CN111158291A - High-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control - Google Patents
High-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control Download PDFInfo
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- CN111158291A CN111158291A CN202010010536.7A CN202010010536A CN111158291A CN 111158291 A CN111158291 A CN 111158291A CN 202010010536 A CN202010010536 A CN 202010010536A CN 111158291 A CN111158291 A CN 111158291A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control, which comprises an ARM processor, a digital-to-analog conversion chip, an operational amplifier, a first divider resistor, a comparator and a sampling holder, wherein the ARM processor comprises a timer, the timer generates a PWM signal and controls the frequency of the PWM signal in a cascading mode, the analog-to-digital conversion chip controls the output voltage of the PWM signal, the operational amplifier amplifies the output voltage, the first divider resistor divides the PWM signal into 1/2 voltage, the comparator detects the duty ratio and the frequency of the PWM signal by adopting a rising edge and a falling edge, the sampling holder detects the high-low level voltage of the PWM signal and transmits the high-low level voltage to the ARM processor, and the sampling holder can generate and detect the frequency, And the duty ratio and the high-low level voltage are adjustable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ARM, logic control and signal acquisition, in particular to a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control.
Background
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a very efficient technique for controlling analog circuits using the digital output of a microprocessor. With the development of electronic technology, PWM technology is widely used in the fields of power electronics, measurement, detection, and communication. Therefore, the design of a PWM signal generation and detection system with high integration level and small signal error still has high practical application value. In a single chip microcomputer integrated system, more PWM signal generating systems exist, and more systems for generating or detecting PWM signals with fixed frequency, duty ratio and high and low level voltage are designed. Meanwhile, systems for generating and detecting broadband PWM signals are few, namely PWM signals with adjustable frequency, duty ratio and high-low level voltage cannot be generated and detected at the same time.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control, which can simultaneously generate and detect PWM signals with adjustable frequency, duty ratio and high-low level voltage.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control, which includes an ARM processor, a digital-to-analog conversion chip, an operational amplifier, a first voltage-dividing resistor, a comparator and a sample holder, wherein the ARM processor includes a timer, the ARM processor, the digital-to-analog conversion chip and the operational amplifier are sequentially electrically connected, the first voltage-dividing resistor is respectively electrically connected to the comparator and the sample holder, the comparator and the sample holder are respectively electrically connected to the ARM processor,
the ARM processor is used for generating a PWM signal, controlling the output voltage of the digital-to-analog conversion chip and receiving the detection data of the comparator and the sampling holder;
the timer is used for controlling the frequency of the PWM signal in a cascading mode;
the digital-to-analog conversion chip is used for performing digital-to-analog conversion on the PWM signal to control output voltage;
the operational amplifier is used for amplifying the output voltage of the digital-to-analog conversion chip;
the first voltage dividing resistor is used for 1/2 voltage division of the voltage of the PWM signal and transmitting the voltage to the comparator and the sampling holder;
the comparator is used for receiving the divided PWM signal and detecting the PWM signal by adopting a rising edge and a falling edge;
and the sampling holder is used for receiving the divided PWM signal and detecting high and low level voltages.
Wherein, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control also comprises a digital isolation chip which is electrically connected with the ARM processor and the digital-to-analog conversion chip,
and the digital isolation chip is used for isolating the influence of the main control circuit on the PWM signal generating circuit.
Wherein, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control also comprises a single-pole double-throw analog switch which is electrically connected with the digital-to-analog conversion chip and the ARM processor,
and the single-pole double-throw analog switch is used for receiving the PWM signal and controlling the switching of high and low levels.
Wherein the high-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control further comprises an XOR gate electrically connected with the comparator, the ARM processor and the sample holder,
the exclusive-or gate is used for controlling the sampling and holding of the sampling holder.
Wherein the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control further comprises a second voltage-dividing resistor, the second voltage-dividing resistor is electrically connected with the sample holder and the ARM processor,
and the second voltage division resistor is used for further dividing the output voltage of the sampling holder and transmitting the output voltage to the ARM processor.
Wherein the high-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control further comprises a plurality of voltage followers, the voltage followers are electrically connected with the output end of the operational amplifier and the output end of the first voltage-dividing resistor,
and the voltage follower is used for ensuring the integrity and the anti-interference performance of the PWM signal.
Wherein, the ARM processor also comprises an analog-to-digital conversion interface which is electrically connected with the second divider resistor,
and the analog-to-digital conversion interface is used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the voltage divided by the second voltage dividing resistor.
Wherein the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control also comprises an upper computer which is electrically connected with the ARM processor,
and the upper computer is used for receiving an initialization completion instruction sent by the ARM processor after being electrified, and sending a control instruction to control the ARM processor to work.
The invention relates to a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control, which comprises an ARM processor, a digital-to-analog conversion chip, an operational amplifier, a first divider resistor, a comparator and a sampling holder, wherein the ARM processor comprises a timer, the ARM processor, the digital-to-analog conversion chip and the operational amplifier are sequentially and electrically connected, the first divider resistor is respectively and electrically connected with the comparator and the sampling holder, the comparator and the sampling holder are respectively and electrically connected with the ARM processor, a PWM signal is generated by the ARM processor, the frequency of the PWM signal is controlled by the timer in a cascading mode, the output voltage of the PWM signal is controlled by the analog-to-digital conversion chip, and the output voltage is amplified by the operational amplifier, when the PWM signal is detected, 1/2 voltage division is carried out on the PWM signal by utilizing the first voltage division resistor, duty ratio and frequency detection are carried out on the PWM signal by adopting a rising edge and a falling edge through the comparator, high and low level voltage of the PWM signal is detected by utilizing the sampling holder and is transmitted to the ARM processor, and the ARM processor receives a control instruction of the upper computer and can simultaneously generate and detect the PWM signal with adjustable frequency, duty ratio and high and low level voltage.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control according to the present invention.
The circuit comprises a 1-ARM processor, a 2-digital-to-analog conversion chip, a 3-operational amplifier, a 4-first voltage dividing resistor, a 5-comparator, a 6-sampling retainer, a 7-digital isolation chip, an 8-single-pole double-throw analog switch, a 9-exclusive-OR gate, a 10-second voltage dividing resistor, an 11-timer, a 12-analog-to-digital conversion interface, a 13-voltage follower and a 14-upper computer.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "length", "width", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships illustrated in the drawings, and are used merely for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Further, in the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
Referring to fig. 1, the present invention provides a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control includes an ARM processor 1, a digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, an operational amplifier 3, a first voltage-dividing resistor 4, a comparator 5 and a sample holder 6, the ARM processor 1 includes a timer 11, the ARM processor 1, the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 and the operational amplifier 3 are sequentially electrically connected, the first voltage-dividing resistor 4 is respectively electrically connected to the comparator 5 and the sample holder 6, the comparator 5 and the sample holder 6 are respectively electrically connected to the ARM processor 1,
the ARM processor 1 is used for generating a PWM signal, controlling the output voltage of the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 and receiving detection data of the comparator 5 and the sampling holder 6;
the timer 11 is configured to control the frequency of the PWM signal in a cascade manner;
the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 is used for performing digital-to-analog conversion on the PWM signal to control output voltage;
the operational amplifier 3 is used for amplifying the output voltage of the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2;
the first voltage dividing resistor 4 is used for 1/2 voltage division of the voltage of the PWM signal and transmitting the voltage to the comparator 5 and the sample holder 6;
the comparator 5 is configured to receive the divided PWM signal and detect the PWM signal by using a rising edge and a falling edge;
and the sample holder 6 is used for receiving the divided PWM signal and detecting high and low level voltages.
In this embodiment, the system for generating and detecting a high-precision PWM signal based on edge control includes an ARM processor 1, a digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, an operational amplifier 3, a first voltage-dividing resistor 4, a comparator 5 and a sample holder 6, the ARM processor 1 includes a timer 11, the ARM processor 1, the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 and the operational amplifier 3 are electrically connected in sequence, the first voltage-dividing resistor 4 is electrically connected to the comparator 5 and the sample holder 6, respectively, the comparator 5 and the sample holder 6 are electrically connected to the ARM processor 1, the ARM processor 1 generates a low-level PWM signal of 0V and a high-level PWM signal of 3.3V, the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 is utilized to output levels of different sizes, and the problem of precision inside the ARM processor 1 and the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 is considered, adopting the external digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 to output a voltage between 0 and 2.5V outwards, amplifying the output voltage by 12 times through the operational amplifier 3 to obtain a voltage between 0 and 30V, generating a PWM signal between 0Hz and 10kHz, cascading two timers 11 in the ARM processor 1, functionally connecting the timers through a program, adding one timer 11 behind the other timer 11 to form a 32-bit timer 11, counting the other counter 1 after the timer 11 counts the maximum overflow, counting the previous timer 11 and then the overflow, and sequentially adding one timer 11 after the next timer 11 so as to always count the two timers 11, thereby realizing the expansion of the maximum period to 858993s
(0.000001Hz), the counting range of the whole timer 11 is expanded, so that the output frequency range is expanded, the ARM can output both the PWM signal with the ultra-low frequency of 1Hz and the PWM signal with the high frequency of 10kHz, the signals can be output more stably through the cascade ARM, when the PWM signals are detected, the voltage of the PWM signals is subjected to 1/2 voltage division processing by using the first voltage dividing resistor 4, the noise interference is reduced, then the divided voltage is transmitted to the positive input end of the comparator 5, the voltage is compared with the 200mV voltage of the reverse input end, the high-level 0-15V PWM signals are converted into the PWM signals with the high level of 3.3V and the low level of 0V, the PWM signals are sent to the ARM processor 1 to be subjected to frequency and duty ratio detection, the comparator 5 sets the rising edge and the falling edge to be respectively subjected to external interrupt capture, setting a timer 11 to count for 1s, taking the rising edge as an interrupt service function of external interrupt to add 1 to a variable, namely, clearing the interrupt after adding 1 to the variable every time the interrupt is entered once, finally checking the value of the variable, namely the number of the rising edges of the PWM signal in 1s after the timer 11 times for 1s, setting a corresponding frequency division coefficient and counting time for the timer 11 according to the value of the variable, effectively ensuring the accuracy of detecting frequency and duty ratio, using the divided voltage to keep the level voltage of the PWM signal through the sampling holder 6, sending the level voltage to the ARM processor 1 to detect the voltage, the sampling holder 6 ensuring the stability of the sampling PWM level, enhancing the anti-interference capability of the system, making the detection more stable, and more simultaneously generating and detecting the frequency, And the duty ratio and the high-low level voltage are adjustable.
The ARM processor 1 and the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 communicate with each other through the SPI, for example, a 16-bit DAC8560 is used, since 4 LSBs of the chip are valid, that is, the theoretically identifiable minimum voltage is 4/65536 ═ 0.000061035V, and 0.000061035/2.5< 0.1% meets the accuracy of 0.1%, the chip internally includes a 16-bit digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, the reference voltage is 2.5V, and communicates with the ARM processor 1 through the SPI, wherein the SPI communication has a clock signal, the idle state of the serial synchronous clock is high level, and data is sampled at the first transition edge of the serial synchronous clock, and the data signal can be transmitted in a orderly manner according to the clock timing, thereby enhancing the integrity of data transmission. The specific operation steps are that according to a reference circuit, the ARM processor 1 is connected with the relevant pins of the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, 24-bit data is sent to the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, but the SPI configuration can transmit up to 8 bits of data so we can transmit 24 bits of data in three divisions, the ARM processor 1 writes instructions of 0x4c,0x04,0x00 and 0x49,0x04,0x01 into the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 through the SPI, since the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 receives the quantized values, the Data that we input must be converted by a calculation formula, specifically Data 65535 Vol/2.5, i.e. finally we send through the ARM processor 1 the 16-ary value of the Data conversion, after receiving the instruction, the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 performs digital-to-analog conversion according to the internal 16-bit digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, and outputs a voltage between 0 and 2.5V to the outside.
Furthermore, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control also comprises a digital isolation chip 7, the digital isolation chip 7 is electrically connected with the ARM processor 1 and the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2,
and the digital isolation chip 7 is used for isolating the influence of the main control circuit on the PWM signal generating circuit.
In this embodiment, the high-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control further includes a digital isolation chip 7, the digital isolation chip 7 is electrically connected to the ARM processor 1 and the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, so as to isolate the PWM signal generation circuit from other parts, and the power consumption index caused by the PWM signal generation does not interfere with other parts of the system, i.e. the test circuit and the main control circuit are physically completely isolated, thereby improving the overall performance of the system.
Furthermore, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control also comprises a single-pole double-throw analog switch 8, the single-pole double-throw analog switch 8 is electrically connected with the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 and the ARM processor 1,
and the single-pole double-throw analog switch 8 is used for receiving the PWM signal and controlling the switching of high and low levels.
In this embodiment, the high-precision PWM signal generation and detection system based on edge control further includes a single-pole double-throw analog switch 8, the single-pole double-throw analog switch 8 is electrically connected to the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 and the ARM processor 1, and the PWM signal generated by the ARM processor 1 is connected to the input end of the single-pole double-throw analog switch 8 to control the state of the single-pole double-throw analog switch 8, so that switching between high and low levels is realized, and the stability of the whole system is enhanced.
Further, the system for generating and detecting the high-precision PWM signal based on the edge control also comprises an XOR gate 9, the XOR gate 9 is electrically connected with the comparator 5, the ARM processor 1 and the sample holder 6,
the xor gate 9 is used to control the sampling and holding of the sample holder 6.
In this embodiment, the system for generating and detecting a high-precision PWM signal based on edge control further includes an xor gate 9, the xor gate 9 is electrically connected to the comparator 5, the ARM processor 1 and the sample-and-hold unit 6, and the sample-and-hold unit 6 is controlled by the output of the xor gate 9, wherein one end of the input end of the xor gate 9 is connected to the PWM signal after passing through the comparator 5, and the other end of the input end of the xor gate 9 is connected to a general IO port of the ARM processor 1, and the output level of the xor gate 9 is determined by both the PWM signal and the general IO output, for example: when the high level voltage is adopted, the IO port outputs a low level, and the high level is obtained by xoring the high level and the low level, so that the logic input end of the sample holder 6 is a high level. Similarly, when the low level voltage is adopted, the IO port outputs the high level, the latch of the high level or the low level voltage is carried out by the single sampling retainer 6 in a time-sharing manner, the number of the sampling retainers is reduced, and the whole circuit system is optimized.
Further, the system for generating and detecting the high-precision PWM signal based on the edge control also comprises a second voltage-dividing resistor 10, the second voltage-dividing resistor 10 is electrically connected with the sample holder 6 and the ARM processor 1,
the second voltage dividing resistor 10 is configured to further divide the output voltage of the sample holder 6 and transmit the divided output voltage to the ARM processor 1.
In this embodiment, the system for generating and detecting a high-precision PWM signal based on edge control further includes a second voltage dividing resistor 10, wherein the second voltage dividing resistor 10 is electrically connected to the sample holder 6 and the ARM processor 1, and configured to 1/4 step down the output voltage of the sample holder 6 and transmit the output voltage to the ARM processor 1.
Further, the system for generating and detecting a high-precision PWM signal based on edge control further comprises a plurality of voltage followers 13, the voltage followers 13 are electrically connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier 3 and the output terminal of the first voltage-dividing resistor 4, the number of the voltage followers 13 is plural,
the voltage follower 13 is used for ensuring the integrity and the anti-interference performance of the PWM signal.
In this embodiment, the system for generating and detecting a high-precision PWM signal based on edge control further includes a voltage follower 13, where the voltage follower 13 is electrically connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier 3, so as to ensure the integrity and anti-interference of the PWM signal, and is electrically connected to the output terminal of the first voltage-dividing resistor 4, so as to improve the subsequent load capability of the system, and the number of the voltage followers 13 is multiple.
Further, the ARM processor further includes an analog-to-digital conversion interface 12, the analog-to-digital conversion interface 12 is electrically connected to the second voltage-dividing resistor 10,
the analog-to-digital conversion interface 12 is configured to perform analog-to-digital conversion on the voltage divided by the second voltage dividing resistor 10.
In this embodiment, the ARM processor further includes an analog-to-digital conversion interface 12, where the analog-to-digital conversion interface 12 is electrically connected to the second voltage dividing resistor 10, and performs analog-to-digital conversion on the voltage divided by the second voltage dividing resistor 10, so as to facilitate voltage detection of the ARM processor 1.
Further, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control also comprises an upper computer 14, the upper computer 14 is electrically connected with the ARM processor 1,
the upper computer 14 is used for receiving an initialization completion instruction sent by the ARM processor 1 after being powered on, and sending a control instruction to control the ARM processor 1 to work.
In this embodiment, the high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control further includes an upper computer 14, where the upper computer 14 is electrically connected to the ARM processor 1, and is capable of receiving an initialization completion instruction sent after the ARM processor 1 is powered on, and sending a control instruction according to the initialization completion instruction, so as to control the ARM processor 1 to detect, generate, and detect at the same time to generate the PWM signal.
The invention relates to a high-precision PWM signal generating and detecting system based on edge control, which comprises an ARM processor 1, a digital-to-analog conversion chip 2, an operational amplifier 3, a first divider resistor 4, a comparator 5 and a sampling holder 6, wherein the ARM processor 1 comprises a timer 11, the ARM processor 1, the digital-to-analog conversion chip 2 and the operational amplifier 3 are sequentially and electrically connected, the first divider resistor 4 is respectively and electrically connected with the comparator 5 and the sampling holder 6, the comparator 5 and the sampling holder 6 are respectively and electrically connected with the ARM processor 1, PWM signals are generated by the ARM processor 1, the timer 11 is used for controlling the frequency of the PWM signals in a cascading mode, and the analog-to-digital conversion chip 2 is used for controlling the output voltage of the PWM signals, and utilize the operational amplifier 3 to amplify the output voltage, utilize the analog switch 8 of the said single-pole double-throw to switch over the high-low level at the same time, while detecting the said PWM signal, utilize the said first divider resistance 4 to carry on 1/2 voltage division with the said PWM signal, adopt the rising edge and falling edge to carry on the detection of duty ratio and frequency to the said PWM signal through the said comparator 5, utilize the said sample keeper 6 to detect the high-low level voltage of the said PWM signal, and combine the said exclusive-or gate 9, to the said sample keeper 6 time sharing metal high level or low level latch, and transmit to the said ARM processor 1, has promoted the stability of the system, and utilize the said digital isolation chip 7 to improve the antijamming capability of the system, can produce and detect the PWM signal that frequency, duty ratio and high-low level voltage are adjustable at the same time.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. The system for generating and detecting the high-precision PWM signal based on the edge control is characterized by comprising an ARM processor, a digital-to-analog conversion chip, an operational amplifier, a first divider resistor, a comparator and a sampling holder, wherein the ARM processor comprises a timer, the ARM processor, the digital-to-analog conversion chip and the operational amplifier are sequentially and electrically connected, the first divider resistor is respectively and electrically connected with the comparator and the sampling holder, the comparator and the sampling holder are respectively and electrically connected with the ARM processor,
the ARM processor is used for generating a PWM signal, controlling the output voltage of the digital-to-analog conversion chip and receiving the detection data of the comparator and the sampling holder;
the timer is used for controlling the frequency of the PWM signal in a cascading mode;
the digital-to-analog conversion chip is used for performing digital-to-analog conversion on the PWM signal to control output voltage;
the operational amplifier is used for amplifying the output voltage of the digital-to-analog conversion chip;
the first voltage dividing resistor is used for 1/2 voltage division of the voltage of the PWM signal and transmitting the voltage to the comparator and the sampling holder;
the comparator is used for receiving the divided PWM signal and detecting the PWM signal by adopting a rising edge and a falling edge;
and the sampling holder is used for receiving the divided PWM signal and detecting high and low level voltages.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a digital isolation chip electrically connected to the ARM processor and the DAC chip,
and the digital isolation chip is used for isolating the influence of the main control circuit on the PWM signal generating circuit.
3. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the system further comprises a single-pole double-throw analog switch electrically connected to the DAC chip and the ARM processor,
and the single-pole double-throw analog switch is used for receiving the PWM signal and controlling the switching of high and low levels.
4. The edge-control-based high precision PWM signal generating and detecting system of claim 3 further comprising an XOR gate electrically connected to said comparator, said ARM processor and said sample holder,
the exclusive-or gate is used for controlling the sampling and holding of the sampling holder.
5. The edge-control-based high precision PWM signal generating and detecting system of claim 4, further comprising a second voltage dividing resistor electrically connected to said sample holder and said ARM processor,
and the second voltage division resistor is used for further dividing the output voltage of the sampling holder and transmitting the output voltage to the ARM processor.
6. The system according to claim 5, wherein the system further comprises a plurality of voltage followers, the voltage followers are electrically connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier and the output terminal of the first voltage-dividing resistor,
and the voltage follower is used for ensuring the integrity and the anti-interference performance of the PWM signal.
7. The system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the ARM processor further comprises an analog-to-digital conversion interface electrically connected to the second voltage dividing resistor,
and the analog-to-digital conversion interface is used for performing analog-to-digital conversion on the voltage divided by the second voltage dividing resistor.
8. The system of claim 7, further comprising a host computer electrically connected to the ARM processor,
and the upper computer is used for receiving an initialization completion instruction sent by the ARM processor after being electrified, and sending a control instruction to control the ARM processor to work.
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| CN114221642A (en) * | 2022-02-22 | 2022-03-22 | 浙江地芯引力科技有限公司 | PWM wave generation and duty ratio control method, device, timer and equipment |
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Application publication date: 20200515 |