CN111257489A - 基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法 - Google Patents
基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生‑分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法:将萃取剂与乙酸酐互溶后注入到含有K2CO3的样品水溶液中,超声15~75s后,加入食盐水抬高液面并吸取上层有机相,经无水硫酸钠干燥后注入GC‑MS中进行分析;本发明首次使用原位生成二氧化碳冒泡破乳技术与分散液液微萃取技术结合,克服了传统分散液液微萃取方法中使用离心进行破乳的问题,可以适用于不同体积水样的前处理操作;采用低密度、毒性较小的有机溶剂作为萃取剂,克服了传统分散液液微萃取方法中使用密度大于水的卤代烷烃为萃取剂,减少对环境的污染;应用本发明能结合实际,为环境中挥发酚类化合物提供了一种有利的检测手段。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种分析水中挥发酚类化合物残留的方法,具体涉及一种超声辅助原位生成二氧化碳气体冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法。
背景技术
挥发酚是指氯原子取代、甲基取代以及硝基取代的苯酚类化合物,由于这类化合物在水中具有高溶解度和较低的蒸汽压,可通过水或大气系统进入环境,被认作当今环境中的主要污染物之一。氯酚被广泛用于农业、制药、染色和石油化工业,同时,有研究表明氯酚也可作为二噁英和呋喃的前驱体。其中,五氯苯酚已被指出对动物具有致癌性。由于挥发酚类的化学性质较为稳定,一些挥发酚化合物被列入到美国环境保护局(US EPA)的监测清单中,欧盟也制定了严格的规定。因此,需要建立一种快速、有效的分析方法来对环境中的挥发酚进行监测。
许多仪器技术已经用于挥发酚的检测分析,例如气相色谱法、液相色谱法和毛细管电泳法等。其中,气相色谱方法成本相对低廉,且与质谱联用具有较高的灵敏度,可满足痕量物质的分析检测。由于酚类化合物具有较强的极性,在进入气相仪器分析时需要进行衍生化以提高挥发酚的热稳定性及挥发性,以获得良好的色谱性能。常用的用于气相色谱的衍生方法包括乙酰化、硅烷化和酯化等。其中,乙酰化具有快速、无污染、低成本以及高效等特点被广泛应用。为了实现环境基质中挥发酚所需的低检测限,需要前处理方法对样品进行预浓缩。目前,已有许多前处理方法用于环境中挥发酚类化合物的预浓缩,如液-液萃取(LLE)、固相萃取(SPE)、中空纤维-液相微萃取(HF-LPME)、固相微萃取(SPME)和膜萃取。然而,上述方法的常见问题是需要相当长的时间对其进行分析。
2006年,Rezaee提出一种新的液相微萃取技术-分散液液微萃取技术(DLLME),这项技术是基于水溶液与疏水的有机萃取溶剂在两亲性分散剂的协助下形成乳浊液,而后通过离心使乳浊液变澄清(即破乳),使得有机相与水溶液样品分离。传统的DLLME中均采用密度较大的卤代烃试剂,这类试剂的毒性较大。近年来,已有许多改进的分散液液微萃取技术应用于水溶液样品中一些有机污染物残留分析测试,例如空气辅助液液微萃取技术(AALLME)、分散-凝固漂浮液滴-液液微萃取(DLLME-SFO)和涡旋辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取技术(votex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquidmicroextraction,VA-IL-DLLME)等。但是当大体积水样采用分散液液微萃取技术时,会遇到完全乳化难,破乳难的瓶颈。一方面,当水溶液体积放大后,分散剂的用量增大造成溶剂浪费且使得目标待测物在萃取剂中的溶解度降低,如若采用空气辅助的形式会使得操作繁琐耗费大量人力;另一方面,由于一般实验室离心机对离心管体积大小的限制,大体积样品通过实验室离心机进行相分离存在困难,使得离心法破乳不能用于大体积水样的分析。
最近,冒泡辅助分散液液微萃取(EA-DLLME)技术代替了离心破乳的方法实现了有机相与水相的分离,基于生成的一些气体气泡,将萃取溶剂或吸附剂分散到样品溶液中,完成对分析物的萃取,这个方法代替了离心破乳的方法实现了有机相与水相的快速分离。
本发明致力于开发一种超声辅助原位生成二氧化碳气体冒泡辅助同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物方法,其中利用冒泡辅助分散代替传统的离心破乳,该方法利用冒泡辅助分散简便、快速和低密度溶剂毒性较小的特点,通过超声手段促进冒泡作用同时节省萃取时间完成对水中挥发酚类化合物的萃取过程。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的不足,本发明提供了一种基于超声辅助原位生成二氧化碳气体冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物残留的方法。本发明方法操作简便,提供一种新型破乳(实现了有机相与水相的分离)的手段,有适用于提取其他有机污染物的潜力。
本发明的基本构思充分利用原位生成二氧化碳气体冒泡辅助简便、快速以及超声波的超声效应作用的特点:(1)基于酚类化合物所需要的碳酸钾与乙酸酐在冒泡萃取中可同时作为在线生成二氧化碳的碳源及质子源。待测物处于碱性环境中(K2CO3),碳酸钾与部分水解的乙酸作为产生二氧化碳的前驱体,进行原位冒泡的过程。(2)超声波作用于液体时可产生大量小气泡。形成的小气泡会随周围介质的振动而不断运动、长大或突然破灭。破灭时周围液体突然冲入气泡而产生高温、高压,同时产生激波,从而提供巨大的能量促进分散乳化作用同时也起到了相分离作用。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,所述方法为:
将萃取剂与乙酸酐互溶后注入到含有K2CO3的样品水溶液中,超声(250W)15~75s(优选45s)后,加入食盐水抬高液面并吸取上层有机相,经无水硫酸钠干燥后注入GC-MS中进行分析;
所述萃取剂选自正己烷、甲苯或环己烷,优选甲苯;
所述样品水溶液中K2CO3的浓度为0.1~1mol/L,优选0.2mol/L;
所述样品水溶液、萃取剂、乙酸酐的体积比为100:0.2~0.4:0.5~4.5,优选100:0.25:2.5;
所述食盐水的浓度为36wt%,加入食盐水的作用一方面是抬高液面易于针头吸取有机相,另一方面是利用盐析效应增加有机挥发酚类的萃取效率;
进行GC-MS分析的检测条件为:
气相色谱条件:色谱柱购自于J&W公司:DB-5MS石英毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);柱升温程序:起始温度为60-90℃,在此温度下保持2min;接下来以5-10℃·min-1升温至125-150℃,并保持1min;然后以1-5℃·min-1升温至135-180℃,保持1min;最后以10℃·min-1升至220-290℃,保持2min;高纯氦气(99.999%)为载气,流速为1.0mL·min-1;进样口不分流进样,温度设置为280℃;2min后以12mL·min-1进行载气吹扫;
质谱条件为:电子轰击离子源(EI),电子能量为70eV;离子阱温度为180℃,传输线温度为250℃,箱体温度为50℃;扫描速度设置为3scans·s-1;溶剂延迟为13min。
本发明中所述挥发酚类化合物例如为下列化合物中的至少一种:2,4-二甲基苯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2.6-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚、2,4,5-三氯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯酚、五氯酚。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:
1、本发明提供了一种提取水中挥发酚类化合物残留的有效方法;
2、首次使用原位生成二氧化碳冒泡破乳技术与分散液液微萃取技术结合,克服了传统分散液液微萃取方法中使用离心进行破乳的问题,可以适用于不同体积水样的前处理操作。
3、采用低密度、毒性较小的有机溶剂作为萃取剂,克服了传统分散液液微萃取方法中使用密度大于水的卤代烷烃(毒性较大)为萃取剂,减少对环境的污染;
4、利用一个自制的玻璃圆底瓶作为萃取装置,起到易于清洗从而减少样品和溶剂的残留的作用。
5、应用本发明能结合实际,为环境中挥发酚类化合物提供了一种有利的检测手段。
附图说明
图1为萃取装置图;
图2为超声辅助原位生成二氧化碳气体冒泡辅助同时衍生-分散液液微萃取步骤示意图;
图3a、3b、3c、3d、3e分别为实施例1中K2CO3浓度、乙酸酐用量、超声时间、萃取剂体积、盐浓度的优化结果(图中4-CPA、2,4-DMPA、2,6-DCPA、2,4-DCPA、2,4,6-TCPA、2,4,5-TCPA、2,3,4,6-BCPA、PCPA分别代表4-氯苯酚乙酯、2,4-二甲基苯酚乙酯、2,6-二氯苯酚乙酯、2,4-二氯苯酚乙酯、2,4,6-三氯苯酚乙酯、2,4,5-三氯苯酚乙酯、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚乙酯、五氯苯酚乙酯);
图4为实施例1中的4份环境水样的气相色谱-质谱联用仪色谱离子流图(三个浓度分别为0.50μg·L-1、2.0g·L-1以及10.0μg·L-1以及未加标的西湖水样)。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步描述,但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于此。
实施例1:水样中挥发酚类化合物的提取及分析
(1)标准溶液的配制
储备液:将8种挥发酚混合标准物质溶解于甲醇中,得到浓度为10.0μg·mL-1的混合标准储备液,于-4℃避光保存。
标准曲线工作溶液由储备液用去离子水逐级稀释而得。
(2)挥发酚衍生标准试剂制备(挥发酚乙酸酯的制备)
移取1mL 8种挥发酚储备液(10.0μg·mL-1)于10mL棕色容量瓶中,乙腈定容(1.0μg·mL-1)。待溶液均匀稳定后,移取0.50mL于1mL棕色瓶中,加入50.0μL吡啶,超声混匀后加入0.10mL乙酸酐,80℃下加热反应30min后完成。之后再用乙腈逐级稀释至各浓度用于富集倍数的计算。经过衍生后,8种挥发酚乙酸酯分别为4-氯苯酚乙酯(4-chlorophenolacetate)、2,4-二甲基苯酚乙酯(2,4-dimethyphenol acetate)、2,6-二氯苯酚乙酯(2,6-dichlorophenol acetate)、2,4-二氯苯酚乙酯(2,4-dichlorophenol acetate)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚乙酯(2,4,6-trichlorophenol acetate)、2,4,5-三氯苯酚乙酯(2,4,5-trichlorophenol acetate)、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚乙酯(2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenolacetate)、五氯酚乙酯(pentachlorophenol acetate)。
(3)超声辅助原位生成二氧化碳气体冒泡辅助同时衍生-分散液液微萃取
萃取装置如图1所示,包括圆底烧瓶、与圆底烧瓶的瓶口配合的上端为细管的中空磨口塞、设于圆底烧瓶瓶壁且与圆底烧瓶内部连通的侧管。
首先,将50μL甲苯与0.5mL乙酸酐互溶后注入到20mL(0.2mol·L-1K2CO3)样品水溶液中,然后将萃取装置放入超声波清洗器中进行衍生的同时进行超声辅助冒泡萃取,45s后将萃取装置取出从侧管加入饱和食盐水以抬高液面,用微量进样针吸取上层有机相6-7μL用无水硫酸钠除水干燥,最后吸取1μL注入GC-MS中分析。
色谱条件为:色谱柱为DB-5MS石英毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);起始温度为60℃,在此温度下保持2min;接下来以5℃·min-1升温至125℃,并保持1min;然后以1℃·min-1升温至135℃,保持1min;最后以10℃·min-1升至280℃,保持2min。高纯氦气(99.999%)为载气,流速为1.0mL·min-1;进样口不分流进样,温度设置为280℃;2min后以12mL·min-1进行载气吹扫。
质谱条件为电子轰击离子源(EI),电子能量为70eV;离子阱温度为180℃,传输线温度为250℃,箱体温度为50℃;扫描速度设置为3scans·s-1;溶剂延迟为13min。
(4)方法学评价
为验证方法的有效性,一些参数例如:检测限(LOD)、定量限(LOQ)、线性、相关系数以及相对标准偏差(RSD)用于评价方法。检测限及定量限分别在低浓度的样品中的信噪比(S/N)为3和10时进行计算。
在已优化的实验条件下对方法进行评价,计算校准曲线,在每个浓度水平下重复三次。超声冒泡研究中,标准工作曲线以以下浓度进行拟合:0.10、0.20、0.50、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0μg L-1g。结果如表1所示。
8个挥发酚的乙酸酯中,除了2,4,5-三氯苯酚乙酯与2,4,6-三氯苯酚乙酯的线性范围在0.20-20.0μg·L-1外,其余6种化合物的线性范围均在0.10-20.0μg·L-1,且相关系数R2在0.9989和0.9999之间,线性优良。8种挥发酚乙酯化合物的LOD在1.4-9.0ng·L-1的范围内,LOQ在4.7-35.7ng·L-1的范围内。以2.0μg·L-1浓度的对方法的精密度(RSD,n=5)进行评估,最终RSD在4.2-10.5%的范围内,表明该方法具有较高的重现性。8个挥发酚乙酯化合物EF值(n=5)在117和389之间。因此,新开发的方法被认为是一种快速、高效、可靠,适用于水样中挥发酚类化合物测定的方法。
表1 8种挥发酚乙酯的线性范围、定性检出限、定量限、富集倍数以及精密度
(5)实际样品的分析
为了验证方法的有效性,对采集的西湖水进行了加标回收分析,结果如表2所示。首先在采集来的西湖水中均未发现8种挥发酚的残留;然后对空白的西湖水样配置为三个浓度水平的溶液进行回收率实验,三个浓度分别为0.50μg·L-1、2.0g·L-1以及10.0μg·L-1。加标水样的回收率和相对标准偏差值如表2所示。结果表明该方法对真实水样的回收率为82.3-107.2%,相对标准偏差为2.3-11.2%(n=3)测定结果较为准确。
表2 8种挥发酚加标西湖水回收率
Claims (7)
1.一种基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,所述方法为:
将萃取剂与乙酸酐互溶后注入到含有K2CO3的样品水溶液中,超声15~75s后,加入食盐水抬高液面并吸取上层有机相,经无水硫酸钠干燥后注入GC-MS中进行分析;
所述萃取剂选自正己烷、甲苯或环己烷;
所述样品水溶液中K2CO3的浓度为0.1~1mol/L;
所述样品水溶液、萃取剂、乙酸酐的体积比为100:0.2~0.4:0.5~4.5。
2.如权利要求1所述基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,所述挥发酚类化合物为下列化合物中的至少一种:2,4-二甲基苯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2.6-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚、2,4,5-三氯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯酚、五氯酚。
3.如权利要求1所述基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,超声45s。
4.如权利要求1所述基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,所述样品水溶液中K2CO3的浓度为0.2mol/L。
5.如权利要求1所述基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,所述样品水溶液、萃取剂、乙酸酐的体积比为100:0.25:2.5。
6.如权利要求1所述基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,所述食盐水的浓度为36wt%。
7.如权利要求1所述基于超声辅助原位冒泡同时衍生-分散液液微萃取分析水中挥发酚类化合物的方法,其特征在于,进行GC-MS分析的检测条件为:
气相色谱条件:色谱柱:DB-5MS石英毛细管柱;柱升温程序:起始温度为60-90℃,在此温度下保持2min;接下来以5-10℃·min-1升温至125-150℃,并保持1min;然后以1-5℃·min-1升温至135-180℃,保持1min;最后以10℃·min-1升至220-290℃,保持2min;高纯氦气为载气,流速为1.0mL·min-1;进样口不分流进样,温度设置为280℃;2min后以12mL·min-1进行载气吹扫;
质谱条件为:电子轰击离子源,电子能量为70eV;离子阱温度为180℃,传输线温度为250℃,箱体温度为50℃;扫描速度设置为3scans·s-1;溶剂延迟为13min。
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