CN1113148C - 抗极强风和抗碰撞的安全玻璃构件 - Google Patents

抗极强风和抗碰撞的安全玻璃构件 Download PDF

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CN1113148C
CN1113148C CN97180980A CN97180980A CN1113148C CN 1113148 C CN1113148 C CN 1113148C CN 97180980 A CN97180980 A CN 97180980A CN 97180980 A CN97180980 A CN 97180980A CN 1113148 C CN1113148 C CN 1113148C
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CN1242061A (zh
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J·C·施梅尔彭宁
J·C·霍尔格朗德
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
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    • E06B5/00—Doors, windows, or like closures for special purposes; Border constructions therefor
    • E06B5/10—Doors, windows, or like closures for special purposes; Border constructions therefor for protection against air-raid or other war-like action; for other protective purposes
    • E06B5/12—Doors, windows, or like closures for special purposes; Border constructions therefor for protection against air-raid or other war-like action; for other protective purposes against air pressure, explosion, or gas
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Abstract

一种能抗御极强的风和碰撞环境的安全玻璃构件(20)，它包括形成孔口且确定外刚性槽(1)的框架；在孔口之内且包括粘合到塑化PVB中间层(7)的第一和第二层玻璃(5、6)的夹层玻璃板(10)；在框架内封围住，且通过自密封粘合剂(9)粘合到夹层玻璃板(10)之上的内刚性槽(8)，粘合剂(9)则不允许在板(10)的边界区和内刚性槽(8)之间有相对运动而至多允许其间有最小的相对运动；此内刚性槽(8)是借助弹性材料(11)安装于并粘合到外刚性槽(11)之中，这样可使板(10)在暴露于极强的风和碰撞环境下能于其边界区域内弯曲。本发明的安全玻璃构件可以用于住宅或商业用房结构以使这类建筑物在极其恶劣气候环境下保持其完整性。

Description

抗极强风和抗碰撞的安全玻璃构件
本发明的领域
本发明涉及商业用房或住宅建筑用的能抵抗极强的风和碰撞环境的夹层安全玻璃构件。具体地说，这种安全玻璃构件包括一块普通的夹层安全玻璃板(即两层玻璃中间粘接一层聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)，此玻璃的周边安装于刚性结构框架中而使玻璃板的边缘牢靠地保持于该框架之内，这样，整个结构就充分地刚硬和结实，能抵抗极强的风和碰撞。结果，在极端恶劣天气如飓风袭击下，也仍可保持安全玻璃的完整性。
相关背景技术
因飓风、龙卷风等等造成的极端恶劣气候环境会给建筑物结构，特别是会给由脆性玻璃形成的窗造成巨大损坏。飓风是一种巨大的大气涡旋，这种涡旋可以产生持续不断的每小时193公里或更大(每小时120英里或更大)的风速。当飓风登上海岸而经过建筑物时，建筑物便会经受到持续的缓慢改变方向的旋风侵袭。飓风常会延续若干小时，而它的急剧的阵风则会使建筑物抖动。这种风在其徐缓地改变方向时会寻找建筑物结构最弱的部件。并在这样一个过程中造成破坏并产生大量的风载碎片。
飓风的上述严酷而复杂的性质给建筑物带来了一些特殊的问题。在建筑物外环绕房顶的风有可能把房顶掀掉。此外，要是建筑物的外层结构由于窗口损坏而破裂，则风就会进到建筑物内而可能将房顶和墙壁外推。这样，当建筑物外层结构已经破裂时，影响到掀翻房顶的力事实上就会加倍。
由于风载碎片的出现，要保持窗孔的完整性也是很难的。曾尝试过采用挡板或把玻璃设计成能在破裂后仍保持于窗孔中来保护窗玻璃，但这样的挡板或破裂了的玻璃必须能抵抗改变方向的持续的阵发式的疾风，而这类疾吹的飓风在经过时则会使压力从对内作用改变到对外作用(吸力)。随着这样的压力变化，窗口完整性的破坏在飓风环境下是经常会发生的事件。
迄今尚未能设计出具有抵抗极大飓风这类气象环境的性能的窗玻璃构件。美国专利No.2631340公开了可配合到待密封窗孔上的抗暴风雨的窗结构。美国专利No.5355651公开了一种安装装置，用来将窗玻璃板固定到一框架中，此框架包括一槽形挠性带，沿此带的长度于相分开的间隔处有孔。美国专利No.4364209公开了可卡合于窗框内并沿玻璃板周边延伸的玻璃窗带。这种玻璃窗带能将玻璃板牢靠地保持就位同时易使玻璃板取下进行修整或更换。
应用挡板来保护建筑物的窗口是周知的办法，但是挡板会增加建筑物的额外费用且需注意在飓风到来之前及时将其关闭。此外，对于大型的商业用房也并非常常是可行的。美国专利No.5347775公开了在恶劣气候环境下的窗用防飓风挡板。
自从Andrew飓风1992年8月扫荡南佛罗里达州后，工程师、建筑学家、建筑部门的官员们以及建筑工业人士等已把飓风作为专门设计环境来考虑。飓风的持续和紊流的特性对安全玻璃结构在抵抗极强的风和抵抗风载碎片冲击的设计方面提出了新的重要挑战，而这是先有技术中未曾考虑到的。
发明概述
对于包含有安全玻璃在内的窗结构已作出了新的改进，改进了它在暴露于极其恶劣天气环境如飓风等等之下的性能。因此，本发明的主要目的即在于提供一种安全的玻璃窗构件，它能有效地抵抗由飓风、龙卷风，等等所造成的极端恶劣的气候环境。
上述目的和其它目的已通过提供用于住宅和商业用房的，可抵抗极强的风和发生碰撞情形的安全玻璃构件而得以实现，这种安全玻璃构件包括：
(a)形成有一个孔口并确定出外刚性槽的框架；
(b)在上述孔口中的夹层玻璃板，此玻璃板包括第一和第二层玻璃，它们粘接到塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的中间层上；
(c)在上述框架中的内刚性槽，它外接于前述夹层玻璃板的周边并由自密封粘合剂粘合到该周边上，使得此板的边界区和这一内刚性槽之间不会有或至多会有最小限度的相对运动；和
(d)上述内刚性槽是用粘合剂安装到外刚性槽内并粘合于其上的，从而允许此玻璃板在暴露于所述极强的风和受到所述碰撞的条件下能于其边界之内弯曲，其中内刚性槽由横剖面为C形、J形或U形的刚性材料组成。
附图简要描述
附图是本发明的安全玻璃构件的一种实施形式的横剖图。
发明详细描述
参考附图，安全玻璃构件20包括一横剖面呈U形的外槽1，后者的侧片2和3以及底片4限定出一个可让玻璃板插入的开孔。上述槽的具体形状并非关键，可以视需要变动来适合各种结构所需。夹层安全玻璃板10的周边安装于内刚性槽8之中，并在其内用自密封粘合剂9粘接而允许在安全玻璃10和内刚性槽8的内部之间只有最小的或没有相对运动。上述夹层的安全玻璃板10包括第一和第二层玻璃5和6，它们可以是相同或不相同，粘合并封闭一塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)中间片7。如图所示，内刚性槽8(及其插入的安全玻璃)同外刚性槽1的内部间隔开，其内粘结有弹性材料11，允许内刚性槽8的外部和外刚性槽1的内部之间有相对的弯曲运动。由高强风或风载碎片碰撞导致这种安全玻璃构件的任何弯曲，都会由支承玻璃的内槽8相对于分开此内、外槽的弹性材料11的弯曲所吸收。
当有需要时，为使水或其他杂物能够离开而不会聚集在或邻近于玻璃板10所插入于内、外槽8、1的区域，本发明的安全玻璃构件可以有选择地在此区域内设置任何适当的材料，以在从玻璃面到U形槽的侧片的顶部间形成一定角度。任何普通的材料如密封垫片、硅树脂、带，等等都是可以用于这种目的的。
上述夹层安全玻璃板可以是一般用于汽车风挡或建筑结构的任何常规的安全玻璃，通常包括两片粘合到塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛的中间层的玻璃。塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛的中间层是本项技术中周知的，这类中间层及其制备过程已描述于美国专利No.Re.20430、No.2496480和No.3271235中。所述塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛片最好厚约1.52～2.29毫米(约60～90mil)。这类中间层可购自Monsanto Company，St.Louis，Mo，商品名Saflex片，或购自Dapont Company，Wilmington，De，商品名Butacite片。
封围夹层安全玻璃板周边的内刚性槽由横剖面为C形、J形或U形的刚性材料组成。内刚性槽的边缘可以斜切或方切。最好，内刚性槽不要在任何点上有搭接。确定此内刚性槽的槽宽、壁厚和壁高可以按需要改变。需要调节前述外刚性层的尺寸和形状来配合特定尺寸的孔口以及内刚性槽的具体尺寸与形状，这是内行人明白的。夹层玻璃板应插入内刚性槽内足够的距离，使得各块玻璃面的周边有约1.27厘米(约0.5英寸)的从板边测量的宽度封围于此槽内。
内刚性槽可以由任何通常的材料如铝、钢、聚氯乙烯、尼龙或其它坚固的塑料制成。在采用铝材时，直型材的铝可以弯成所需的任何形状和尺寸。例如可把两个半圆形的铝材接附到一起来覆盖安全玻璃的周边。
此夹层安全玻璃板的周边用自密封粘合剂粘合到内刚性槽内。这种自密封粘合剂最好具有可柔顺性，并对玻璃与槽用材料具有良好的粘合性，且在固化后能变硬。较理想的自密封粘合剂为硅树脂、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚硫化物、丁基树脂密封剂和/或密封垫以及在夹层安全玻璃板边缘处的超量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛中间层材料。为本项技术中内行的人所熟知的其他自密封粘合剂也是可以使用的。
在挤压式聚乙烯醇缩丁醛片的情形，当构造夹层件时，此聚乙烯醇缩丁醛中间片一般比玻璃片大，当有超量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛存在于最终所得层压件的边缘处时，要是将此带有超量聚乙烯醇缩丁醛的夹层玻璃板插入内刚性槽中。此超量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛就将起到自密封剂的作用。一般是把夹层件同槽在一起热压处理而由超量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛将槽层压到玻璃板上。或者可以在夹层件的边缘修整超量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛使其与玻璃板的边缘平齐，而把此超出的量在热压处理之前用来充填内槽，使有夹层的安全玻璃板粘结到槽上。
然后将安装了安全玻璃的内槽再安装到建筑物框架的外槽中，使所形成的结构能满足工业部门接受的标准的风力载荷和构件要求。尽管本发明的安全玻璃构件可以用于任何形状的建筑物孔口，但它们一般是用在窗、门、天窗等建筑物孔口中。
所述框架的外刚性槽是由横剖面为C形、U形、J型或它们的组合形状的刚性材料构成。外刚性槽的宽度、壁厚与壁高可按需要改变，以适合内刚性槽，同时需要改变内刚性槽的参数来匹配特定尺寸的孔口，这些都是内行的人所熟知的。
外刚性槽可以由任何常规的材料形成，如铝、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、木材或它们的任何组合物或复合物(例如乙烯包层的木窗)。
内刚性槽可以用任何适当的弹性材料如填塞到外刚性槽中的粘合剂之类的合适弹性材料粘结到外刚性槽内。合适的粘合剂例子包括玻璃窗带、硅橡胶压条、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚硫化物、丁基树脂、推入式密封垫、普通粘合剂带或它们的任何组合形式。
用于安全玻璃构件的玻璃应符合美国标准测试方法(ASTM)有关板玻璃的标准技术要求(ASTM C-1036-90)和层压建筑板玻璃(ASTM C-1172-91)。玻璃的厚度则取决于具体构件的风力载荷要求。玻璃厚度和风力载荷要求则通过用于测定退火玻璃厚度试验(ASTM E-1300)和比载荷试验(美国土木工程标准“ASCE”-7-88)测定。这类玻璃的典型例子包括热增强玻璃、退火玻璃、全刚性玻璃和化学增强玻璃。用于安全玻璃夹层件的第一和第二层玻璃最好各厚约0.24～1.27厘米(约3/32～1/2英寸)。
重要的是需设计出能经受大型投掷物的冲撞而不会被贯穿的窗子，因为这种投掷来的碎片在由飓风造成的极强风暴条件下绝大多数情形是围绕建筑物的下部(例如低于约9.1米(30英尺))的。在约9.1米(30英尺)和更高处，同样普遍见到的是来自相邻房顶的房顶砾石和其他小型碎片。要是窗子在这类投掷物的碰撞下破裂，除非整个破碎的玻璃在残余风暴袭击之下仍然保持于窗子的孔口内，不然，建筑物的外层结构就会受到破坏。但是，为飓风所发展的循环式压力会给建筑物带来进一步的结构损害。后面当会描述到，本发明的安全玻璃构件则能经受住这种恶劣天气环境。
已制定了若干测试标准可用于飓风易发区的镶面墙来评价产品的合格性。这类测试标准适用于墙衬、护墙板、窗、门、天窗、建筑物外层结构中其他孔口的挡板和覆盖件。
用于海岸地区的这类测试标准中有代表性的是用来测定风载碎片碰撞稳定性的“南部建筑法规会议国际集团(Birmingham，Alabama)(“SBCCI”)标准。在典型的测试试验中，取决于被测试制品在建筑物的高度位置，用大的或小的投掷物于高速下碰撞这种制品。在碰撞之后，使制品经受代表飓风的持续紊流风的循环压力，风向则加以变动以改变在模拟的典型飓风条件下从对内作用到对外作用(吸力)来施加压力的方向。
本发明可从下面各例中获得更清楚的了解。但是，内行的人易知这里所论述的特殊方法和结果仅仅是对本发明的诠释而非对其施加限制。下述各例中的各安全玻璃构件经过了大型投掷物的碰撞试验和循环压力载荷试验。以下概述用于测试安全玻璃构件的两种试验方法。
大型投掷物冲撞试验
对于由大型投掷物试验的各安全玻璃构件准备了两个一致的试样。大型投掷物包括一块名义尺寸为5.08厘米×10.16厘米(2英寸×4英寸)，重4.08公斤(9磅)的木料。此大型投掷物由投掷筒用压缩空气推向窗玻璃，按15.24米/秒(50英尺/秒(的速率碰撞各试样的表面。各个试样接受两次冲击：第一次是在12.7厘米(5英寸)半径的圆内，以圆心位于试样的居中点，第二次是在角隅中12.7厘米(5英寸)半径的圆内，以其中心位于离任何支承件在15.24厘米(6英寸)外的位置。要是各安全玻璃构件的试样成功地通过了投掷物碰撞试验(即投掷物未贯穿或没有大于可完全贯通安全玻璃构件的12.7厘米(5英寸)裂口时，它们即接受下述的循环压力载荷试验。
循环压力载荷试验
在循环压力载荷试验下，将已成功经受了大型投掷物碰撞试验的两个试样按表1所示，在依递降顺序经历对外作用压力循环(负压)后，再继以对内作用的压力循环(负压)。这些压力载荷是通过接附到试样上的机械系统施加的，为的是能沿此构件的周边施加均匀的压力。每次循环经历的时间为3秒。
                                      表1  循环风力载荷
               对内作用压力                对外作用压力
            范围  循环次数              范围  循环次数
        0.2pmax～0.5pmax0.0pmax～0.6pmax0.5pmax～0.8pmax0.3pmax～1.0pmax     3500300600100       0.3pmax～1.0pmax0.5pmax～0.8pmax0.0pmax～0.6pmax0.2pmax～0.5pmax     501050503350
注意：pmax指依据ASCE 7-88的最大设计负荷。
试验结果采用合格/不合格标准。要是各构件的两个试样能抑制两投掷物的碰撞而不被贯穿，并能抵抗循环压力载荷而不会形成长于5英寸和宽过0.16厘米(1/16英寸)能让空气通过的裂缝时，则认定这一特定构件通过试验。
例1
将两块名义尺寸0.32厘米(1/8英寸)厚的玻璃中间夹以0.23厘米(0.090英寸)Saflex聚乙烯醇缩丁醛中间层的夹层玻璃板的整个周边，用业已粘接到0.16厘米(1/16英寸)壁厚的C型铝槽内的0.16厘米～0.32厘米(1/16～1/8英寸)的中性固化硅树脂压条结合到此槽内。然后将所得的安装有夹层玻璃的槽置于一框式中性试验架上。此框式中性试验架包括两腿尺寸为2.54厘米×2.54厘米(1英寸×1英寸)的0.64厘米(1/4英寸)角铁。这些角铁按15.24厘米(6英寸)间隔，用No.10，3.17厘米( 英寸)螺钉固定到5.08厘米×15.24厘米(2英寸×6英寸)的松木架上。角铁的布置宽度取决于所封围的玻璃构件的总厚以及所需的玻璃部件。
将试验过的试样装配到框式中性试验架内，其中于玻璃板的内侧上另设名义尺寸为0.32厘米(1/8英寸)的合拢的硅橡胶压条，而在玻璃板的外侧上设置双侧粘合剂泡沫塑料的玻璃窗用带。这样的构型通过了碰撞和342公斤/米2(70磅/英尺2)(Psf)下的循环载荷试验。
例2
安全玻璃构件的结构与例1中的相同，只是将具有0.32厘米(1/8英寸)壁厚的铝槽粘合到夹层玻璃的边缘上。这种构型通过了碰撞和390公斤/米2(80磅/英尺2)(Psf)下的循环载荷试验。
例3
安全玻璃构件的结构与例1中的相同，只是其中的夹层玻璃包括在0.23厘米(0.090英寸)Saflex聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)中间层的一侧上粘合的名义尺寸0.48厘米(3/16英寸)的热增强玻璃以及在此PVB层的另一侧上粘合的名义尺寸0.32厘米(1/8英寸)的退火玻璃。这种构型通过了碰撞和在390公斤/米2(80Psf)下的循环载荷试验。
例4
安全玻璃构件的结构与例1中的相同，只是其中的夹层玻璃包括在0.23厘米(0.090英寸)SaflexPVB中间层的一侧上粘合的名义尺寸0.48厘米(3/16英寸)的增强玻璃以及在此PVB层的另一侧上粘合的名义尺寸0.48厘米(3/16英寸)的退火玻璃。这种构型通过了碰撞和在390公斤/米2(80Psf)下的循环载荷试验。
例5
安全玻璃构件的结构与例1中的相同，只是其中的夹层玻璃是在两块名义尺寸0.32厘米(1/8英寸)的退火玻璃之间夹有0.23厘米(0.090英寸)SaflexPVB中间层。这种夹层玻璃未使用内槽而直接粘合到构件中的外槽内。此构型通过了碰撞试验但未能通过293公斤/米2(60Psf)下的循环载荷试验。
在测试这里的安全玻璃构件中，观察到称作为玻璃边缘脱离现象(当玻璃不再粘合到PVB上时，即发生玻璃边缘脱离)。由碰撞试验形成的小玻璃粒在循环载荷试验下即从PVB上拉脱下而导致此构件不合格。
例6
安全玻璃构件的结构与例1中的相同，只是用名义尺寸0.64厘米(1/4英寸)的全刚化玻璃取代了夹层玻璃。这种构型未能通过碰撞试验，也就不能进行循环载荷试验。
例7
安全玻璃构件的结构与例1中的相同，只是将名义尺寸0.64厘米(1/4英寸)的全刚化玻璃直接粘合到窗子的槽内而不使用内槽。这种构型未能通过碰撞试验，也就不能进行循环载荷试验。
以上的性能数据是在模拟强飓风下通常遇到的外部的急风和碰撞条件下所取得的，这些数据清楚地表明了这里所公开的安全玻璃构件的优点。特别是，本发明的安全玻璃构件有助于载有安全玻璃的内槽在外槽内弯曲，因而能保持建筑物孔口的完整性。此外，这种完全玻璃构件易于安装到暴露于严酷天气环境下的新或旧的建筑物中的构架之中。

Claims (10)

1.一种抗极强风和抗碰撞环境的安全玻璃构件，此构件包括：
(a)形成有一个孔口并确定出外刚性槽的框架；
(b)在上述孔口中的夹层玻璃板，此玻璃板包括第一和第二层玻璃，它们粘接到塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的中间层；
(c)在上述框架中的内刚性槽，它外接于前述夹层玻璃板的周边并由自密封粘合剂粘合于该周边上；和
(d)上述内刚性槽是用粘合剂安装到外刚性槽内并粘合于其上的，从而允许此玻璃板在暴露于所述极强的风和受到所述碰撞的条件下限于其边界之内弯曲；
其中所述内刚性槽具有从C形、J形和U形这组形状中选取的一种横剖面形状。
2.如权利要求1所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述内刚性槽是由从铝、钢、聚氯乙烯和尼龙这组材料中选取的一种制成。
3.如权利要求1所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述外刚性槽具有选自C形或U形的横剖面。
4.如权利要求3所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述外刚性槽是由从铝、聚氯乙烯、木材或它们的任何组合形式构成的组中选取一种制成。
5.如权利要求1所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述自密封粘合剂是选自有机硅、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚硫化物、丁基树脂密封剂和密封垫构成的组中。
6.如权利要求1所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述粘合剂是选自玻璃窗带、有机硅、环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚硫化物、丁基树脂材料、推入式密封垫或它们的任何组合形式。
7.如权利要求1所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述第一层和第二层玻璃是相同或不同的。
8.如权利要求7所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述第一和第二层玻璃是选自热增强玻璃，退火玻璃、全钢化玻璃和化学钢化玻璃所成的组中。
9.如权利要求8所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述第一层玻璃和第二层玻璃的厚度分别是从约0.24～1.27厘米。
10.如权利要求1所述的安全玻璃构件，其中，所述塑化的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛厚约1.52～2.29毫米。
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US5853828A (en) 1998-12-29
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KR100450830B1 (ko) 2004-10-01

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