the ion exchange column filled with the adsorbent, keeping the temperature at 25 ℃ in the ion exchange column, performing potassium ion replacement adsorption on the beet molasses yeast fermentation broth, and discharging the molasses yeast fermentation raffinate from the lower part of the ion exchange column after adsorption. The physical and chemical indexes of the beet molasses yeast fermentation raffinate after adsorption are as follows: 9.25% of solid content, 8.21% of total organic matter, 5.90% of protein content, 1.48% of soluble sugar, 1.13% of ash content, 1.26% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.029％，K+0.21% and pH 5.94. The removal rate of K + was 79.4%
Second, multi-effect vacuum concentration of beet molasses yeast raffinate
The molasses yeast fermentation waste liquid obtained in the last step is concentrated by utilizing five-effect vacuum evaporation equipment, so that the physical and chemical indexes of the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated liquid obtained after concentration are as follows: 56.46 percent of solid content, 42.07 percent of total organic matter, 31.21 percent of protein content, 7.32 percent of soluble sugar, 5.04 percent of ash content, 5.45 percent of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.15％，K+1.01 percent, biochemical fulvic acid 23.88 percent and pH 5.85.
Thirdly, mixing the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution with a solid fermentation feed carrier
Selecting corncobs around Qizihaer city in Heilongjiang province without mildew, rot and sand impurities to be crushed by a crusher; the crushed corncob particles are screened by a 30-mesh screen, and the physical and chemical indexes of the corncobs are determined as follows: 92.7% of solid, 1.64% of ash, 2.34% of crude protein and 37.52% of crude fiber. And then mixing the treated corncob particles and the bran according to the mass ratio of 9:1 for later use.
Discharging the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution obtained in the second step at 50-55 ℃, immediately mixing the discharged molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution into a mixture of corncob particles and bran according to the mass ratio of 1.5:1 to obtain a mixed fermentation feed carrier, wherein the main physical and chemical indexes of the mixed fermentation feed carrier are as follows: 72.67% of solid content, 64.03% of total organic matter, 19.10% of protein content, 18.41% of crude fiber, 22.45% of soluble sugar, 4.01% of ash, 3.67% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.15％，K+0.68 percent, 13.77 percent of biochemical fulvic acid and 5.88 percent of pH.
Fourthly, inoculating neurospora crassa to carry out solid fermentation and granulation
Mixing the concentrated fermentation liquid with the fermented feed carrier, standing for 10 hr, and inoculating 5.5 wt% of the concentrated fermentation liquid with 5 × 107CFU/cm2Spraying and inoculating Neurospora crassa CICC40203 spore suspension, uniformly mixing, and performing solid fermentation at 26 +/-3 ℃ for 68 h; drying and granulating the fermented feed after fermentation to obtain a fermented solid fermented feed product.
Wherein the spore suspension is Neurospora crassa spore suspension prepared with sterile physiological saline (0.85% NaCl solution), and has a concentration of 5 × 107CFU/ml; the Neurospora crassa CICC40203 is purchased from China center for culture Collection of industrial microorganisms and is available to the public.
The main physical and chemical indexes of the fermented feed are as follows: 70.09% of solid content, 63.33% of total organic matter, 26.83% of protein content, 9.38% of crude fiber, 14.98% of soluble sugar, 4.31% of ash, 2.97% of amino acid nitrogen and P2O50.12％，K+0.56%, biochemical fulvic acid 12.82%, and pH 5.09. After the fermentation of the neurospora crassa is finished, the solid content is slightly reduced, the total organic matter is slightly improved, the protein content is obviously improved by 40.47 percent, and the crude fiber and the solubility are improvedSugar was significantly reduced by 49.05% and 33.27%, respectively.
Comparative example 1
The cultivation application of the fermented feed for the ruminants comprises the following steps:
the feeding experiment was carried out in the own pasture of modern animal husbandry (Shang Zhi) Co. The experimental pre-feeding period is 5 days, and the formal experimental period is 30 days. 150 healthy low-yield Holstein lactating cows with similar age, birth times and daily milk yield are selected from a pasture and randomly divided into 3 groups (group I, group II and group III), and each group comprises 50 cows. Wherein, the group I is a control group, and all 50 cows in the group are fed with common TMR daily ration which is fed conventionally in a pasture in a pre-feeding period and an experimental period; the group II is a low-dose substitution group, and all 50 cows in the group are fed with the conventional-fed common TMR ration added with the fermented feed for the ruminants prepared in the example 1 in the pre-feeding period and the experimental period, wherein the adding mass of the fermented feed for the ruminants is 5% of that of the conventional-fed common TMR ration; and the group III is a high-dose substitution group, and all 50 cows in the group are fed with the conventional-fed common TMR daily ration added with the fermented feed for the ruminants prepared in the example 1 in the pre-feeding period and the experimental period, wherein the adding mass of the fermented feed for the ruminants is 10% of that of the conventional-fed common TMR daily ration. The panelists were responsible for the caretakers and feeding throughout the test period, 3 times daily (8:00, 14:00, 20:00) and 3 milkings daily.
The dairy cow production performance test items comprise: dry matter feed intake, daily average milk yield, milk protein rate, milk fat rate, total milk solids, serum glucose content, serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), serum malondialdehyde content, average somatic cell count, number of heads with recessive mastitis, and prevalence of recessive mastitis.
TABLE 1
Firstly, as can be seen from table 1, the addition of the solid fermented feed provided by the invention into the TMR ration of dairy cows can improve the production performance of dairy cows, wherein the average daily average milk yield, the milk protein rate and the milk fat rate of the dairy cows are all higher than that of a control group, namely 4 production performance indexes of the daily average milk yield, the milk protein rate and the milk fat rate of a low-dose group (5% substitution rate) and a high-dose group (10% substitution rate) are all higher than that of the control group, and simultaneously the index of the high-dose group (10% substitution rate) is obviously higher than that of the control group, and the production performance index of the dry matter feed intake is also obviously higher than that of the control group; the results show that the molasses yeast fermentation product with potassium ions properly removed in the feed can effectively improve the palatability of the TMR daily ration, endows the common TMR daily ration with sweet salty and fresh and fragrant sensory characteristics, and can be used as an excellent phagostimulant to improve the dry matter intake of ruminants such as dairy cows and the like. And the improvement of the dry matter feed intake of the dairy cows is beneficial to improving the milk yield of the dairy cows, and in addition, the good energy supply characteristics of the molasses and yeast fermented feed and the feed additive are proved in relieving the 'energy negative balance' of the dairy cows in the early lactation period.
Secondly, as can be seen from table 1, the mean value of the blood sugar content in the serum of the dairy cows can be improved to be higher than that of the control group by the two experimental groups which add the solid fermented feed into the TMR ration of the dairy cows, and the blood sugar content of the group (group III) which is added with the high-dose solid fermented feed is higher than that of the group (group II) which is added with the low-dose solid fermented feed. The results show that the solid fermented feed provided by the invention has obvious advantages in the aspect of sugar metabolism of the dairy cow organism when being fed, and the solid fermented feed provided by the invention is beneficial to improving the digestion and absorption of the dairy cow to common TMP daily ration. The milk yield is mainly related to factors such as energy content, protein level and blood sugar concentration of the feed, and the blood sugar concentration is a main factor for limiting the milk yield of the ruminant. Therefore, the increase of the serum glucose content of the dairy cow is one of the basic factors for promoting the daily average milk yield of the dairy cow.
Thirdly, as can be seen from table 1, the activities of the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of the dairy cows in the feed which is fed with the solid fermented feed provided by the invention to partially replace the TMR ration are respectively and obviously improved by 25.54 percent and 51.35 percent compared with the control group. GSH-Px is an antioxidant enzyme widely existing in animal organism, and can catalyze hydrogen peroxide to decompose, so that macromolecular components of organism tissue are prevented from being invaded by oxygen free radicals. The addition of the solid fermented feed provided by the invention obviously improves the activity of the serum GSH-Px of the dairy cow in the perinatal period, and simultaneously has the tendency of reducing the content of malonaldehyde in the serum, which proves that the addition of the solid fermented feed provided by the invention in TMR daily ration can effectively improve the oxidation resistance of the dairy cow in the lactation period, reduce the lipid peroxidation reaction and relieve the oxidative stress of the dairy cow in the lactation period.
Finally, as can be seen from table 1, the addition of the solid fermented feed provided by the present invention to the TMR ration of dairy cows can effectively reduce the number of somatic cells in milk of dairy cows. In addition, two experimental groups fed with the solid fermented feed instead of partial TMR daily ration feed have no recessive mastitis during the test period, while the control group has the case that 2 cows have recessive mastitis. The solid fermented feed provided by the invention is also proved to be capable of effectively improving the health condition of the mammary gland of the dairy cow and reducing the incidence of recessive mastitis.
Claims (10)
1. A fermented feed for ruminants is characterized in that: fermenting Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) in solid fermented feed carrier to obtain fermented feed for ruminant; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is molasses yeast fermentation raffinate, corncob and bran after adsorption treatment.
2. A fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein: the Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) is inoculated in a solid fermented feed carrier according to the amount of 4-8 wt% and fermented to obtain the ruminant fermented feed; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is prepared by mixing the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption treatment with a mixture of corncobs and bran according to the mass ratio of (1-2) to 1.
3. A fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption treatment is obtained by adsorbing molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid by using ammonium ion modified zeolite as a selective adsorbent, and concentrating the adsorbed residual liquid for later use.
4. A method for preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the Neurospora crassa (Neurospora crassa) is inoculated in a solid fermented feed carrier according to the amount of 4-8 wt% and fermented to obtain the ruminant fermented feed; wherein the solid fermented feed carrier is prepared by mixing the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption treatment with a mixture of corncobs and bran according to the mass ratio of (1-2) to 1.
5. A method of preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 4, wherein:
1) adsorbing and treating molasses yeast fermentation raffinate by using ammonium ion modified natural clinoptilolite;
2) concentrating the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid obtained in the step 1) to obtain molasses yeast fermentation concentrated liquid;
3) mixing corn cobs and bran into the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution obtained in the step 2) to obtain a solid fermentation feed carrier;
4) inoculating neurospora crassa spore suspension into the solid fermented feed carrier obtained in the step 3) according to the inoculation amount of 4-8% (mass ratio) for solid fermentation and granulation, thus obtaining the fermented feed for ruminants.
6. A method of preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 5, wherein: the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid is subjected to ion displacement adsorption through an ion exchange column added with an adsorbent, and the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid after adsorption is collected; wherein, the volume mass ratio of the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid to the adsorbent is (5.1-10): 1.
7. a method of preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 6, wherein: the small-particle size adsorbent in the ion exchange column filled with the adsorbent is filled into the lower part of the ion exchange column according to 30-40% of the total volume of the adsorbent, the large-particle size adsorbent is filled into the upper part of the ion exchange column according to 60-70% of the total volume of the adsorbent, and the filling total volume of the adsorbent accounts for 60-80% of that of the ion exchange column; wherein the particle size of the small particle adsorbent is 1-3mm, and the particle size of the large particle adsorbent is 3-10 mm.
8. A method of preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 5, 6 or 7, wherein: cooling the molasses yeast fermentation residual liquid to normal temperature and settling, introducing the residual liquid on the upper layer into an ion exchange column from top to bottom at the flow rate of 2-4SV for adsorption treatment, and keeping the temperature in the ion exchange column at 15-30 ℃.
9. A method of preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 5, wherein: fully mixing the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution with the mixture of corncobs and bran according to the mass ratio of (1-2) to 1, and standing for 6-8 hours after mixing; after the mixture of the corncobs and the bran fully absorbs the molasses yeast fermentation concentrated solution, inoculating neurospora crassa spore suspension according to the inoculation amount of 4-8% (mass ratio), and performing solid fermentation for 48-72h after uniformly mixing, wherein the fermentation temperature is controlled at 20-30 ℃; wherein the mass ratio of the corncob particles to the bran in the fermented feed carrier is (8-10): 1.
10. A method of preparing a fermented feed for ruminants according to claim 5, wherein: the fermented feed for the ruminant is added into Total Mixed Ration (TMR) of the ruminant according to the mass ratio of 5-15%.
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