CN1112955A - 在流化床中气化固体燃料时形成的气化残留物的处理方法 - Google Patents

在流化床中气化固体燃料时形成的气化残留物的处理方法 Download PDF

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CN1112955A
CN1112955A CN95102275A CN95102275A CN1112955A CN 1112955 A CN1112955 A CN 1112955A CN 95102275 A CN95102275 A CN 95102275A CN 95102275 A CN95102275 A CN 95102275A CN 1112955 A CN1112955 A CN 1112955A
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彼德·赫伯特
赖讷·赖默尔特
米夏埃尔·施特罗德尔
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    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
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    • C10J2300/00Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
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Abstract

一种气化残留物的处理方法,该气化残留物含有 灰烬和焦炭,以及碱土金属硫化物和碱土金属氧化 物。将排出的气化残留物在一混合区内,在5—80℃ 的温度与一含酸水溶液混合以产生富含H2S的气 体。将含有灰烬、焦炭,以及碱土金属盐的气化残留 物送入到一浮选区,在其中将焦炭分离出来。将含有 灰烬和碱土金属盐的固体残留物从浮选区排出。碳 酸或稀硫酸是优选使用的酸。

Description

本发明涉及一种气化残留物的处理方法,该气化残留物(gasification residue)是在一流化床反应器中,在700-1100℃的温度处理含硫的颗粒燃料而形成的,该方法中,除了加入燃料外,还加入一种含氧流化气体以及至少一种碱土金属碳酸盐或碱土金属氧化物,以使得气化时产生的产物气体至少部分脱硫,其中,从气化器中排出的气化残留物中含有8-80%(重量)焦炭,2-45%(重量)碱土金属硫化物,以及1-25%(重量)碱土金属氧化物。所述的碱土金属通常为钙和/或镁。
美国专利3,642,445披露了燃煤发电厂的煤灰的处理方法。该方法需要通过浮选将碱土金属碳酸盐与粉煤灰分离开来并使所述的碳酸盐脱水,并将其在发电厂之外再使用。
本发明的目的是提供如上所述的一种方法,该方法可以从气化残留物中除去硫并以尽可能简单的方法回收气化得到的焦炭,使得残余物更适合于弃置。
按照本发明,这一目的是这样实现的:将排出的气化残留物在一混合区内,在5-80℃的温度与一含酸水溶液混合以产生富含H2S的气体并将其排出,将含有灰烬、焦炭,以及碱土金属盐的气化残留物从混合区内排出并将其送入到一浮选区,在其中将焦炭分离出来,该焦炭的至少一部分供给流化床反应器,而将含有灰烬和碱土金属盐的固体残留物从浮选区排出。
供给气化器的含硫颗粒燃料通常为煤,但也可以使用褐煤或泥煤。气化是在一流化床反应器中进行的,其中,既可以在较低的气体速度下在静态流化床中实现流化,也可以在较高的气体速度下在循环流化床中实现流化。用于脱硫的碱土金属碳酸盐或碱土金属氧化物是众所周知的钙和/或镁的化合物,包括白云石。
在流化床中进行气化时,形成了气化残留物,其含有不可忽略的以焦炭形式存在的碳。除了碱土金属硫化物之外,所述的气化残留物也含有碱土金属氧化物,其是在流化床中由CaCO3或MgCO3而形成的,而这对于脱硫是不希望的。
下面将参照附图对本发明及其变化进行详细说明。
流化床反应器1经管线2和2a供给固体燃料,该燃料可以含有水。含氧流化气经管线3首先流入到一分配室4,随后经炉栅5进入到设于该炉栅之上的流化床。室4也可以以空气、富氧空气或商品纯氧的形式供给氧。该流化气体也可以含有氢,除非是从不同的部位向反应器1供给蒸气或水以提供气化时所需要的水蒸汽。
在反应器1中形成的产物气体中的硫化合物的含量要尽可能地小。为此目的,经管线7向气化的流化床中供给碱土金属碳酸盐或碱土金属氧化物,其也可以含有水。使反应器1中的气化保持在流化状态是在温度为700-1100℃之间、压力为1-100巴之间的条件下实现的。含有固体的产物气体经管道10离开反应器1,其中较粗的固体在旋风分离器11从气体中分离出来。该分离出来的固体经管线12循环返回到反应器1的下部部位。产物气体经管线13离开旋风分离器11并在区14中进行进一步的处理。由于产物气体中含有可燃性成分,特别是一氧化碳、氢气和甲烷,所以这些可燃性成分可用来,例如在气轮机中产生动力。此处不需要对此进行更加详细的讨论。
气化残留物经管道15和管线16排出并首先被排至冷却器17。该气化残留物不仅仅含有煤灰,而且特别明显的是还含有8-80%(重量)的焦炭和2-45%(重量)碱土金属硫化物。该气化残留物通常也含有碱土金属氧化物。在冷却器17,采用公知的间接热交换方式,使气化残留物的温度得以降低。冷却器可以是,例如螺旋式冷却器、喷淋式冷却器或流化床冷却器。如果气化残留物在反应器1中时的压力较高,建议在冷却器17中使其部分冷却,在压力锁气室18中进行所希望的释压,在第二冷却器19中进行进一步的冷却。在将气化残留物经管线20供给到混合器21时,其温度一般是在80℃以下。
经管线22和管线23分别向容器21中供给水和酸,如碳酸(H2CO3)或硫酸(H2SO4)。碳酸可以以任何所希望的方式来制备,但通常是在对产物气体在区域14进行处理和/或利用过程中来制备,在此情况下,碳酸可由燃烧产生的CO2来制备并经管线24(以虚线表示)供给容器21。在混合容器21中,碳酸与碱土金属硫化物反应生成H2S和碱土金属碳酸盐,与碱土金属氧化物反应生成H2O和碱土金属碳酸盐。如果使用稀硫酸,将生成硫酸盐和H2S或H2O。所使用的酸要适当过量以确保在气化残留物中无碱土金属硫化物存在,因为此类硫化物不能被弃置。不管选择何种酸,将形成富含H2S的气体,该气体经管线25排出。该富含H2S的气体可在一克劳斯处理工厂用公知方法处理以得到元素硫。
经管线26从混合容器21中排出的气化残留物主要含有煤灰、焦炭和碱土金属盐,并经湿研磨机27供给浮选区28。如果在管线20中设置有一用于减小粗颗粒的尺寸的磨(图中未示出),则湿研磨机27可以省略。在浮选室28中,由于向悬浮物中加入了作为收集剂的蔬菜油或矿物油,焦炭被分离出来。在大多数情况下,以气化残留物的固体含量计,向浮选区28中加入的油的量为0.1-1%(重量)。建议使用表面活性剂作为起沫剂。将空气或另外一种气体鼓泡通过浮选室28以形成泡沫体,焦炭在其中被富集,并从表面撇去泡沫。由此分离出来的焦炭经管线29循环返回到反应器1,并优选是在此之前部分脱水和/或干燥。
煤灰和碱土金属盐在水中的悬浮液经管线30流出浮选区28并在压滤器31中部分脱水。经过滤分离出来的水33经管线22循环返回到混合容器21。为确保过滤后的残留物32能够很容易地弃置,必须小心的是其液体成分不能含有有害化合物(如Ca(HCO32或H2SO4)。为此目的,建议测量水流33的pH值,并且要控制管线23中的酸液流,以使得在水流33中的可溶性的Ca(HCO32的浓度(如果在混合容器21中使用碳酸的话)或酸本身的浓度为最小。由于过滤后的残留物32中可能仍含有溶解的H2S,其可能在弃置残留物时释放出来而产生难闻的气味,因此在鼓式过滤器35中用新鲜水将该残留物洗涤,然后在压滤器36中部分脱水,该压滤器36可以是真空压滤器。新鲜水是经管线34供给鼓式过滤器35的。洗涤水38和从压滤器36中分离出来的水39经管线22循环返回到混合容器21中。由于剩余的残留物37基本上不含碳和可洗脱以及可释放气体的化合物,其可以很容易地弃置。
实施例
在具有如图所示的装置的工厂中,将煤在25巴的压力和约900℃的温度下气化。按每公斤煤(无水和无灰煤)计,向流化床反应器中供给0.55公斤的氧气或2.8公斤的空气作为气化剂,并加入0.074公斤磨碎的石灰石用于脱硫。所供给的煤的组成为:
C    65%(重量)
H    5%(重量)
O    12%(重量)
N    1.5%(重量)
S    1.5%(重量)
水分    8%(重量)
灰分    7%(重量)
当碳的转化率为80%、脱硫率为98%时,经管道15排出的气化残留物的组成为:
焦炭    51.9%(重量)
灰分    29.4%(重量)
CaS    13.2%(重量)
CaO    5.5%(重量)
混合区21中的温度一般为35℃,以每公斤气化残留物计,向其中加入1.5升水,以及以
CO2/(CaS+CaO)
的摩尔比为1.1计,向其中加入CO2。按照下述反应式:
所述的CaS和CaO完全反应,并且以每公斤气化残留物计,产生0.041sm3(sm3=标准立方米)的H2S。
经湿研磨机27从混合区21中将悬浮物供给浮选区28,并在此用辅加水将其稀释。当以每1000公斤干燥的残留物计,加入6公斤油并将气体鼓泡通过时,则形成泡沫体,其固体含量为50%,其中82%为碳。结果是,残留物32的碳含量是如此的低,以致于可以很容易地将其弃置。以每100,000公斤要气化的煤(干重)计,得到的此种残留物为13,700公斤。

Claims (7)

1、一种气化残留物的处理方法,该气化残留物是在一流化床反应器中,在700-1100℃的温度处理含硫的颗粒燃料而形成的,该方法中,除了加入燃料外,还加入一种含氧流化气体以及至少一种碱土金属碳酸盐或碱土金属氧化物,以使得气化时产生的产物气体至少部分脱硫,其中,从气化器中排出的气化残留物中含有8-80%(重量)的焦炭,2-45%(重量)的碱土金属硫化物,以及1-25%(重量)的碱土金属氧化物,其特征在于,将排出的气化残留物在一混合区内,在5-80℃的温度与一含酸水溶液混合以产生富含H2S的气体并将其抽出,将含有灰烬、焦炭,以及碱土金属盐的气化残留物从混合区内排出并将其送入到一浮选区,在其中将焦炭分离出来,该焦炭的至少一部分供给流化床反应器,而将含有灰烬和碱土金属盐的固体残留物从浮选区排出。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在将所述的从混合区排出的气化残留物供给所述的浮选区之前要将其磨碎。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述的气化残留物进入所述的混合区之前要将其磨碎。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所使用的酸为碳酸。
5、如权利要求1或4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的碳酸是在对所述的流化床反应器得到的产物气进行处理和/或利用的过程中得到的。
6、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所使用的酸为稀硫酸。
7、如权利要求1至6任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的混合区中的液相的pH值要如此控制,以使得从所述的浮选区中排出的残留物的易溶性盐的含量要尽可能低。
CN95102275A 1994-03-26 1995-03-02 在流化床中气化固体燃料时形成的气化残留物的处理方法 Pending CN1112955A (zh)

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CN104220566A (zh) * 2012-02-14 2014-12-17 蒂森克虏伯工业解决方案股份公司 流化床气化装置中的底部产物的冷却

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