CN111234183B - 一种含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料 - Google Patents
一种含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可作为太阳能电池单组分活性层的有机半导体材料,尤其是一种含苝酰亚胺的单组分活性层光伏材料及其制备、用途。
背景技术
有机太阳能电池(organic solar cells,OSCs),是一种基于有机半导体活性层材料的光伏器件。有机太阳能电池是一种将光能转换为电能的有机光电器件,包含阳极、阴极以及吸光层。吸光层为有机半导体材料,分为受体材料和给体材料,是光子转换为自由电子的核心部分。现阶段有机太阳能电池的吸光层主要是本体异质结的形式,其效率、稳定性及成本是有机太阳能电池迈向实际应用的关键。本体异质结结构中给体与受体以物理共混的方式组成吸光层,在太阳光长时间照射下,温度升高,易于自聚集而导致相分离尺寸增加,器件性能降低,导致器件的稳定性差。其次,本体异质结中给体、受体的相分离结构复杂,例如纯给体相、纯受体相及混合相的多相体、相分离尺寸、界面分子取向等,从而难以建立分子结构、相分离与光电性能之间的关系。其中一种有效的解决思路是单组分器件结构。吸光层为单一组分,不存在双相体系中升温之后自聚集的问题,热稳定性极大提升。单一组分的也相对简单,为研究材料与性能的关系提供新的契机。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种含苝酰亚胺的单组分活性层光伏材料及其制备、用途。本发明的共轭聚合物具刚性平面的大π共轭的苝酰亚胺和柔性促溶链,结构特征是给体聚合物为骨架,受体苝酰亚胺为片段,通过连接单元连接在一个分子中,为典型的双揽共轭聚合物,可作为单组分活性层材料应用于太阳能电池中。有机太阳能电池器件初步测试表明这类材料具有机太阳能电池应用潜力。
本发明的目的是通过以下的技术方案实现的:
第一方面,本发明涉及含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料,所述单组分活性层光伏材料的结构式如式(Ⅰ)所示:
第二方面,本发明涉及一种含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的方法,包括如下步骤:
a、将未被酰基取代的单体D,在有机溶剂中反应引入柔性侧链,得到酰基取代的单体M1;
b、酰基取代的单体M1,在有机溶剂中反应引入含苝酰亚胺的中间体A,得到含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2;
c、含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2与二甲基锡共轭单体B在催化剂和配体的作用下,在无水有机溶剂中共聚,索氏提取得到所述的聚合物。
优选地,步骤a中,所述单体D的结构式(Ⅱ)所示:
所述酰基取代的单体M1的结构式如式(Ⅲ)所示:
优选地,步骤b中,含苝酰亚胺的中间体A的结构式如式(Ⅳ)所示:
所述含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2的结构式如式(Ⅴ)所示:
进一步地,所述步骤a具体为:在惰性气体氛围下,1当量的化合物D和4 当量的两端基团为溴原子的碳链中以2.5当量有机碱叔丁醇钾为催化剂,以有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为介质,常温下搅拌12-24小时;以重量比为1:1的二氯甲烷和石油醚作为洗脱剂,洗脱得到得到酰基取代的单体M1。
进一步地,所述步骤b具体为:在惰性气体氛围下,1.5当量的酰基取代的单体M1和1当量苝二酰亚胺单元的中间体A中以11.57当量无机碱碳酸钾作为催化剂,以有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为介质,100℃下搅拌21-48小时;以重量比为5:1的二氯甲烷和石油醚为洗脱剂,洗脱得到含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体 M2。
进一步地,所述步骤c中具体为将1当量的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2溶解在无水有机溶剂中,料液比为50mg单体/mL;在混合物共聚之前,加入0.08 当量的配体三(邻甲苯基)膦和0.02当量的催化剂三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0);所述共聚的反应时间为3~8小时,反应温度为60~120℃;所述无水有机溶剂为无水甲苯、无水氯苯或四氢呋喃。
进一步地,步骤c中,所述索氏提取依次采用的溶剂为甲醇、石油醚和氯仿。
第三方面,本发明涉及一种前述的一种含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的应用,所述共轭聚合物作为太阳能电池器件中的半导体有机层。
本发明具有如下的有益效果:
本发明披露的合成方法简单有效;原料易于合成制备,合成的成本低,得到的目标化合物纯度高;本发明的共轭聚合物具刚性平面的大π共轭的苝酰亚胺和柔性促溶链,结构特征是给体聚合物为骨架,受体苝酰亚胺为片段,通过连接单元连接在一个分子中,为典型的双揽共轭聚合物,可作为单组分活性层材料应用于太阳能电池中。有机太阳能电池器件初步测试表明这类材料具有机太阳能电池应用潜力。
附图说明
图1为实施例合成步骤;
图2为本发明实施例中的单体M1的核磁共振氢谱;
图3为本发明实施例中的单体M1的核磁共振碳谱;
图4为本发明实施例中的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2的核磁共振氢谱;
图5为本发明实施例中的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2的核磁共振碳谱;
图6为本发明实施例中的聚合物P的核磁共振碳谱;
图7为本发明实施例中的聚合物P的凝胶渗透色谱;
图8为本发明实施例中的聚合物P的紫外吸收光谱;
图9为本发明实施例中的聚合物P循环伏安曲线;
图10为本发明实施例中的聚合物P在有机太阳能电池器件应用中的电流密度-电压曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。以下实施例将有助于本领域的技术人员进一步理解本发明,但不以任何形式限制本发明。应当指出的是,对本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进。这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1制备含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料
本实施例提供了1种含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料,其结构式如表1所示(其中,n>0),其合成路线参见图1。
表1
1.1、制备化合物P
所述含苯并吡咯二酮基的聚合物(P)的合成路线,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
(a)单体D的合成
化合物D的结构式为
其详细制备方法见文献《Wu,Jian,Chen,Jingde,Huang,Hao,et al.(Z)-(Thienylmethylene)oxindole-Based Polymers for High-Performance Solar Cells[J].Macromolecules,2016:acs.macromol.5b02780.》。
(b)化合物M1的合成
化合物M1的结构式为
其合成方法为:在氮气条件下,将化合物D(1g,2.6mmol)和叔丁醇钾(736.66mg,6.5mmol)溶解在10.8ml的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,并搅拌30分钟。之后,一次注入1,6-二溴己烷(2.5372g,10.4mmol)的 6.5ml的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,在室温下搅拌12小时。反应结束后加200ml去离子水淬灭反应,用二氯甲烷和水进行萃取,以重量比为1:1的二氯甲烷和石油醚作为洗脱剂,洗脱得到得到酰基取代的单体M1(产率:25.7%)。核磁共振氢谱参见图2,核磁共振碳谱参见图3。
(c)中间体A的合成
化合物A的结构式为
其详细制备方法见文献《Chen N,Lu J,Wang D, etal.A Double-Cable Poly(fluorene-alt-thiophene)with Bay-SubstitutedPerylenediimide Pendants:An Efficient Interfacial Material in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells[J].Macromolecules,2017:acs.macromol.7b01792.》。
(d)化合物M2的合成
化合物M2的结构式为
其合成方法为:在氮气条件下,将化合物M1 (411.23mg,0.75mmol)、中间体A(356.23mg,0.5mmol)和碳酸钾(800mg, 5.7mmol)溶解在25ml的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,加热至100℃并搅拌12小时。加去离子水淬灭,用乙酸乙酯和饱和食盐水萃取,无水硫酸镁干燥。以重量比为 5:1的二氯甲烷和石油醚作为洗脱剂,洗脱得到得到含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体 M2(产率16.9%)。核磁共振氢谱参见图4,核磁共振碳谱参见图5。
(e)二甲基锡共轭单体B的合成
二甲基锡共轭单体B的结构式为
其制备方法参见文献《Zhang G,Fu Y,Xie Z,et al.Synthesis andPhotovoltaic Properties of New Low Bandgap Isoindigo-Based ConjugatedPolymers[J].Macromolecules,2011,44(6):1414-1420.》。
(f)聚合物P的合成
在氮气保护下,将二甲基锡共轭单体B(81.92mg,0.2mmol)和含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2(236.434mg,0.2mmol),催化剂三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(3.66mg, 2mol%)、配体三邻甲苯基膦(4.87mg,8%),无水甲苯(6mL)(也可为无水氯苯或四氢呋喃)加入反应瓶中,于65℃下反应4小时,将反应液冷却到室温,加入100mL甲醇沉淀,过滤出固体,依次用甲醇、石油醚和氯仿索氏提取,收集氯仿溶液,旋干后再用甲醇沉淀过滤得黄色有金属光泽的聚合物P。(产率:72%)。核磁共振氢谱参见图6。
聚合物P的凝胶渗透色谱、紫外吸收光谱和电化学性质
图7给出了聚合物P的凝胶渗透色谱GPC测得的数均分子量为156623,分布系数PDI为4.46。图8给出了聚合物P在氯仿和薄膜时的紫外吸收光谱,在 450nm-700nm之间有良好的吸收,聚合物分别在薄膜和溶液状态中的光谱谱线,在薄膜中明显比在溶液中的宽,这可能是因为以固态形态存在的样品在非富勒烯活性层中的π-π堆积效果更为明显。这个材料在可见光区间有良好的吸收,可利用于太阳能电池。图9给出了化合物P2的循环伏安曲线。循环伏安法测试在计算机控制的CHI610D电话线分析仪上进行,采用传统的三电极测试体系,铂电极为对电极,饱和氯化钾溶液电极为参比电极,电解质为四正丁基六氟磷酸铵的乙腈溶液(0.1M),扫描速度为100mv/s,以二茂铁为参比。二茂铁在该体系下测得的氧化电位为0.05V,因真空条件下二茂铁的能级为-4.8eV,材料的能级可以由以下能级的公式计算得到:E(LUMO)=-(4.36+Ered)eV,E(HOMO) =-(4.36+Eox)eV。电化学测试显示它的起始还原电位在-0.68eV左右,由此计算的LUMO能级为-3.68eV;起始还原氧化电位在0.75eV左右,由此计算的HOMO 能级为-5.11eV。
应用例1聚合物P作为作为半导体层在太阳能电池器件中的用途
图10给出了本发明中不同比例的共聚物和给体材料的电流密度-电压曲线。本发明器件的制备方法是将本发明中5-15mg的聚合物溶于氯苯和氯代萘混合溶剂中,制成薄膜,夹在电池嵌在玻璃的阴极和阳极之间,从而制得电极结构的有机太阳能器件。有机太阳能器件测试表明,用该材料做半导体材料可以的光电转换效率为0.23%,开路电压为0.5985V,电流密度为1.4692mA/cm2,填充因子为 26.8%,通过优化,光电转换效率可达到2.9%。通过再次调整侧链的结构从而对器件进行优化,可以得到更高光电转换效率的太阳能电池。
综上所述,本发明涉及的含苝酰亚胺的单组分活性层光伏材料,结构特征是给体聚合物为骨架,受体聚合物为片段,通过连接单元连接在一个分子中,为典型的双揽共轭聚合物,相对于传统的将给体和受体溶解在同一溶剂中,采用旋涂的方法,作为活性层应用在太阳能电池中,称之为本体异质结结构。本体异质结结构中的给体与受体以物理共混的方式组成吸光层,在太阳长时间的照射下,温度升高,易于自聚集而导致相分离尺寸增加,器件性能降低,导致器件的稳定性差。而单组分聚合物作为活性层,不存在双相体系中升温之后自聚集的问题,热稳定性也极大提升。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例,并非因此限制本发明的专利范围,凡是利用本发明说明书及附图内容所作的等效变换,或直接或间接运用在其他相关的技术领域,均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围内。
Claims (5)
1.一种含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述活性层光伏材料的结构式如式(Ⅰ)所示:
a、将未被酰基取代的单体D,在有机溶剂中反应引入柔性侧链,得到酰基取代的单体M1;
b、酰基取代的单体M1,在有机溶剂中反应引入含苝二酰亚胺单元的中间体A,得到含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2;
c、含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2与二甲基锡共轭单体B在催化剂和配体的作用下,在无水有机溶剂中共聚,索氏提取得到所述光伏材料;
步骤a中,所述单体D的结构式(Ⅱ)所示:
酰基取代的M1的结构式如式(Ⅲ)所示:
步骤b中,所述含苝二酰亚胺单元的中间体A的结构式如式(Ⅳ)所示:
(Ⅴ),其中,R为不同长度的烷基链;
步骤c中,所述二甲基锡共轭单体B的结构式如式(Ⅵ)所示:
2.根据权利要求1所述的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤a具体为:在惰性气体氛围下,1当量的单体D和4当量的两端基团为溴原子的碳链中以2.5当量有机碱叔丁醇钾为催化剂,以有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为介质,常温下搅拌12-24小时;以重量比为1:1的二氯甲烷和石油醚作为洗脱剂,洗脱得到酰基取代的单体M1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤b具体为:在惰性气体氛围下,1.5当量的酰基取代的单体M1和1当量苝二酰亚胺单元的中间体A中以11.57当量无机碱碳酸钾作为催化剂,以有机溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为介质,100℃下搅拌21-48小时;以重量比为5:1的二氯甲烷和石油醚为洗脱剂,洗脱得到含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤c中具体为将1当量的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单体M2溶解在无水有机溶剂中,料液比为50 mg单体/ mL;在混合物共聚之前,加入0.08当量的配体三(邻甲苯基)膦和0.02当量的催化剂三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0);所述共聚的反应时间为3~8小时, 反应温度为60~120℃;所述无水有机溶剂为无水甲苯、无水氯苯或四氢呋喃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的含苝二酰亚胺单元的单组分活性层光伏材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤c中,所述索氏提取依次采用的溶剂为甲醇、石油醚和氯仿。
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