CN111183328A - 用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN111183328A
CN111183328A CN201880064817.1A CN201880064817A CN111183328A CN 111183328 A CN111183328 A CN 111183328A CN 201880064817 A CN201880064817 A CN 201880064817A CN 111183328 A CN111183328 A CN 111183328A
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booster compressor
impeller
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turbine
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理查德·杜巴特尔-格勒尼耶
帕特里克·勒博特
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法，气体流在入口温度低于‑100℃的单轮低温膨胀涡轮机中膨胀，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体；气体在入口温度高于‑50℃的第一单轮增压压缩机(B1)中压缩，该气体是空气或从该塔系统中传送的气体；空气在入口温度低于‑100℃的第二单轮增压压缩机(B2)中压缩；至少该第一增压压缩机中的压缩气体在该热交换器中冷却；由该膨胀涡轮机(T)产生的功用于该第一增压压缩机中的低温压缩步骤以及用于该第二增压压缩机中的压缩步骤；并且该第一增压压缩机的叶轮、该第二增压压缩机的叶轮和该涡轮机的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上。

Description

用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法和设备
本发明涉及一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法和设备。
空气分离单元(ASU)是已知的，该空气分离单元用于利用气体的低温压缩通过低温蒸馏来分离空气。一种已知的用于实施这种冷压缩的方式是利用低温膨胀涡轮机来驱动低温压缩轮。然而，由于没有从冷箱中提取任何功，因此这种装备不会产生操作空气分离单元所需的冷度。由于这个原因，总是将这样的系统联接到用于产生冷的附加装置。已知的装置是：
·油压制动器：通过在转轴与该轴周围的腔体中所包含的加压油膜之间的粘滞摩擦来提取功。这种摩擦导致油变热，该油在系统外部冷却以去除功。这种系统具有可实现性和效率的缺点。具体而言，所产生的功会丢失并且会降低整体效率。此外，该系统在提取功率(大约100kW)方面受到限制，因此不适合用于需要更高冷却功率的ASU。
·压缩机制动器和制冷剂：在此方法中，采用另一组件来补充联接至具有低温增压入口温度的具有低温出口温度的涡轮机组件，该另一个组件包括联接至压缩机的另一个涡轮机。因此，涡轮机联接至压缩机，该压缩机的进气温度为环境温度或略低于环境温度。对气体进行压缩会加热该气体，并且该气体在热交换器中(典型地针对水)冷却，以便从中提取热并因此提取功。这是ASU领域中最常用的方式。
·发电机：膨胀涡轮机还可以联接至发电机，该发电机通过产生被输送到电网的电能来提取功。这种发电机的转速最常见的是大大低于涡轮机的转速，从而需要两个元件之间的减速齿轮箱。这种部件昂贵并且产生摩擦损失。还发现了具有高转速的发电机。这种发电机则集成到涡轮机轴上，并且无需中间减速齿轮箱即可发电。则需要一种用于处理电信号(频率等)的系统，以便使其与随后可以将其输送到达的电网的规格兼容。这些系统非常昂贵，并且在产生功率(大约250kW)方面也受到限制，不能完全满足ASU的需求。
此外，还已知的做法是能够将压缩机和涡轮机的组合联接到同一个轴上。例如，在压缩机由燃气轮机驱动的情况下会见到驱动器，热燃气轮机驱动其空气压缩机和另一个产品压缩机。然而，这些布置无论其可能多么复杂，都不适用于以下的低温用途：不同类型的涡轮机，低于环境温度，关于热损失没有严格要求。
根据本发明，在通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的空气分离单元中，产生了两个压缩流，其特征在于：
-每次压缩是在单级压缩级中实现的，
-两个压缩级由同一个低温膨胀涡轮机驱动，
-第一压缩步骤，从接近环境温度的温度，允许在冷箱外部产生功，并且这样产生了用于该空气分离方法的冷却功率，
-第二压缩步骤是低温压缩，其在第一温度下对气体进行压缩，该第一温度是低温温度，该气体从该主交换器的中间水平抽出、并且在高于该第一温度的温度下返回该主交换器。
在一个优选的实施方式中，这两个压缩步骤将连续地布置在相同的流上。优选地，这个流将是总气流的一部分，首先从环境温度、然后在冷时对其进行压缩。在已经被重新引入该主交换器之后，这个流将一直行进至该交换器的冷端，在这里将其(伪)液化。
根据本发明，该涡轮机叶轮和该增压压缩机的叶轮以相同的转速旋转。
出人意料的是，尽管三个叶轮具有相同的转速，但这仍然可以在压缩步骤中和在膨胀步骤中保持可接受的热力学效率。与由使用两个涡轮机和增压组件构成的现有技术相比，根据本发明，可以减少其投资成本而不会显著损害该方法的效率。
将参考描绘根据本发明的方法的附图而更详细地描述本发明。
本发明的一个主题提供了一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法，其中，空气在第一压缩机中压缩、在热交换器中冷却、并且随后在塔系统中进行分离；液氧在该热交换器逆流中汽化为加压气体流，该加压气体流被(伪)冷凝；气体流在低温膨胀涡轮机中膨胀，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，该低温膨胀涡轮机具有单叶轮、入口温度低于-100℃，在第一增压压缩机中对气体进行压缩，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，此气体已经在该第一增压压缩机中进行压缩，该第一增压压缩机具有单叶轮、入口温度高于-50℃；在第二增压压缩机中对气体进行压缩，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，该第二增压压缩机具有单叶轮、入口温度低于-100℃；在至少该第一增压压缩机中压缩的气体在该热交换器中冷却，通过在该热交换器中进行热交换而促进液氧汽化，并且在离开该热交换器的冷端时进行(伪)液化，其中：
a)由该膨胀涡轮机产生的功用于该第一增压压缩机中的低温压缩步骤以及用于该第二增压压缩机中的压缩步骤；并且
b)用于该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、该第一增压压缩机的叶轮和该第二增压压缩机的叶轮的操作条件被定义为使得这三个叶轮具有相同的转速；并且
c)i)该第一增压压缩机的叶轮、该第二增压压缩机的叶轮和该涡轮机的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上；或者
ii)每个增压压缩机通过转轴连接至该涡轮机的叶轮，这些轴以相同的转速旋转；或者
iii)该第一增压压缩机和该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮各自通过转轴连接至该第二增压压缩机，这些轴以相同的转速旋转；以及
d)该第一压缩步骤允许在冷箱外部产生功，并且这样产生了用于该空气分离方法的冷却功率。
根据其他可选的方面：
-在该膨胀叶轮、该第一增压压缩机的叶轮和该第二增压压缩机的叶轮中，至少一个叶轮具有的效率低于在相同的操作条件下在另一转速下其会具有的效率。
-在该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机中压缩的气体是旨在用于蒸馏的空气。
-在该第一增压压缩机中压缩的至少一些空气或者甚至所有空气、或至少一些气体或者甚至所有气体随后在该第二增压压缩机中压缩。
-由该涡轮机产生的功没有转移到发电机、油压制动器或除该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机以外的压缩机。
-该涡轮机的入口温度低于该第二增压压缩机的入口温度和/或该第一增压压缩机的入口温度。
-该空气首先在该第一增压压缩机中压缩，然后在该第二增压压缩机中压缩。
-在该第一增压压缩机中压缩的所有空气随后在该第二增压压缩机中压缩。
-在该涡轮机中膨胀的空气已经在该第一个增压压缩机中压缩。
-在该涡轮机中膨胀的空气已在该第一增压压缩机中、可能在该第二增压压缩机中压缩。
-在该涡轮机中膨胀的空气尚未在该第一增压压缩机或该第二增压压缩机中压缩。
本发明的另一方面提供了一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的设备，该设备包括热交换器；用于输送在第一压缩机中压缩的空气以在该热交换器中进行冷却的管道；塔系统；用于输送在该热交换器中冷却的空气以在该塔系统中进行分离的管道；用于输送来自该系统的液氧以在该热交换器中进行汽化的管道；用于将加压气体流输送到该热交换器中的管道；具有单叶轮的低温膨胀涡轮机；用于输送来自该热交换器的气体流以在该低温膨胀涡轮机中膨胀的管道，该管道连接至该热交换器的中间点，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，该涡轮机的入口温度低于-100℃；入口温度高于-50℃的第一单级增压压缩机；用于输送气体以在该第一增压压缩机中压缩的管道，该管道可能连接至该热交换器的中间点，该气体是空气或从该塔系统中传送的气体；入口温度低于-100℃的第二单级增压压缩机；用于输送气体以在该第二增压压缩机中压缩的管道，该管道连接至该热交换器的中间点，该气体是空气或从该塔系统中传送的气体，在适当的情况下，用于输送该气体中的至少一部分或者甚至全部该气体以在该第二增压压缩机中压缩的装置，该气体在该第一增压压缩机中压缩；用于输送该气体以在该热交换器中冷却并因此通过在该交换器中进行热交换而促进液氧汽化的管道，该气体在至少该第一增压压缩机中压缩，其中：
a)该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、该第一增压压缩机的叶轮和该第二压缩机的叶轮相互连接，其连接方式是每个叶轮可以具有相同的转速；并且
b)该第一增压压缩机的叶轮、该第二增压压缩机的叶轮和该涡轮机的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上，或者每个增压压缩机通过转轴连接至该涡轮机的叶轮，这些轴被设计为以相同的转速旋转。
根据其他可选的方面：
-该方法利用该第二膨胀涡轮机，这两个涡轮机并联操作，并且该气体流被分为两部分，每个部分在这两个涡轮机中的一个之中膨胀，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体。
-在该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机中压缩的气体是旨在用于蒸馏的空气。
-该设备包括用于输送在该第一增压压缩机中压缩的至少一些空气或者甚至所有空气、或至少一些气体或者甚至所有气体以在该第二增压压缩机中压缩的装置。
-该涡轮机没有联接到发电机、油压制动器或除该第一和第二增压压缩机以外的压缩机。
-该设备仅包括一个单一涡轮机。
-该设备包括用于将来自该第一增压压缩机、可能来自该第二增压压缩机的空气输送到该涡轮机的装置。
图1描绘了一种用于在双塔中通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法，该双塔具有可选的尖塔。
来自双塔的、被压缩到第一塔(由附图标记MP表示)压力的空气流被分成两部分。流3在主热交换器E1中冷却并且被输送至第一塔MP。其余的空气5在分成两部分之前在辅助增压压缩机S中进行压缩并在冷却器R中冷却。将空气的一部分7输送至主热交换器E1，在这里使其冷却到此热交换器的中间温度，该中间温度低于-100℃。在此温度下，将流7被输送至涡轮机T，在这里使其在与流3混合之前膨胀至第一塔的压力，并且将其输送至第一塔。
将来自增压压缩机S的空气的另一部分9输送至第一增压压缩机B1，而没有在热交换器E1中冷却。然后，空气9在被输送至热交换器的热端之前在冷却器中冷却，在该热交换器的热端处使其冷却到热交换器的中间温度，该中间温度仍高于涡轮机T的入口温度。空气9在此中间温度下离开交换器E1并且在第二增压压缩机B2中进行压缩。已压缩的空气在高于中间温度且高于涡轮机T的入口温度的温度下返回至交换器E1。在B2中压缩的空气继续在热交换器E1中冷却直到冷端，并且在阀V中膨胀而以液体或伪冷凝形式返回塔MP。此膨胀液体的一部分也可以返回低压塔BP。
第一增压压缩机和第二增压压缩机都是仅具有一个压缩叶轮的单级增压压缩机。
第一增压压缩机B1的叶轮、第二增压压缩机B2的叶轮和涡轮机T的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上或安装在固定连接的轴上。
涡轮机T没有联接至发电机或油压制动器。它仅驱动第一增压压缩机B1和第二增压压缩机B2。
第一增压压缩机B1的入口温度高于-50℃、可能高于0℃、优选地高于10℃。第二增压压缩机B2的入口温度低于-100℃。
富含氧气的液体和富含氮气的液体作为回流液体从第一塔MP输送至第二塔(由附图标记BP表示)。第一塔的塔顶气体在第二塔的底部冷凝器中冷凝，并且冷凝并返回第一塔。
在图2的方法中，仅使用了两个增压压缩机。被压缩到压力比第一塔压力高至少5巴的气流1被分成两个部分7、9。将部分7输送至主热交换器E1，在这里使其冷却到此交换器的中间温度，该中间温度低于-100℃。在此温度下，将流7输送至涡轮机T，在这里使其膨胀至第一塔的压力。在第二增压压缩机B2中对空气的一部分9进行压缩。将已经在水制冷剂中冷却之后的已压缩的空气输送至热交换器E1的热端，在这里使其冷却到热交换器的中间温度，该中间温度仍高于或等于涡轮机T的入口温度。空气9在此中间温度下离开交换器E1并且在第二增压压缩机B2中进行压缩。已压缩的空气在高于涡轮机T的入口温度的温度下返回至交换器E1。在B2中压缩的空气继续在热交换器E1中冷却直到冷端，并且在阀中膨胀而以液体或伪冷凝形式返回塔MP。此膨胀液体的一部分也可以返回低压塔BP。
第一增压压缩机和第二增压压缩机都是仅具有一个压缩叶轮的单级增压压缩机。第一增压压缩机B1的叶轮、第二增压压缩机B2的叶轮和涡轮机T的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上或安装在固定连接的轴上。
涡轮机T没有联接至发电机或油压制动器。它仅驱动第一增压压缩机B1和第二增压压缩机B2。
第一增压压缩机B1的入口温度高于0℃。第二增压压缩机B2的入口温度低于-100℃。
在两个图中，由该膨胀涡轮机产生的功用于该第一增压压缩机中的低温压缩步骤以及用于该第二增压压缩机中的压缩步骤。
用于该膨胀涡轮机T的叶轮、该第一增压压缩机B1的叶轮和该第二增压压缩机B2的叶轮的操作条件被定义为使得这三个叶轮具有相同的转速。
在图中，第一增压压缩机B1的叶轮、第二增压压缩机B2的叶轮和涡轮机T的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上。
否则，每个增压压缩机可以通过转轴连接至该涡轮机的叶轮，这些轴以相同的转速旋转。
在该膨胀叶轮、该第一增压压缩机的叶轮和该第二增压压缩机的叶轮中，至少一个叶轮具有的效率低于在相同的操作条件下在另一转速下其会具有的效率。
至少一个、或者甚至至少两个、或者甚至所有叶轮都不以其最佳效率操作。
应当理解，本发明还适用于在入口温度高于-50℃的第一增压压缩机中和在入口温度低于-100℃的第二增压压缩机中对来自蒸馏的氮气或另一种气体的流进行压缩的情况。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的方法，其中，空气在第一压缩机中压缩、在热交换器(E1)中冷却、并且随后在塔(MP，BP)系统中进行分离；液氧(11)在该热交换器逆流中汽化为加压气体流，该加压气体流被(伪)冷凝；气体流在具有单叶轮的低温膨胀涡轮机中膨胀、可能在具有单叶轮的第二膨胀涡轮机中膨胀，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，每个涡轮机的入口温度低于-100℃；在第一增压压缩机(B1)中对气体进行压缩，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，该第一增压压缩机具有单叶轮、入口温度高于-50℃；在第二增压压缩机(B2)中对气体进行压缩，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，此气体已经在该第一增压压缩机中进行压缩，该第二增压压缩机具有单叶轮、入口温度低于-100℃；在至少该第一增压压缩机中压缩的气体在该热交换器中冷却，通过在该热交换器中进行热交换而促进液氧汽化，并且在离开该热交换器的冷端时进行(伪)液化，其中：
a)由该膨胀涡轮机(T)产生的、可能由该第二膨胀涡轮机产生的功用于该第一增压压缩机中的低温压缩步骤以及用于该第二增压压缩机中的压缩步骤；
b)该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮的、可能是该第二膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、该第一增压压缩机的叶轮和该第二增压压缩机的叶轮的操作条件被定义为使得这三个或者甚至四个叶轮具有相同的转速；
c)i)该第一增压压缩机的叶轮、该第二增压压缩机的叶轮和该涡轮机的叶轮、可能该第二膨胀涡轮机的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上；或者
ii)该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机各自通过转轴连接至该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、可能连接至该第二涡轮机的叶轮，这些轴以相同的转速旋转；或者
iii)该第一增压压缩机和该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮各自通过转轴连接至该第二增压压缩机，这些轴以相同的转速旋转；以及
d)该第一压缩步骤允许在冷箱外部产生功，并且这样产生了用于该空气分离方法的冷却功率。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，该方法利用该第二膨胀涡轮机，其中，这两个涡轮机并联操作，并且该气体流被分为两部分，每个部分在这两个涡轮机中的一个之中膨胀，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，在该膨胀叶轮(T)、该第二膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、该第一增压压缩机(B1)的叶轮和该第二增压压缩机(B2)的叶轮中，至少一个叶轮具有的效率低于在相同的操作条件下在另一转速下其会具有的效率。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，在该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机(B1，B2)中压缩的气体是旨在用于蒸馏的空气。
5.如权利要求1、2或3所述的方法，其中，在该第一增压压缩机(B1)中压缩的至少一些空气或者甚至所有空气、或至少一些气体或者甚至所有气体随后在该第二增压压缩机(B2)中压缩。
6.如前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其中，由该涡轮机(T)、可能由该第二涡轮机产生的功没有转移到发电机、油压制动器或除该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机(B1，B2)以外的压缩机。
7.如前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其中，该涡轮机(T)、可能该第二涡轮机的入口温度低于该第二增压压缩机(B2)的入口温度和/或该第一增压压缩机(B1)的入口温度。
8.如前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其中，该空气首先在该第一增压压缩机(B1)中压缩，然后在该第二增压压缩机(B2)中压缩。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其中，在该第一增压压缩机(B1)中压缩的所有空气随后在该第二增压压缩机(B2)中压缩。
10.如前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其中，在该涡轮机(T)中膨胀的空气已经在该第一个增压压缩机(B1)中压缩。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，在该涡轮机(T)中膨胀的空气已经在该第一增压压缩机(B1)中、可能在该第二增压压缩机(B2)中压缩。
12.如权利要求1至9之一所述的方法，其中，在该涡轮机(T)中膨胀的空气尚未在该第一增压压缩机或该第二增压压缩机中压缩。
13.一种用于通过低温蒸馏来分离空气的设备，该设备包括热交换器(E1)；用于输送在第一压缩机中压缩的空气以在该热交换器中进行冷却的管道；塔系统(MP，BP)；用于输送在该热交换器中冷却的空气以在该塔系统中进行分离的管道；用于输送来自该系统的液氧(11)以在该热交换器中进行汽化的管道；用于将加压气体流输送到该热交换器中的管道；具有单叶轮的低温膨胀涡轮机(T)；用于输送来自该热交换器的气体流以在该低温膨胀涡轮机(T)中、可能在第二膨胀涡轮机中膨胀的管道，该管道连接至该热交换器的中间点，该气体是空气或从该塔系统传送的气体，每个涡轮机的入口温度低于-100℃；入口温度高于-50℃的第一单级增压压缩机(B1)；用于输送气体以在该第一增压压缩机中压缩的管道，该管道可能连接至该热交换器的中间点，该气体是空气或从该塔系统中传送的气体；入口温度低于-100℃的第二单级增压压缩机(B2)；用于输送气体以在该第二增压压缩机中压缩的管道，该管道连接至该热交换器的中间点，该气体是空气或从该塔系统中传送的气体，在适当的情况下，用于输送该气体中的至少一部分或者甚至全部该气体以在该第二增压压缩机(B2)中压缩的装置，该气体在该第一增压压缩机(B1)中压缩；用于输送该气体以在该热交换器中冷却并因此通过在该交换器中进行热交换而促进液氧汽化的管道，该气体在至少该第一增压压缩机中压缩，其中：
a)该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、可能该第二涡轮机的叶轮、该第一增压压缩机的叶轮和该第二压缩机的叶轮相互连接，其连接方式是每个叶轮可以具有相同的转速；并且
b)i)该第一增压压缩机的叶轮、该第二增压压缩机的叶轮和该涡轮机的叶轮、可能该第二膨胀涡轮机的叶轮安装在相同的转轴上；或者
ii)该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机各自通过转轴连接至该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮、可能连接至该第二涡轮机的叶轮，这些轴能够以相同的转速旋转；或者
iii)该第一增压压缩机和该膨胀涡轮机的叶轮各自通过转轴连接至该第二增压压缩机，这些轴能够以相同的转速旋转。
14.如权利要求13所述的设备，其中，在该第一增压压缩机和该第二增压压缩机(B1，B2)中压缩的气体是旨在用于蒸馏的空气。
15.如权利要求13或14所述的设备，包括用于输送至少一些空气或者甚至所有空气以在该第二增压压缩机(B2)中压缩的装置，该空气在该第一增压压缩机(B1)中压缩。
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