CN111250046B - 一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法 - Google Patents

一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法 Download PDF

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CN111250046B
CN111250046B CN202010190176.3A CN202010190176A CN111250046B CN 111250046 B CN111250046 B CN 111250046B CN 202010190176 A CN202010190176 A CN 202010190176A CN 111250046 B CN111250046 B CN 111250046B
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于红艳
江巧文
张昕欣
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Taizhou Vocational and Technical College
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,包括如下步骤:步骤一,将餐厨垃圾经过去杂、打浆,得到餐厨垃圾原料;步骤二,将餐厨垃圾原料与铁系生物炭活化剂、混合酶、水解酸化池污泥和蒸馏水在37℃‑40℃下进行混合搅拌水解12h,得到水解物;步骤三,将水解物移至高压反应釜中进行水热炭化反应,得生物炭;本发明利用水解法先对餐厨垃圾进行处理,使得餐厨垃圾产生末端产物利于进行水热炭化;采用铁系化合物作为活化剂,不仅加强混合酶的活性,还能使得生物炭具备磁性,方便吸附剂回收;采用水解酸化池污泥对餐厨垃圾进行水解,能够增加产品的碳含量;不仅变废为宝,还能解决环境问题。

Description

一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及环境工程领域,特别是一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法。
背景技术
餐厨垃圾是指公共食堂、家庭、餐饮行业在日常生活消费过程中产生的食品废弃物,约占生活垃圾总产量的50%。传统的餐厨垃圾处置技术主要有填埋和焚烧,目前国内外学者逐渐开始将目光集中在开发餐厨垃圾的无害化及资源化方面,目前主要的资源化利用技术有堆肥化、饲料化、厌氧发酵等。研究者在探索更有效的处理方法时发现,餐厨垃圾中含有大量的生物质,是制备生物炭的优质原料,餐厨垃圾制备生物炭被认为是一种环境友好的技术。
生物炭是生物质经过热解后形成的具有多孔特性的木炭,因其孔隙结构发达,比表面积大和离子交换量高等理化性质,能够高效的吸附重金属、多环芳烃和染料等多种污染物。研究表明,环境中普遍存在的生物质如秸秆、果壳、木材、城市垃圾等都可以作为制备生物炭的材料。餐厨垃圾制备生物炭也有报道,中国专利CN10869066A公开了一种快速处理餐厨垃圾联产高值燃气和生物炭的方法,用高压泵将餐厨垃圾注入超临界反应器中加热至超临界状态,在反应器中反应20-40min,通过气水分离器、过滤器、洗涤器等后获得高值燃气和生物炭,此发明对设备的要求高,并且餐厨垃圾成分复杂,除了纤维素、半纤维素、木质素类,还含有低分子的糖类、脂肪、蛋白质及无机盐等。各种成分的炭化路径中水解、脱水、脱羧、芳香化、缩聚等步骤的反应时间和温度不同,很难用一步炭化法达到理想的生物炭质量。中国专利CN104557160A公开了一种利用餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,是将餐厨垃圾晾晒至含水率降到10%以下后粉碎投入碳化炉内,通入氮气加热,升温至200℃-300℃恒温30-60min,再升温至350℃-500℃恒温1-4h,然后在缺氧条件下获得生物炭,该发明专利需要将餐厨垃圾脱水并用高温热解法获得生物炭,原料需干燥,能耗高,在处理含水率高有机废物方面存在着劣势。
生物质材料的水热炭化过程包括预处理和炭化过程两部分。预处理通常是将材料先进行活化处理,常用的活化剂包括酸/碱(盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氨水、碳酸盐等)、氧化剂/还原剂(高锰酸钾、双氧水、过硫酸盐、硫酸亚铁等)、有机物(乙二胺四乙酸、乙二胺等)、功能材料(壳聚糖、水凝胶等),这些都是用化学法对生物炭炭化进行预处理,市场需要一种能将餐厨垃圾无害化处理,并且方法操作简单,经济可行,制备的生物炭回收简单,可作吸附剂使用的方法,本发明解决这样的问题。
发明内容
为解决现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,得到的生物炭碳含量高,且具备磁性,方便吸附剂回收,减少损失,提高生物炭质量,变废为宝,解决环境问题。
为了实现上述目标,本发明采用如下的技术方案:
一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤一,原料处理;
将餐厨垃圾经过去杂、打浆,得到餐厨垃圾原料;
步骤二,水解;
将餐厨垃圾原料与铁系生物炭活化剂、混合酶、水解酸化池污泥和蒸馏水在37℃-40℃下进行混合搅拌水解12h,得到水解物;
水解反应的配方按照质量份数包括:1份混合酶,5-6份铁系生物炭活化剂,150-200份水解酸化池底部污泥,800-850份餐厨垃圾原料;蒸馏水的加入量为使得配方总体含水率为88-90%;
步骤三,水热炭化;
将水解物移至高压反应釜中进行水热炭化反应,得生物炭。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,
步骤一,原料处理;
将餐厨垃圾经过去杂、打浆,得到餐厨垃圾原料;
去杂的内容包括:挑出餐厨垃圾中大块动物骨头,纸;
打浆采用搅拌机打浆。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,铁系生物炭活化剂包括:聚合氯化铁,三氯化铁,硫酸铁。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,混合酶为蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:3-5。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,水解酸化池污泥为污水处理厂水解酸化池中污泥龄6-7天的池底污泥。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,步骤三,水热炭化;
将水解物移至高压反应釜中进行水热炭化反应,将反应釜加热升温到160-190℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到270-300℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用烘箱烘12h,过筛即得生物炭。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,烘箱的烘干温度为100-120℃。
前述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,过筛采用80-100目筛。
本发明的有益之处在于:
本发明利用水解法先对餐厨垃圾进行处理,使得餐厨垃圾中的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素类,糖类、脂肪和蛋白质等在各类水解菌群和酸化菌群以及胞外酶的作用下,产生末端产物利于进行水热炭化;
本发明生物炭活化剂采用铁系化合物,一方面可以加强混合酶的活性,促进餐厨垃圾的水解酸化,另一方面制备的生物炭具备磁性,赋予生物炭磁响应特性,能有效解决吸附剂回收难、损失大等问题;
本发明加入水解酸化池污泥对餐厨垃圾进行水解,除了起到水解酸化的作用,另外加入的污泥含有大量的挥发性脂肪酸可作为替代碳源,起到增加碳含量的目的,使生产出的生物炭具有较低的极性和较高的芳香性,吸附污染物能力进一步增强。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对本发明作具体的介绍。
一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤一,原料处理;
将餐厨垃圾经过去杂、打浆,得到餐厨垃圾原料;
去杂的内容包括:挑出餐厨垃圾中大块动物骨头,纸;
打浆采用搅拌机打浆。
步骤二,水解;
将餐厨垃圾原料与铁系生物炭活化剂、混合酶、水解酸化池污泥和蒸馏水在37℃-40℃下进行混合搅拌水解12h,得到水解物;
水解反应的配方按照质量份数包括:1份混合酶,5-6份铁系生物炭活化剂,150-200份水解酸化池底部污泥,800-850份餐厨垃圾原料;蒸馏水的加入量为使得配方总体含水率为88-90%;
作为一种实施例,铁系生物炭活化剂包括:聚合氯化铁,三氯化铁,硫酸铁;采用铁系化合物,一方面可以加强混合酶的活性,促进餐厨垃圾的水解酸化,另一方面制备的生物炭具备磁性,赋予生物炭磁响应特性,能有效解决吸附剂回收难、损失大等问题。
作为一种优选,混合酶为蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:3-5。
作为一种优选,水解酸化池污泥为污水处理厂水解酸化池中污泥龄6-7天的池底污泥。
步骤三,水热炭化;
将水解物移至高压反应釜中进行水热炭化反应,将反应釜加热升温到160-190℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到270-300℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用烘箱烘12h,作为一种优选,烘箱的烘干温度为100-120℃;过筛即得生物炭,作为一种优选,过筛选用80-100目筛。
以下用实验验证本发明的有益效果;
根据如下实施例1-3制备得到样品1-3,对比样品1-2。
实施例1
取经过去杂打浆处理后的餐厨垃圾原料8.0kg,加入2.0kg水解酸化池底部污泥,加入50.0g三氯化铁,加入10.0g混合酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:3),用蒸馏水控制含水率为88%,37℃下进行混合搅拌水解酸化12h。水解产物移至高压反应釜中,对反应釜进行加热升温,加热到190℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到300℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用105℃烘箱烘12h,过80目筛即得。
实施例2
取经过去杂打浆处理后的餐厨垃圾原料8.5kg,加入1.5kg水解酸化池底部污泥,加入50g硫酸铁,加入10g混合酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:4),用蒸馏水控制含水率为89%,38℃下进行混合搅拌水解酸化12h。水解产物移至高压反应釜中,对反应釜进行加热升温,加热到170℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到280℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用110℃烘箱烘12h,过80目筛即得。
实施例3
取经过去杂打浆处理后的餐厨垃圾原料8.3kg,加入1.7kg水解酸化池底部污泥,加入50g三氯化铁,加入10g混合酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:5),用蒸馏水控制含水率为90%,40℃下进行混合搅拌水解酸化12h。水解产物移至高压反应釜中,对反应釜进行加热升温,加热到180℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到270℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用110℃烘箱烘12h,过100目筛即得。
对比实施例1
取餐厨垃圾原料10.0kg,加入50g三氯化铁,加入10g混合酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:5),用蒸馏水控制含水率为90%,40℃下进行混合搅拌水解酸化12h。水解产物移至高压反应釜中,对反应釜进行加热升温,加热到180℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到270℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用110℃烘箱烘12h,过100目筛即得。(此实施例中无活性污泥)
对比实施例2
取经过去杂打浆处理后的餐厨垃圾原料8.0kg,加入2.0kg水解酸化池底部污泥,加入50mL磷酸溶液,加入10g混合酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物,三者的比例为1:1:5),用蒸馏水控制含水率为90%,40℃下进行混合搅拌水解酸化12h。水解产物移至高压反应釜中,对反应釜进行加热升温,加热到180℃,保持恒温2h,再加热到270℃,保持恒温10h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用110℃烘箱烘12h,过100目筛即得。(此实施例中的活化剂用磷酸)
将样品1-3和对比样品1-2进行检测;
检测一:碳含量检测
检测方法:
采用生物炭的碳含量用元素分析仪测定;
检测结果如表1所示:
碳含量
样品1 54.3%
样品2 52.8%
样品3 53.6%
对比样品1 39.9%
对比样品2 51.7%
检测二:磁性检测
检测方法:
根据材料的吸磁性判断:将样品靠近磁铁,样品1-3、对比样品1能被磁铁吸引,对比样品2不能被磁铁吸引;
结果分析:
由样品1-3的结果可知,使用本发明的配方和制备方法得到的生物炭均具有较好的碳含量和磁性。
由样品1-3和对比样品1的结果对比可知水解酸化池底部污泥的选用能够增加产品的炭含量;
由样品1-3和对比样品2的结果对比可知铁系生物炭活化剂的采用可以增加产品的磁性。通过本发明的制备方法得到的生物炭碳含量高,且具备磁性,方便吸附剂回收,减少损失,提高生物炭质量,变废为宝,解决环境问题。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征和优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,上述实施例不以任何形式限制本发明,凡采用等同替换或等效变换的方式所获得的技术方案,均落在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (7)

1.一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
步骤一,原料处理;
将餐厨垃圾经过去杂、打浆,得到餐厨垃圾原料;
步骤二,水解;
将餐厨垃圾原料与铁系生物炭活化剂、混合酶、水解酸化池污泥和蒸馏水在37℃-40℃下进行混合搅拌水解12 h,得到水解物;所述铁系生物炭活化剂包括:聚合氯化铁,三氯化铁,硫酸铁;所述混合酶为蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物;
水解反应的配方按照质量份数包括:1份 混合酶,5-6份 铁系生物炭活化剂,150-200份水解酸化池底部污泥,800-850份 餐厨垃圾原料;蒸馏水的加入量为使得配方总体含水率为88-90%;
步骤三,水热炭化;
将水解物移至高压反应釜中进行水热炭化反应,得生物炭。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,步骤一中去杂的内容包括:挑出餐厨垃圾中大块动物骨头,纸;打浆采用搅拌机打浆。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,所述混合酶中蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶三者的比例为1:1:3-5。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,水解酸化池污泥为污水处理厂水解酸化池中污泥龄6-7天的池底污泥。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,步骤三,水热炭化;
将水解物移至高压反应釜中进行水热炭化反应,将反应釜加热升温到160-190℃,保持恒温2 h,再加热到270-300℃,保持恒温10 h,冷却至室温后过滤分离,固体产物用烘箱烘12h,过筛即得生物炭。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,所述烘箱的烘干温度为100-120℃。
7.根据权利要求5所述的一种水解和炭化餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的方法,其特征在于,过筛采用80-100目筛。
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