CN111280019A - Soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method, which comprises the following steps: determining the irrigation mode of a crop planting area according to the natural conditions of the climate, soil, water supply and the like of the crop and agricultural technical facilities; measuring a soil water characteristic curve, volume weight, water content and the like of a crop planting area to obtain VG-M model hydraulic characteristic parameters; setting initial conditions and boundary conditions of a model; estimating and dividing potential evapotranspiration of crops; establishing a root system water absorption model of crops; and prompting and early warning the irrigation when the underwater time limit of the crops is reached according to the prediction result, and calculating the required irrigation quantity according to the soil moisture content. Aiming at the existing problems of crop yield reduction, water resource waste and the like caused by unreasonable irrigation, the irrigation early warning of different crops in different growth periods can be accurately controlled, reasonable irrigation quantity is provided, on-demand supplementary irrigation is realized, the healthy growth of planted crops is promoted, and theoretical reference is provided for water-saving irrigation of crops.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural irrigation, and relates to a soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method.
Technical Field
China is seriously short of water resources, and the per-capita water resources only account for 1/4 which is the average level in the world. By 2030 years, the average water resource of China is reduced by 25-30%, and the contradiction between supply and demand is more prominent. Irrigation water is the largest user of water resources, and the severe situation of water resource shortage in China at present puts higher requirements on the development of irrigation agriculture, namely, the comprehensive agricultural production capacity is improved, and water-saving and efficient modern agriculture is built. One effective measure for achieving the aim is to make a scientific irrigation system and improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water. An important aspect of scientific irrigation system is to fully utilize rainfall to supplement soil moisture necessary for crop growth, thereby reducing irrigation water demand of crops. The effective utilization degree of rainfall by crops is mastered, and the method is of great importance for formulating a water-saving high-efficiency irrigation system and improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of farmland water resources. On the other hand, the crops are timely and properly supplemented by soil moisture content, so that the water utilization rate can be effectively improved. Is beneficial to the physiological activity of crops, promotes the growth of root systems, enlarges the absorption area of the root systems, promotes the increase of leaf area and enhances photosynthesis.
The HYDROUS is an interface simulation software for analyzing water flow and solute transport in unsaturated media. The HYDROUS program is a finite element model used for simulating the migration of water flow, heat and various solutes in an unsaturated medium, and a graphical interface of the model interaction can be used for data preprocessing, structured and unstructured finite element mesh generation and graphical display of results. Research results of a plurality of scholars show that the HYDROUS is scientific software which can well simulate water infiltration.
In order to reduce the water consumption waste of crop irrigation and improve the utilization rate of rainfall, the method for digitally predicting soil moisture and performing irrigation early warning is invented by using the HYDROUS software, is used in the field of agricultural irrigation, and has important practical significance on agricultural irrigation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method aiming at the severe situation of water resource shortage and the defects of the existing irrigation system, which can enable a crop planting area to effectively utilize natural rainfall and simultaneously meet the requirement of supplementing irrigation of crops according to needs.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical measures, and the soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, determining the irrigation mode of a crop planting area according to the natural conditions of the climate, soil, water supply and the like of the crop and agricultural technical facilities.
Step 2, measuring the volume weight of the soil, the water content of the soil and a soil water characteristic curve; measuring the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil by adopting a water head fixing method; and obtaining the hydraulic characteristic parameters of the VG-M model according to the parameters.
And 3, setting soil hydraulic characteristic parameters in the HYDROUS software according to the basic parameters obtained in the step 2, and setting soil moisture contents of different depths in the HYDROUS software according to the actually measured soil moisture content as initial conditions. And the upper boundary of the model selects a second type boundary condition with known flux of the HYDROUS, and the value of the upper boundary variable is input day by day during the soil moisture prediction and irrigation early warning period of the crop planting area, wherein the value of the upper boundary variable comprises the potential transpiration amount of the crop, the potential evaporation amount of the soil, the rainfall amount, the irrigation amount and the plant canopy interception rainfall amount. Judging whether the upper boundary condition is an irrigation boundary, a rainfall boundary or an atmospheric boundary according to weather and the digital forecast of the HYDROUS; the irrigation boundaries are set with reference to the selected irrigation mode. The lower boundary condition is a free drainage boundary, and the left and right boundaries are zero flux boundary conditions.
And 4, adopting a crop coefficient method. Estimating the reference crop evapotranspiration by using the weather forecast of the crop planting area, respectively calculating the slope of a temperature-water vapor pressure curve, the constant of a psychrometer, the saturated water vapor pressure difference and the net radiation equivalence of the crop surface after passing through the information of the weather forecast, and calculating by adopting a modified Penman-Monteith formula to obtain the daily reference crop potential evapotranspiration ET0. Calculating potential evapotranspiration ET of crops by multiplying reference evapotranspiration estimated from weather forecast by crop coefficientp. On the basis, ET is obtained by utilizing the measured Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the cropspDivided into potential evaporation rates E of the soilpPotential transpiration rate T of cropp。
Step 5, selecting a Feddes model as a root water absorption model in the crop planting area; determining a soil water stress function parameter; and setting related parameters of a root water absorption distribution formula according to the growth characteristics of the root system of the crop.
And 6, increasing the predicted days day by using weather forecast information, correcting the potential evapotranspiration amount of crops on the same day according to the actual weather condition on the same day, and setting the plant root system of the HYDROUS model through the root system water absorption model. If the weather forecast has no rainfall and does not reach the lower irrigation line, the upper boundary is an atmospheric boundary; and if the weather forecast has no rainfall and is predicted to reach the lower irrigation line, providing irrigation early warning, calculating to obtain the irrigation supplement amount according to the soil moisture content, wherein the upper boundary is an irrigation boundary and is still an atmospheric boundary after the irrigation is finished. And if the weather forecast has a rainfall phenomenon, setting the upper boundary as a rainfall boundary according to the actual rainfall intensity and the rainfall time. If the fact that the rainfall reaches the end of irrigation before the rainfall is predicted in a digital mode according to the weather forecast, a small amount of filling is conducted by combining the rainfall amount and the soil moisture content of the weather forecast, and the utilization rate of the rainfall is fully improved; irrigation or rainfall is over and the upper boundary conditions are still not atmospheric. And (4) according to the initial conditions, root system water absorption, boundary conditions and the like, combining weather forecast and the current weather actual conditions to set the HYDROUS, and operating the HYDROUS software to obtain daily soil moisture change so as to realize soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning.
The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method has the beneficial effects that: 1) the method aims to solve the existing problems of yield reduction, water resource waste and the like caused by unreasonable crop irrigation and no effective utilization of natural rainfall, and simultaneously reduces the dependence on the experience of technicians; 2) the method has the advantages that the soil moisture digital prediction is realized, the irrigation quantity required by different crops is accurately controlled, the irrigation early warning is carried out in advance according to the digital prediction, the irrigation is supplemented as required, the healthy growth of the planted crops is promoted, and the theoretical reference is provided for the water-saving irrigation of the crops; 3) the soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning can be carried out on different planted crops and different soil textures, the application range is wide, and the complicated process of taking soil or measuring the water content of the soil by a sensor is avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a micro-sprinkling irrigation solution area;
fig. 3 is a graph of water migration profiles at each time.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
in order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more comprehensible, the winter wheat microspray irrigation is taken as an example and is shown in the accompanying drawings, and the following description is made in detail.
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method according to the present invention.
And step 102, taking the earth surface as a reference surface, taking soil samples of soil layers of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm in a vertical soil section by using a cutting ring, measuring the volume weight and the water content of the soil, and taking the average value of three times of measurement of test data. The soil particle composition was determined by a laser particle sizer. Determining the soil type according to the international classification standard of soil texture, measuring a soil moisture characteristic curve by adopting a high-speed centrifuge, and fitting by using RETC software; the saturated hydraulic conductivity is measured by a fixed head method. And obtaining VG-M hydraulic characteristic model parameters.
In step 103, the soil type is set in the HYDROUS software according to the VG-M model hydraulic characteristic parameters obtained in step 101, and because the moisture content of the field soil is different at different depths, the moisture content of the soil at different depths is set in the HYDROUS software according to the actually measured soil moisture content as an initial condition. The groundwater buries deeply (>5m) in the general crop planting area, and the influence of the upward recharge effect of the groundwater is ignored. And selecting a second type boundary condition of the known flux of the HYDROUS as the upper boundary of the model, and inputting upper boundary variable values including the potential transpiration amount of the winter wheat, the potential evaporation amount of the soil, the rainfall amount, the irrigation amount and the plant canopy interception rainfall amount day by day during the soil moisture prediction and irrigation early warning of the winter wheat planting area. The general crop planting field is relatively flat and the surface water conductivity is relatively high, and the crop can quickly infiltrate even if strong rainfall occurs, so the surface runoff can be ignored. The lower boundary condition is a free drainage boundary, and the left and right boundaries are zero flux boundary conditions. When micro-spray irrigation is carried out, the boundary conditions are shown in figure 2; after irrigation is completed, the upper boundary is the atmospheric boundary.
Calculating and predicting potential evapotranspiration of the crops in step 104; the method for calculating the potential evapotranspiration of the crops is various, and the method is usually applied to aerodynamics, an energy balance method, a Peneman formula method, a crop coefficient method and an empirical formula method. The method adopts a crop coefficient method, i.e. multiplying the crop coefficient by the potential evapotranspiration ET of a reference crop0Obtaining the potential evapotranspiration ET of the cropsp. Therefore, the weather forecast of the winter wheat planting area is used for predicting the evapotranspiration of the reference crop, and the corrected Penman-Monteith formula is adopted to calculate the potential evapotranspiration ET of the reference crop every day0The specific calculation formula is as follows:
in the above formula, ET0Reference crop evapotranspiration, mm; g is soil heat flux MJ.m-2·d-1；esSaturated water vapor pressure (KPa); e.g. of the typesActual water vapor pressure (KPa); rnThe net radiation of the crop surface, MJ.m-2·d-1(ii) a Delta is the slope of the saturated water vapor pressure and temperature curve, KPa DEG C-1(ii) a Gamma is the dry-wet surface constant, KPa DEG C-1；μ2Is the daily average wind velocity at 2m height, s.m-1。
Prediction of reference crop evapotranspiration ET from weather forecast information0: according to the local geographical position parameters (longitude and latitude, elevation and the like), calculating and analyzing the daytime hours or clear sky radiation corresponding to the day; respectively corresponding the weather condition forecast information to 5 analyzed weather conditions (sunny, sunny turning cloudy, cloudy raining, and continuous cloudy raining), and obtaining corresponding daylight hours or a sunny sky radiation value range; pair of analytic wind power level and 2m high wind speedThe corresponding value; the relative humidity is used for calculating the actual water vapor pressure; after the digital values of the forecast information are obtained, the slope of a temperature-water vapor pressure curve, the constant of a psychrometer, the saturated water vapor pressure difference and the net radiation equivalence of the surface of the crop are respectively calculated and substituted into a Penman-Monteith formula to calculate ET0。
Estimating a reference evapotranspiration by weather forecast, and calculating the potential evapotranspiration of the crops according to the following formula:
ETp＝Kc·ET0
in the above formula, ETpPotential evapotranspiration for crops, mm/d; kcFor crop coefficients, which depend mainly on crop species, developmental stage and crop growth conditions, the FAO recommended crop coefficient calculation method is used herein. On the basis, ET is obtained by using the measured Leaf Area Index (LAI) of cropspIs divided intop、TpThe calculation formula is as follows:
Tp＝(1-e-k·LAI)ETp
Ep＝ETp-Tp
in the above formula, TpThe potential transpiration rate of the crop is mm/d; epIs the potential evaporation rate of the soil, cm/d; LAI is the leaf area index and k is the extinction coefficient, depending on the sun angle, vegetation type and leaf spatial distribution characteristics. The extinction coefficient of winter wheat was 0.438.
In step 105, common crop root water absorption models comprise a Gardner model, a Feddes root water absorption model, a Molz-Remson model and the like, and in the models, the Feddes model considers the influence of root density and soil water potential on the crop root water absorption rate, and the calculation form is simple and is convenient in practical application. Therefore, the method adopts Feddes model calculation, namely:
S(h)＝α(h)β(x,z)StTp
wherein S (h) is the actual water absorption of the root system, d-1；StIs the width of the soil surface, cm, associated with transpiration; t ispThe potential transpiration rate of the crop is expressed in cm/d, β (x, z) is a distribution function of the water absorption characteristics of the root system of the crop, α (h) is a soil water ribThe forced reaction function.
Feddes et al gives the expression for the soil water stress function:
in the formula h1A pressure head that is a plant anaerobic point; (h)2,h3) A pressure head range suitable for plant growth; h is4Is the pressure head when the plant grows and withers. According to wesseling research, winter wheat is shown to grow h1＝0cm，h2＝-1cm，h3＝-500～-900cm，h4＝-16000cm。
In the formula, ZmAnd XmThe maximum vertical and horizontal distribution lengths of the crop root system are respectively; z is a radical of*、x*The positions of the maximum water absorption capacity of the root system in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction are respectively; p is a radical ofzAnd pxAre empirical coefficients. According to the planting characteristics and the root system distribution characteristics of winter wheat, the subsequent simulation reference values are respectively as follows: zm＝100cm，Xm＝580cm，z*＝40cm，x*＝0cm，pz＝1，px＝0。
In step 106, the plant root system and the crop evapotranspiration amount of the HYDROUS model are set through the root system water absorption model and the crop potential evapotranspiration amount prediction and calculation division, and the soil moisture digital prediction is realized. According to the case, the fact that no rainfall phenomenon exists in the near term is known through weather forecast, and when the soil moisture content reaches the limit that the crops need to be underwater, irrigation early warning is carried out on the crop planting area. Calculating the required irrigation quantity according to the digitalized predicted soil water content, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
M＝100H(Wcvt-Wcva)
in the above formula, M is the total irrigation quantity, M3/hm2(ii) a H is the depth of the planned wet soil layer, cm; wcvtTarget soil volume water content,%; wcvtLower limit of volumetric water content of soil for crop irrigation. The target soil moisture content can be selected according to different crop reference values in different periods.
In the embodiment, when the water content of the soil is lower than the irrigation limit of winter wheat, the water content of the soil is predicted through digitization, the required irrigation amount is calculated to be 60mm, the wet area of the micro-sprinkling belt is set as an irrigation boundary, the non-wet area is set as an atmospheric boundary, the required irrigation time is calculated according to the actual irrigation intensity of the micro-sprinkling belt special for the wheat and the calculated irrigation water demand, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the above formula, M is the micro-spray irrigation quantity, mm; psThe average irrigation intensity of the whole wet area is mm/h; t is tsFor irrigation time, d. And after the micro-spray irrigation is finished, continuously changing the upper boundary condition into the atmospheric boundary condition. According to actual measurement, the average irrigation strength of the wheat special micro-spraying belt under the irrigation pressure of 0.1MPa is as follows: 79.9mm/h, and simultaneously considering the shutoff value of the winter wheat, the irrigation time of the micro-spray belt under the irrigation pressure of 0.1MPa is obtained as follows: 0.77 h. And (3) no rainfall phenomenon exists after the irrigation is finished for one week, the evapotranspiration of the reference crops is estimated through weather forecast, and the soil water distribution and the soil water content in the next week are obtained by running the HYDROUS software, so that the digital prediction of the soil water is realized, as shown in figure 3.
Claims (7)
1. A soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method comprises the following steps:
step 1, determining irrigation mode of crop planting area
Step 2, measuring a soil water characteristic curve, volume weight and water content of a crop planting area to obtain VG-M model hydraulic characteristic parameters;
step 3, setting initial conditions and boundary conditions of the model;
step 4, estimating and dividing potential evapotranspiration of crops;
step 5, establishing a crop root system water absorption model;
and 6, realizing digital prediction of soil moisture through the HYDROUS numerical simulation by using weather forecast information, prompting and early warning irrigation when the underwater time of the crops is reached according to a prediction result, and calculating the required irrigation quantity according to soil moisture.
2. The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: step 1, determining the irrigation mode of a crop planting area according to the natural conditions of the climate, soil, water supply and the like of the crop and agricultural technical facilities.
3. The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step 2, measuring the soil volume weight, the soil water content and the soil water characteristic curve; measuring the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil by adopting a water head fixing method; and obtaining the hydraulic characteristic parameters of the VG-M model according to the parameters.
4. The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 3, setting a soil hydraulic characteristic parameter in the HYDROUS software according to the basic parameters obtained in the step 2, and setting soil moisture contents of different depths in the HYDROUS software according to actually measured soil moisture contents as initial conditions; selecting a second type boundary condition with known flux of HYDROUS as the upper boundary of the model, and inputting upper boundary variable values including potential transpiration amount of crops, potential evaporation amount of soil, rainfall amount, irrigation amount and plant canopy interception rainfall amount day by day during the soil moisture prediction and irrigation early warning period of the crop planting area; judging whether the upper boundary condition is an irrigation boundary, a rainfall boundary or an atmospheric boundary according to weather and the digital forecast of the HYDROUS; setting an irrigation boundary according to the selected irrigation mode; the lower boundary condition is a free drainage boundary, and the left and right boundaries are zero flux boundary conditions.
5. The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step of4, the method adopts a crop coefficient method; estimating the reference crop evapotranspiration by using the weather forecast of the crop planting area, respectively calculating the slope of a temperature-water vapor pressure curve, the constant of a psychrometer, the saturated water vapor pressure difference and the net radiation equivalence of the crop surface after passing through the information of the weather forecast, and calculating by adopting a modified Penman-Monteith formula to obtain the daily reference crop potential evapotranspiration ET0(ii) a Calculating potential evapotranspiration ET of crops by multiplying reference evapotranspiration estimated from weather forecast by crop coefficientp(ii) a On the basis, ET is obtained by utilizing the measured Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the cropspDivided into potential evaporation rates E of the soilpPotential transpiration rate T of cropp。
6. The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 5, a Feddes model is selected as a root system water absorption model in the crop planting area; determining a soil water stress function parameter; and setting related parameters of a root water absorption distribution formula according to the growth characteristics of the root system of the crop.
7. The soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 6, increasing the predicted days day by using weather forecast information, correcting the potential evapotranspiration of crops on the same day according to the actual weather condition on the same day, and setting the plant root system of the HYDROUS model through the root system water absorption model; if the weather forecast has no rainfall and does not reach the lower irrigation line, the upper boundary is an atmospheric boundary; if the weather forecast has no rainfall and is predicted to reach the lower irrigation line, the irrigation early warning is provided, the irrigation amount is calculated according to the soil moisture content, and the upper boundary is an irrigation boundary; if the weather forecast has a rainfall phenomenon, setting the upper boundary as a rainfall boundary according to the actual rainfall intensity and the rainfall time; if the fact that the rainfall reaches the end of irrigation before the rainfall is predicted in a digital mode according to the weather forecast, a small amount of filling is conducted by combining the rainfall amount and the soil moisture content of the weather forecast, and the utilization rate of the rainfall is fully improved; after irrigation or rainfall is finished, the upper boundary condition is not the atmospheric boundary; and (4) according to the initial conditions, root system water absorption, boundary conditions and the like, combining weather forecast and the current weather actual conditions to set the HYDROUS, and operating the HYDROUS software to obtain daily soil moisture change so as to realize soil moisture digital prediction and irrigation early warning.
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