CN111195532B - 一种原子级单分散铱基催化剂、其制备方法及在甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯中的应用 - Google Patents
一种原子级单分散铱基催化剂、其制备方法及在甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111195532B CN111195532B CN201811383737.0A CN201811383737A CN111195532B CN 111195532 B CN111195532 B CN 111195532B CN 201811383737 A CN201811383737 A CN 201811383737A CN 111195532 B CN111195532 B CN 111195532B
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 116
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Natural products CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- GZUXJHMPEANEGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromomethane Chemical compound BrC GZUXJHMPEANEGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000009827 Prunus armeniaca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 244000018633 Prunus armeniaca Species 0.000 claims description 8
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940102396 methyl bromide Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoform Chemical compound BrC(Br)Br DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N chloro(114C)methane Chemical compound [14CH3]Cl NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxoiridium Chemical compound O=[Ir]=O HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- YCOXTKKNXUZSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N as-o-xylenol Natural products CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C YCOXTKKNXUZSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethane Chemical compound CCBr RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodobenzene Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=C1 SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoethane Chemical compound CCI HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromopropane Chemical compound CCCBr CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002249 LaCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019891 RuCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910007932 ZrCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 acetic acid compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229950005228 bromoform Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960001701 chloroform Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) nitrate Inorganic materials [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ICAKDTKJOYSXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[La](Cl)Cl ICAKDTKJOYSXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940073584 methylene chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- PVWOIHVRPOBWPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl iodide Chemical compound CCCI PVWOIHVRPOBWPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nd+3].[Nd+3] PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxolanthaniooxy)lanthanum Chemical compound O=[La]O[La]=O KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- CALMYRPSSNRCFD-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloroiridium Chemical compound Cl[Ir](Cl)(Cl)Cl CALMYRPSSNRCFD-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloroiridium Chemical compound Cl[Ir](Cl)Cl DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=C1 QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910021639 Iridium tetrachloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021638 Iridium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- QIGXCGDYZRKCEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=[Ir](=O)=O Chemical compound O=[Ir](=O)=O QIGXCGDYZRKCEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- UPWOEMHINGJHOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxocobaltiooxy)cobalt Chemical compound O=[Co]O[Co]=O UPWOEMHINGJHOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920013683 Celanese Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021592 Copper(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000331449 Vincetoxicum pycnostelma Species 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001093 Zr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001505 inorganic iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010813 internal standard method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- UWWRHMCOKWRKPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoiridiooxy)iridium Chemical compound [Ir](=O)=O.[Ir]=O UWWRHMCOKWRKPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
- B01J23/468—Iridium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/58—Platinum group metals with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/60—Platinum group metals with zinc, cadmium or mercury
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种原子级单分散的铱基催化剂,其特征在于,包括活性组分、助剂组分和载体活性炭;其中,所述活性组分中包含铱元素,所述活性组分中包含助剂元素M;所述铱元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述铱基催化剂中。该催化剂具有活性比均相催化剂高,单点活性位,反应不需要过渡期,且催化剂稳定性好等优点。该催化剂用于甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯反应,能够高活性、高选择性地制备乙酸甲酯。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及一种原子级单分散铱基催化剂、其制备方法及在甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯中的应用,属于工业催化领域。
背景技术
乙酸甲酯将逐渐代替丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、环戊烷等。因为它不属于限制使用的有机污染物排放,可以达到涂料、油墨、树脂、胶粘剂厂新的环保标准。乙酸甲酯加氢合成乙醇也是目前煤制乙醇的主要途径之一。其制备方法主要有(1)醋酸与甲醇以硫酸为催化剂直接进行酯化反应生成醋酸甲酯粗制品,再用氯化钙脱水,碳酸钠中和,分馏得到醋酸甲酯成品。(2)二甲醚在H-MOR分子筛催化剂上经羰基化合成,但分子筛容易积碳失活,且时空收率很低。(3)甲醇羰基化制备乙酸时,乙酸甲酯作为副产物存在,但选择性较低,分离成本高。所以目前工业可行的乙酸甲酯合成路线绝大本分要经过乙酸这一中间步骤。
目前,乙酸的工业化生产中甲醇羰基化工艺占主导地位,目前采用该工艺的乙酸生产装置的生产能力已占乙酸总生产能力的81%。在过去50年里,甲醇羰基化生产乙酸的工业化过程大致经历了三个发展阶段:
第一阶段:BSAF公司1960年利用钴催化剂在较高的反应温度和压力下(250℃,60MPa)首先实现了用甲醇羰基化法生产乙酸的工业化生产。该方法生产的乙酸纯度不高,主要副产物是高级醇、高级醛和高级羧酸,产物分离成本较高。第二阶段:Monsanto公司开发了活性和选择性更高的Rh-碘化物(RhI3)催化体系。反应的温度和压力也比较低(175℃左右,3.0MPa),乙酸以甲醇为基准的选择率在99%以上,以CO为基准的选择率也达到了90%以上。装置耐腐蚀要求很高,需要全锆合金反应釜。第三阶段:Ir催化剂的工业化是甲醇羰基化法生产乙酸。该工艺大大提高了催化剂的稳定性,反应在水含量较低的条件下进行,并减少了液体副产物的生成,提高了CO的转化率。Celanese化学公司通过添加高浓度的无机碘化物(主要是碘化锂),提高了Rh催化剂的稳定性,加入碘化锂与碘甲烷助剂后,可使反应器中水含量显著降低(约4%~5%),同时又可维持较高的羰基化速率,使新工艺的分离成本显著降低。
日本千代田(Chiyoda)公司和UOP公司联合开发了Acetica工艺,该工艺基于一种多相Rh催化剂,其中活性Rh络合物以化学方法固定在聚乙烯基吡啶树脂上。中国科学院化学研究所袁国卿研究组合成的强弱配位键螯合性高分子催化剂也形成了自主知识产权体系,该催化剂体系具有高稳定性、高活性等特点,能提高CO利用的择性。
虽然均相Rh基和Ir基催化体系取得了很好的工业应用,取得了相当高的催化活性和选择性,乙酸的选择性大于99%。但是均相催化剂体系从其诞生起,就呈现出了一定的缺点,比如,贵金属催化剂易流失、产物与催化剂分离困难、催化剂循环及回收复杂等。
发明内容
根据本申请的一个方面,提供一种原子级单分散的铱基催化剂,该催化剂具有活性比均相催化剂高,单点活性位,反应不需要过渡期,且催化剂稳定性好等优点。此外,由于助剂的影响,加快了反应的速率和活性,一定程度提高了产物的选择性,同时在不影响原催化剂活性指标的情况下,可以一定程度上降低主催化剂活性组分的用量,降低催化剂的成本,节约贵金属的使用,节能环保。
所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂,其特征在于,包括活性组分、助剂组分和载体活性炭;
其中,所述活性组分中包含铱元素,所述助剂组分中包含助剂元素M;
所述铱元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述铱基催化剂中,如式I中所示:
Ir(CO)xMyXz(O=AC)式I
其中,助剂元素M选自La、Ce、Nd、Fe、Zr、Zn、Ru、Mn、Li中的至少一种;
X选自Cl、Br、I中的至少一种;
0≤x≤2,1≤y≤7,0<z≤3;
(O=AC)表示活性炭上的含氧官能团,活性炭表面通过该氧与该单核络合物连接。
优选地,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.05~5%;所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量以铱元素的质量百分含量计。
优选地,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.1~3%。
进一步优选地,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.1~2%。
更进一步优选地,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.1~1%。
优选地,所述助剂组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.05~15%;
所述助剂组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量以助剂元素M的质量百分含量计。
根据本申请的又一方面,提供制备所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂的方法,所述方法不仅能够得到原子级单分散的铱基催化剂,且操作简单,适合大规模工业化生产。
所述制备原子级单分散的铱基催化剂的方法,至少包括如下步骤:
a)将载体活性炭浸渍于含有铱元素和助剂元素M的溶液,经烘干、焙烧,得到前驱体;
b)将前驱体与含有一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气接触进行后处理,得到所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂。
优选地,步骤a)所述含有铱元素和助剂元素M的溶液中,所述铱元素来自铱的氧化物、氢氧化物、硫化物、氯化物、金属有机物中的至少一种。进一步优选地,所述铱元素来自纳米金属铱、三氧化二铱Ir2O3、二氧化铱IrO2、乙酰丙酮羰基铱Ir(acac)(CO)2、三氯化铱IrCl3、四氯化铱IrCl4中的至少一种。
优选地,步骤a)所述含有铱元素和助剂元素M的溶液中,所述助剂元素M来自助剂元素M的氧化物、氯化物、硝酸盐、碳酸盐、氢氧化物、醋酸化合物中的至少一种。进一步优选地,所述助剂元素M来自MnO、MnO2、Mn3O4、MnCl2、C4H6MnO4、Fe2O3、Fe(NO3)3、FeCl3、Co2O3、Co(NO3)2、NiSO4,NiCl2、C4H6O4Ni、CuO、Cu(NO3)2、CuCl2、ZnO、ZnSO4、ZnCl2、RuCl3、La2O3、LaCl3、CeO2、Li2O、LiCl、CH3COOLi、Nd2O3、ZrO2、ZrCl4中的至少一种。
优选地,步骤a)所述含有铱元素和助剂元素M的溶液中,所述载体活性炭选自椰壳炭、杏壳炭中的至少一种。
优选地,所述椰壳炭的比表面积为500~1100m2/g。进一步优选地,所述椰壳炭的比表面积为550~900m2/g。
优选地,所述椰壳炭的平均孔径为1~200nm。更进一步优选地,所述椰壳炭的平均孔径为1~100nm。
优选地,所述杏壳炭的比表面积为600~1200m2/g。进一步优选地,所述杏壳炭的比表面积为650~1000m2/g。
优选地,所述杏壳炭的平均孔径为1~200nm。进一步优选地,所述杏壳炭的平均孔径为1~100nm。
优选地,步骤b)所述卤代烷烃选自一氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、氯仿,溴甲烷、溴乙烷、溴丙烷、二溴甲烷、溴仿、碘甲烷、碘乙烷、碘丙烷、碘苯中的至少一种。进一步优选地,步骤b)所述卤代烷烃选自溴甲烷、溴乙烷、碘甲烷、碘乙烷、碘苯中的至少一种。
优选地,步骤b)所述含有一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气中,一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的摩尔比为0.1~100:1。
进一步优选地,步骤b)所述含有一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气中,一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的摩尔比为0.1~50:1。
可选地,步骤b)所述后处理中,后处理温度为0~550℃,后处理压力为0.01~10.0MPa,后处理时间为0.01~24h。
优选地,步骤b)所述后处理中,后处理温度为0~350℃,后处理压力为0.01~10.0MPa,后处理时间为0.01~12h。
优选地,所述后处理温度为60~350℃。
进一步优选地,所述后处理温度为60~250℃。
进一步优选地,所述后处理时间为0.5~6h。
根据本申请的又一方面,提供一种甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯的方法,其特征在于,将含有甲醇、一氧化碳和氢气的物料与催化剂接触反应,制备乙酸甲酯;
所述催化剂选自上述任意原子级单分散的铱基催化剂、根据上述任意方法制备得到的原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的至少一种。
该反应主产物为乙酸甲酯,有微量或少量的乙酸和甲烷副产物生成。
优选地,所述一氧化碳与甲醇的摩尔比为0.25~5:1,氢气与一氧化碳的体积比为0.01~2.0:1;
所述反应的反应温度为150~260℃,反应压力为0.5~3.5MPa,甲醇的液体体积空速为0.1~15h-1。
优选地,所述物料中还含有卤代烷烃。优选地,所述卤代烷烃选自氯甲烷、溴甲烷、碘甲烷中的至少一种。
优选地,所述卤代烷烃与甲醇的质量比为0.05~1:1。
优选地,所述反应所采用的金属装置或器件的材质为哈氏合金。
优选地,所述方法所采用的反应器为固定床反应器。
本申请的有益效果包括但不限于:
(1)本发明所提供的原子级单分散的铱基催化剂,具有催化剂活性高,稳定性好,不需要活化,活性比均相高,单点活性位,催化剂不需要过渡期等优点。此外,由于助剂的影响,加快了反应的速率和活性,一定程度提高了产物的选择性,同时在不影响原催化剂活性指标的情况下,可以一定程度上降低主催化剂活性组分的用量,降低催化剂的成本,节约贵金属的使用,节能环保。
(2)本发明所提供的原子级单分散的铱基催化剂,将催化活性中心铱引入活性炭的微孔内,从而将反应场所引入活性炭的核内,因此,反应过程中的腐蚀性非常低,反应装置的核心部分的材质只需要哈氏合金,具有投资低的优势。
(3)本发明所提供的原子级单分散的铱基催化剂制备方法简单,适合大规模工业化生产。
(4)本发明所提供的甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯的方法,甲醇经羰基化高选择性的制乙酸甲酯直接跳过乙酸合成路线,即避免了使用昂贵的锆材,又缩减了酯化工艺,节省大量生产成本。在反应液相产物中,反应副产物只有工艺水和少量或微量的乙酸,水含量较低且还有大量未反应的甲醇和无腐蚀性的乙酸甲酯。甲醇的转化率和乙酸甲酯选择性均较高且反应压力低,装置运行稳定,成本低。
即,与现有的技术相比,本发明的活性炭负载的助催化的原子级单分散铱基催化剂的制备方法简单,且在甲醇气相羰基化反应中的应用中,该原子级单分散的铱基催化剂活性高,稳定性好,不需要活化等优点。同时在反应液相产物中,反应副产物只有工艺水和少量或微量的乙酸,水含量较低且还有大量未反应的甲醇和无腐蚀性的乙酸甲酯。而且,由于该助剂M(La、Ce、Nd、Fe、Zr、Zn、Ru、Mn、Li)的存在,催化剂在原有的基础上进行改良,在相同的反应条件下催化活性更高,甲烷等副产物选择性更低。这在一定程度上可以在确保一定催化活性的基础上,降低反应的条件。同时,应为助催化剂的存在,本发明的的活性炭负载的原子级单分散的单核络合物铱基催化剂的寿命更长,稳定性更好。
此外,本发制备的原子级分散的催化剂将催化活性中心铱引入活性炭的微孔内,从而将反应场所引入活性炭的核内,因此,反应过程中的腐蚀性非常低,反应装置的核心部分的材质只需要哈氏合金,具有投资低的优势。同时甲醇的转化率和乙酸甲酯选择性均较高且反应压力低,装置运行稳定,成本低。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中样品Ir1-La/AC-1的透射电镜图。
图2为实施例1中样品Ir1-La/AC-1的球差电镜图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例详述本申请,但本申请并不局限于这些实施例。
如无特殊说明,本申请所用原料和试剂均来自商业购买,未经处理直接使用,所用仪器设备采用厂家推荐的方案和参数。
实施例中,透射电镜采用日本JEM-2100的仪器检测。
实施例中,球差电镜采用日本JEM-ARM200F的仪器检测。
实施例中,所有催化剂评价结果均在反应稳定24h后,取24h内液体样品,采用安捷伦公司(Agilent)7890B型液相色谱仪,FID检测器,毛细管柱,归一法分析油相组成;采用安捷伦公司(Agilent)7890B型液相色谱仪,TCD检测器,PQ填充柱,内标法分析尾气组成,异丁醇为内标物。
根据各产物组成计算得到产品选择性。
本申请的实施例中,乙酸甲酯的选择性都基于已转化的甲醇的碳摩尔数进行计算。
实施例1催化剂样品的制备
将铱源和助剂元素M源溶于15ml的去离子水中,得到混合溶液,然后将10.0g活性炭浸渍于混合溶液中。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h得到前驱体。将前驱体置于一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气氛中进行后处理,得到所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂。
所得样品的样品编号与制备条件的关系如表1所示。
表1
*:以铱元素在催化剂中的质量百分含量计。
实施例2催化剂样品的表征
采用透射电镜和球差电镜对实施例1中所得样品进行表征,结果显示:实施例1中所制备得到的样品,铱元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述铱基催化剂中。
其中,以样品Ir1-La/AC-1为典型代表,其普通电镜照片如图1所示,其球差电镜照片如图2所示。从图1中可以发现:普通电镜分辨率最高分辨率50nm宏观尺度下,在载体活性炭看不到负载的纳米金属颗粒;进一步的球差电镜照片中可以清晰的看到单原子级分散的金属催化剂。
其他样品的测试结果与上述类似,获得了单原子级分散的金属催化剂。
实施例3甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯反应
分别将实施例1中所得催化剂(0.3g),平均粒径500μm,置于固定床石英管反应器中,并在两端装入20-40目的石英砂。然后以5℃/min的升温速率从室温升温至240℃,通入H2、CO、甲醇、碘甲烷的混合气(摩尔比CO/H2=10,摩尔比CO/CH3OH=1,质量比CH3OH/CH3I=7/3),反应压力1.7MPa,甲醇液时体积空速12h-1的条件下稳定反应24h,在线分析并计算甲醇的转化率和乙酸甲酯的选择性,结果详见表2。
表2
催化剂 | 甲醇转化率(%) | 乙酸甲酯选择性*(%) |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-La/AC-1 | 50 | 96 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-La/AC-2 | 65 | 93 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Ce/AC | 60 | 92 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Nb/AC | 66 | 89 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Fe/AC | 60 | 93 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Zr/AC | 60 | 90 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Zn/AC | 62 | 89 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Ru/AC | 68 | 91 |
Ir<sub>1-</sub>Mn/AC | 65 | 93 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Li/AC | 67 | 92 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Ru-Li/AC | 69 | 90 |
Ir<sub>1</sub>-Mn-Li/AC | 69 | 89 |
*以转化的甲醇计,其它产物主要为乙酸。
实施例4甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯反应(改变反应条件)
以Ir1-La/AC-1为催化剂,考察甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯反应中反应条件的影响。实验步骤同实施例3,反应条件按照表3中所列进行调变,结果如表3所示。
表3
*以转化的甲醇计,其它产物主要为乙酸。
以上所述,仅是本申请的几个实施例,并非对本申请做任何形式的限制,虽然本申请以较佳实施例揭示如上,然而并非用以限制本申请,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本申请技术方案的范围内,利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许的变动或修饰均等同于等效实施案例,均属于技术方案范围内。
Claims (24)
1.一种原子级单分散的铱基催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,至少包括如下步骤:
a)将载体活性炭浸渍于含有铱元素和助剂元素M的溶液,经烘干、焙烧,得到前驱体;
b)将前驱体与含有一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气接触进行后处理,得到所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂;
或者将前驱体与含有一氧化碳和碘苯的混合气接触进行后处理,得到所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂;
或者将前驱体与含有一氧化碳和溴苯的混合气接触进行后处理,得到所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂;
所述催化剂包括活性组分、助剂组分和载体活性炭;
其中,所述活性组分中包含铱元素,所述助剂组分中包含助剂元素M;
所述铱元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述铱基催化剂中,如式I中所示:
Ir(CO)xMyXz(O=AC) 式I
其中,助剂元素M选自La、Ce、Nd、Fe、Zr、Zn、Ru、Mn、Li中的至少一种;
X选自Cl、Br、I中的至少一种;
0≤x≤5,1≤y≤4,0<z≤8;
(O=AC)表示活性炭上的含氧官能团,活性炭AC表面通过氧与络合物连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.05~5%;
所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量以铱元素的质量百分含量计。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.1~3%。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述活性组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.1~1%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述助剂组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量为0.05~15%;
所述助剂组分在所述原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的重量百分含量以助剂元素M的质量百分含量计。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤a)所述含有铱元素和助剂元素M的溶液中:
所述铱元素来自铱的氧化物、氢氧化物、硫化物、氯化物、金属有机物中的至少一种;所述助剂元素M来自助剂元素M的氧化物、氯化物、硝酸盐、碳酸盐、氢氧化物、醋酸化合物中的至少一种;所述载体活性炭AC选自椰壳炭、杏壳炭中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述铱元素来自纳米金属铱、三氧化二铱、二氧化铱、乙酰丙酮羰基铱、三氯化铱、四氯化铱中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述助剂元素M来自MnO、MnO2、Mn3O4、MnCl2、C4H6MnO4、Fe2O3、Fe(NO3)3、FeCl3、ZnO、ZnSO4、ZnCl2、RuCl3、La2O3、LaCl3、CeO2、Li2O、LiCl、CH3COOLi、Nd2O3、ZrO2、ZrCl4中的至少一种。
9.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述椰壳炭的比表面积为500~1100m2/g;平均孔径为1~200nm。
10.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述椰壳炭的比表面积为550~900m2/g,平均孔径为1~100nm。
11.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述杏壳炭的比表面积为600~1200m2/g,平均孔径为1~200nm。
12.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述杏壳炭的比表面积为650~1000m2/g,平均孔径为1~100nm。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤b)所述含有一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气中,一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的摩尔比为0.1~100:1。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤b)所述含有一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的混合气中,一氧化碳和卤代烷烃的摩尔比为0.1~50:1。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤b)所述卤代烷烃选自一氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、氯仿、溴甲烷、溴乙烷、溴丙烷、二溴甲烷、溴仿、碘甲烷、碘乙烷、碘丙烷中的至少一种。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤b)所述后处理中,后处理温度为0~550℃,后处理压力为0.01~10.0MPa,后处理时间为0.01~24h。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述后处理温度为60~350℃。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述后处理时间为0.5~6h。
19.一种甲醇气相羰基化制备乙酸甲酯的方法,其特征在于,将含有甲醇、一氧化碳和氢气的物料与催化剂接触反应,制备乙酸甲酯;
所述催化剂选自根据权利要求1至18任一项所述方法制备得到的原子级单分散的铱基催化剂中的至少一种。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述一氧化碳与甲醇的摩尔比为0.25~5:1,氢气与一氧化碳的体积比为0.01~2.0:1;
所述反应的反应温度为150~260℃,反应压力为0.5~3.5 MPa,甲醇的液时体积空速为0.1~15h-1。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述物料中还含有卤代烷烃。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其特征在于,所述卤代烷烃选自氯甲烷、溴甲烷、碘甲烷中的至少一种。
23.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其特征在于,所述卤代烷烃与甲醇的质量比为0.05~1:1。
24.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应所采用的金属装置或器件的材质为哈氏合金。
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