CN111141599B - True triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting fracturing hole direction - Google Patents
True triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting fracturing hole direction Download PDFInfo
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- CN111141599B CN111141599B CN202010158904.2A CN202010158904A CN111141599B CN 111141599 B CN111141599 B CN 111141599B CN 202010158904 A CN202010158904 A CN 202010158904A CN 111141599 B CN111141599 B CN 111141599B
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- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention discloses a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracturing hole, which comprises the steps of preparing a sample, drilling an inclined blind hole as the fracturing hole in the center of the top of the sample by using a drilling machine; installing a fracturing pipe; the test sample is arranged on a true triaxial test testing device; applying a triaxial stress; performing a fracturing test; other tests of the same group; and (6) collating the test data. The method is characterized in that an inclined blind hole is drilled in the center of the top of a sample to serve as a fracturing hole, the sample is placed in a true triaxial test device to perform a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of the fracturing hole, parameters such as the angle of the fracturing hole are continuously adjusted, the method is used for researching the influence of the included angle between a hydraulic fracturing drill hole and three-dimensional stress on a hydraulic fracturing fracture expansion mechanism, and guidance is provided for engineering practice.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of coal-rock mass simulation tests, and particularly relates to a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracturing hole.
Background
The deep coal seam has the characteristics of low permeability, high stress, high gas pressure and high temperature, and has good demonstration effect on hydraulic fracturing and wetting of the coal seam in order to improve the air permeability of the coal seam, reduce the accumulation of coal rock elastic energy and simultaneously achieve the effect of reducing the temperature. The improvement of the permeability of the coal seam is the key of coal seam gas extraction from the current situation of gas disaster prevention and control research. The problem can be better solved by a hydraulic fracturing permeability-increasing technology in consideration of comprehensive safety and application effect. The coal body is a porous medium and has abundant primary fractures. In the hydraulic fracturing process, the weak surface of the original fracture of the coal body is cracked, expanded and extended under the action of high-pressure water flow, so that the area inside the coal bed is divided. On one hand, the division function increases the space volume of the original crack weak surface through the opening and the expansion of the weak surface; on the other hand, because the original fractures extend to gradually form a communication network among the fractures, and a gas migration channel is increased, the permeability of the coal bed is greatly improved due to the formation of the fracture communication network, the integral pressure relief of a hydraulic fracture area of the coal body is realized, and the adsorbed gas is quickly desorbed, so that the aims of improving the gas extraction rate and reducing the outburst risk of the coal and the gas are fulfilled.
However, the propagation path of the hydraulic fracture of the coal seam is closely related to the primary three-dimensional stress, and the existing literature shows that the hydraulic fracture mainly propagates along the direction perpendicular to the minimum principal stress, so that the optimal fracturing effect cannot be achieved. The research is mostly focused on the hydraulic fracturing crack propagation mechanism under the condition of crack prefabrication, however, in engineering practice, the cost of crack prefabrication of a deep coal seam is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracturing hole by utilizing a true triaxial test device, which is used for researching the influence of an included angle between a hydraulic fracturing drill hole and three-dimensional stress on a hydraulic fracturing fracture expansion mechanism and providing guidance for engineering practice.
Therefore, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracturing hole comprises the following steps:
step one, sample preparation;
(1) cutting the raw coal block into hexahedrons, and then processing the hexahedrons by a grinding machine to ensure that the flatness of the end surface of the hexahedron is within +/-0.02 mm;
(2) drilling an inclined blind hole as a fracturing hole in the center of the top of the sample by using a drilling machine;
step two, mounting a fracturing pipe;
selecting a fracturing pipe with the outer diameter and the fracturing hole and the length being 8-12 mm smaller than the depth of the fracturing hole, uniformly coating silicon rubber on the outer wall of the fracturing pipe, obliquely inserting the fracturing pipe along the direction of the fracturing hole, sealing a gap between the outer wall of the fracturing pipe and the inner wall of the fracturing hole through the silicon rubber, and then installing a universal sealing joint at the opening part of the fracturing hole;
thirdly, mounting the sample on a true triaxial test testing device;
the test device for the true triaxial test comprises a host, a host supporting assembly, a slide rail supporting assembly and servo oil cylinders, wherein six sets of servo oil cylinders are arranged in the up-down, left-right and front-back directions outside the host, the slide rail extends back and forth below the host and is supported on the ground through the slide rail supporting assembly after penetrating through the host, the host comprises an integral annular frame formed by casting, openings are formed in the front and back sides of the integral annular frame, a cover plate is arranged on the outer side of each opening position, the integral annular frame and the cover plates form a host shell, an inner cavity of the host is used for placing a sample, sample cushion blocks are respectively arranged outside the upper, lower, left, right, front and back sides of the sample, and a sample moving support capable of moving back and forth on the slide rail is arranged below the; oil cylinder moving supports capable of moving back and forth on the sliding rails are arranged below the servo oil cylinders on the front side and the rear side respectively, the cover plate can move along with the servo oil cylinders on the corresponding side, the servo oil cylinders on the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side are fixedly arranged outside the corresponding sides of the integral annular frame, a load sensor is arranged in the middle of the front end of a piston rod of each servo oil cylinder, and a pressure head is arranged at the front end of each load sensor after penetrating through the main case;
the inner walls of the front, rear, left and right sample cushion blocks are provided with at least four acoustic transmitters which are uniformly distributed, a sample is placed into a cavity formed by the six sample cushion blocks and is sealed into a sample sealing gasket by combining with the edge sealant at the joint of the sample cushion blocks after being quickly locked and assembled, and thus the sample is sealed; the seamed edge sealant is formed by brushing liquid silicon rubber on seamed edges to be sealed, and sealing between sample cushion blocks can be realized after the silicon rubber is solidified;
firstly, a sample sealing gasket is arranged on a lower pressure head, then an upper pressure head is controlled to move downwards to be arranged together with a universal sealing joint, meanwhile, the upper pressure head is attached to the upper surface of the sample sealing gasket, and finally, the front pressure head, the rear pressure head, the left pressure head and the right pressure head are respectively controlled to move, so that the corresponding pressure heads are respectively attached to the corresponding surfaces of the sample sealing gasket;
step four, applying triaxial stress;
applying stress to the sample to a preset value through the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower six pressure heads;
step five, performing a fracturing test;
opening an acoustic emission instrument, injecting high-pressure water into a raw coal test piece through a fracturing hole for hydraulic fracturing, closing the fracturing hole to stop fracturing after the water pressure is reduced by 50%, and recording pressure and displacement changes, acoustic emission information and flow information of the front pressure head, the rear pressure head, the left pressure head, the right pressure head, the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head in the process;
step six, performing other tests in the same group;
changing a raw coal test piece, changing the inclination angle of a drill hole, or changing the triaxial pressure and the water injection rate, and repeating the steps from the first step to the fifth step;
and step seven, collating the test data.
Preferably, the sample is a cube and the sample size is 200 × 200 × 200 mm.
More preferably, the aperture of the fracturing hole is 12mm, and the depth of the fracturing hole is 105 mm.
More preferably, the length of the fracturing pipe is 95 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the novel true triaxial test testing device is adopted, compared with a cavity structure formed by enclosing of an inner layer frame and an outer layer frame in the prior art, only an integral annular frame formed by casting is arranged on a host machine of the testing device, and six sample cushion blocks arranged outside a sample enclose a sample gasket for containing the sample, so that an independent pressure-resistant cavity formed between the inner layer and the outer layer in the prior art is omitted, a pressure head directly abuts against the sample cushion block on the corresponding side after penetrating through a host machine shell, more integral annular frames with larger space arrangement size and thickness can be made, and therefore the cavity can bear larger pressure, and a simulation test in a more complex environment can be met;
(2) because the inner layer frame is omitted, the servo oil cylinder directly applies force to each surface of the sample without penetrating through the pressure-resistant cavity, and the servo oil cylinder penetrates through the pressure-resistant cavity and also needs considering dynamic sealing, the structure is simplified, the cost is reduced, and the reliability is higher; meanwhile, the traditional inner layer frame is thinner than the outer layer frame, so that the inner layer frame is easy to expand and deform under high pressure, and the sealing property between the inner frame and the servo oil cylinder is further influenced;
(3) in the testing device, a pressure head and a sample cushion block are separately designed, and the joint of the sample cushion block is sealed after being coated with liquid silicone rubber and cured, so that injected fluid cannot seep into an external area;
(4) holes are formed in the front side and the rear side of the integral annular frame, a cover plate is arranged on the outer side of each hole, and a host shell is formed by the holes, so that parts on the front side of the sample can be more conveniently installed; in the traditional structure, a cover plate is only arranged at a rear side hole, parts at the front side need to be overhauled or assembled and disassembled, and a sample needs to be moved out of the integral annular frame through a sample moving bracket, so that the traditional structure is very troublesome;
(5) the method is characterized in that an inclined blind hole is drilled in the center of the top of a sample to serve as a fracturing hole, the sample is placed in a true triaxial test device to perform a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of the fracturing hole, parameters such as the angle of the fracturing hole are continuously adjusted, the method is used for researching the influence of the included angle between a hydraulic fracturing drill hole and three-dimensional stress on a hydraulic fracturing fracture expansion mechanism, and guidance is provided for engineering practice.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a true triaxial test apparatus used in the present invention (including two states of sample loading and unloading).
FIG. 2 is a left side view of the mainframe and the mainframe support assembly of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a sample gasket surrounded by six sample spacers.
Fig. 4 is a front view in cross-section of fig. 3.
FIG. 5 shows the cured state of silicone rubber for sample block edge sealing.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
a true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracturing hole comprises the following steps:
step one, sample preparation;
(1) cutting the raw coal block into hexahedrons, and then processing the hexahedrons by a grinding machine to ensure that the flatness of the end surface of the hexahedron is within +/-0.02 mm;
(2) and drilling an inclined blind hole as a fracturing hole 15 in the center of the top of the sample by using a drilling machine.
Step two, mounting a fracturing pipe;
selecting a fracturing pipe with the outer diameter equal to the diameter of the fracturing hole 15 and the length 8-12 mm smaller than the depth of the fracturing hole 15, uniformly coating silicon rubber on the outer wall of the fracturing pipe, inserting the fracturing pipe in an inclined mode along the direction of the fracturing hole 15, sealing a gap between the outer wall of the fracturing pipe and the inner wall of the fracturing hole 15 through the silicon rubber, and then installing a universal sealing joint 16 at the opening of the fracturing hole 15.
Preferably, the sample is a cube and the sample size is 200X 200 mm. The diameter of the fracturing hole 15 is 12mm, the depth of the hole is 105mm, and the length of the fracturing pipe is 95mm, but the method is not limited to the above.
Thirdly, mounting the sample on a true triaxial test testing device;
as shown in fig. 1-4, the true triaxial test testing device mainly comprises a host a, a host supporting assembly B, a slide rail C, a slide rail supporting assembly D and a servo oil cylinder E. The main machine A is supported on the ground through a main machine supporting component B, and six sets of servo oil cylinders E are arranged in the up-down, left-right and front-back directions (namely the three directions of XYZ) outside the main machine A. Slide rail C extends the setting around host computer A below, and slide rail C passes behind the host computer A and supports subaerial through slide rail supporting component D.
The integral annular frame 1 is formed by casting, the front side and the rear side of the integral annular frame 1 are provided with holes, and the outer side of each hole position is provided with a cover plate 2. The whole annular frame 1 and the two cover plates 2 jointly form a main chassis. The inner cavity of the main machine is used for placing a sample 3, and the upper side, the lower side, the left side, the right side, the front side and the rear side of the sample 3 are respectively provided with sample cushion blocks 4, so that six sample cushion blocks 4 are needed. A sample moving bracket 5 which can move back and forth on the slide rail C is arranged below the sample cushion block 4 positioned at the lower side.
The servo oil cylinders E on the front side and the rear side are arranged outside the cover plate 2 on the corresponding side, oil cylinder moving supports 6 capable of moving on the sliding rails C back and forth are arranged below the servo oil cylinders E on the front side and the rear side, and the cover plate 2 can move along with the servo oil cylinders E on the corresponding side. The servo oil cylinders E on the upper, lower, left and right sides are arranged outside the corresponding sides of the integral annular frame.
A load sensor 8 is arranged at the center of the front end of a piston rod 7 of the servo oil cylinder E, and the load sensor 8 is preferably installed in an embedded mode. The front end of the load sensor 8 is provided with a pressure head 9, and the front end of the load sensor 8 penetrates through the main case and is provided with the pressure head 9. When the sample 3 is loaded, the pressure head 9 is directly abutted against the sample cushion block 4 on the corresponding side. Before the test, the sample cushion block 4 is installed outside the sample 3, the joint of the sample cushion block 4 is sealed, after the sealing is completed, the sample 3 is placed on the sample moving support 5, the sample moving support 5 and the oil cylinder moving support 6 on the rear side are sequentially pushed into the inner cavity of the host machine and fixed, and the test is performed after all the pressure heads 9 are directly abutted to the sample cushion block 4 on the corresponding side.
At least four acoustic transmitters which are uniformly distributed are arranged on the inner wall of each sample cushion block 4 which is positioned at the front, the back, the left and the right, and the acoustic transmitters on each sample cushion block 4 are not limited to four, and can be five or nine. Placing a sample into a cavity surrounded by six sample cushion blocks 4, assembling and installing the sample through a quick lock 14, and then sealing the sample into a sample sealing gasket by combining with the edge sealant at the joint of the sample cushion blocks 4 so as to seal the sample 3; the liquid silicon rubber is coated on the seamed edge to be sealed, and the seamed edge can be sealed between the sample cushion blocks 4 after the silicon rubber is solidified (as shown in figure 5). The pre-sealing is realized after the silicon rubber is cured, and during the test, the silicon rubber is tightly attached to the sample through the confining pressure of the inner cavity of the host, so that the sealing between the adjacent surfaces of the sample cushion blocks 4 can be realized, and the boundary effect at the edge can be weakened. Preferably, a cylinder displacement sensor 10 is arranged in the servo cylinder E, the servo cylinders E on the upper, lower, left and right sides are fixedly installed on the integral annular frame 1 through end covers 11, the servo cylinders E on the front and rear sides are fixedly installed on the integral annular frame 1 through cover plates 2, and all the positions where the piston rods 7 penetrate through the main case are provided with bushings so as to ensure the sealing property of the inner cavity of the main case.
Preferably, sample deformation displacement sensors 12 are arranged in pairs in the XYZ direction outside a sealed cavity enclosed by six sample cushion blocks 4, the sample deformation displacement sensors 12 are installed outside the edges of the sample cushion blocks 4 through displacement sensor extension rods 13, and a pair of sample deformation displacement sensors 12 in the same direction are arranged in a diagonally staggered manner, so that the measurement of unbalanced and uneven deformation under the condition of true triaxial can be realized.
Preferably, two sets of electro-hydraulic servo superchargers are also arranged to respectively provide confining pressure for the inner cavity of the main machine and provide water injection pressure or osmotic pressure for the sample, so that the confining pressure, the water injection pressure or the osmotic pressure are respectively controlled, and complicated test conditions can be completed. The working pressure of a control high-pressure valve in the electro-hydraulic servo supercharger is greater than the highest output pressure of the supercharging, so as to ensure high reliability and long service life of the work.
Preferably, the axial plunger pump hydraulic source is also arranged, and the hydraulic source is provided with high-low pressure conversion, so that the high-low pressure can be switched smoothly during the test.
Firstly, a sample is filled into a sample sealing gasket surrounded by six sample cushion blocks 4, liquid silicon rubber is coated on edges, after the silicon rubber is solidified, the sample is pushed into an inner cavity of a main machine through a sample moving support 5, finally, cover plates 2 on the front side and the rear side are installed on an integral annular frame 1 through an oil cylinder moving support 6, the inner cavity of the main machine is guaranteed to be sealed during installation, and then, a test is started.
Firstly, the sample sealing gasket is arranged on the lower pressure head, then the upper pressure head is controlled to move downwards to be arranged together with the universal sealing joint 16, meanwhile, the upper pressure head is attached to the upper surface of the sample sealing gasket, and finally, the four pressure heads in front, back, left and right are respectively controlled to move, so that the corresponding pressure heads are respectively attached to the corresponding surfaces of the sample sealing gasket.
Step four, applying triaxial stress;
applying stress to the sample to a preset value through the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower six pressure heads;
step five, performing a fracturing test;
and (3) opening the acoustic emission instrument, injecting high-pressure water into the raw coal test piece through the fracturing hole 15 for hydraulic fracturing, closing the fracturing hole 15 to stop fracturing after the water pressure is reduced by 50%, and recording pressure and displacement changes, acoustic emission information and flow information of the front pressure head, the rear pressure head, the left pressure head, the right pressure head, the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head in the process.
Step six, performing other tests in the same group;
and (5) replacing the raw coal test piece, changing the inclination angle of the drilling hole, or changing the triaxial pressure and the water injection rate, and repeating the steps from the first step to the fifth step.
And step seven, collating the test data. The table below shows the recorded data during the test, in which data the drilling angle is perpendicular to σ 1 and at σ 3.
Claims (4)
1. A true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracturing hole is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, sample preparation;
(1) cutting the raw coal block into hexahedrons, and then processing the hexahedrons by a grinding machine to ensure that the flatness of the end surface of the hexahedron is within +/-0.02 mm;
(2) drilling an inclined blind hole as a fracturing hole (15) in the center of the top of the sample by using a drilling machine;
step two, mounting a fracturing pipe;
selecting a fracturing pipe with the outer diameter equal to the diameter of the fracturing hole (15) and the length 8-12 mm smaller than the depth of the fracturing hole (15), uniformly coating silicon rubber on the outer wall of the fracturing pipe, obliquely inserting the fracturing pipe along the direction of the fracturing hole (15), sealing a gap between the outer wall of the fracturing pipe and the inner wall of the fracturing hole (15) through the silicon rubber, and then installing a universal sealing joint (16) at the opening part of the fracturing hole (15);
thirdly, mounting the sample on a true triaxial test testing device;
the true triaxial test testing device comprises a host (A), a host supporting component (B), a slide rail (C), a slide rail supporting component (D) and servo oil cylinders (E), wherein six sets of servo oil cylinders (E) are arranged in the upper-lower, left-right and front-back directions outside the host (A), the slide rail (C) extends and is arranged in the front-back direction below the host (A) and passes through the host (A) and then is supported on the ground through the slide rail supporting component (D), the host (A) comprises a cast integral annular frame (1), holes are formed in the front side and the back side of the integral annular frame (1), a cover plate (2) is arranged outside each hole position, the integral annular frame (1) and the cover plate (2) enclose to form a host shell, an inner cavity of the host is used for placing a sample (3), and sample cushion blocks (4) are respectively arranged outside the upper side, the lower side, the left side, the right side, the front, a sample moving bracket (5) which can move back and forth on the slide rail (C) is arranged below the sample cushion block (4) positioned at the lower side; oil cylinder moving supports (6) capable of moving back and forth on a sliding rail (C) are arranged below the servo oil cylinders (E) on the front side and the rear side respectively, the cover plate (2) can move along with the servo oil cylinders (E) on the corresponding side, the servo oil cylinders (E) on the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side are fixedly arranged outside the corresponding side of the integral annular frame (1), a load sensor (8) is arranged in the middle position of the front end of a piston rod (7) of each servo oil cylinder (E), and a pressure head (9) is installed at the front end of each load sensor (8) after penetrating through the main machine shell;
at least four acoustic transmitters which are uniformly distributed are arranged on the inner wall of each sample cushion block (4) positioned at the front, the back, the left and the right, a sample is placed in a cavity surrounded by the six sample cushion blocks (4), and is combined and arranged through a quick lock (14) and then sealed by combining with the edge sealant at the joint of the sample cushion blocks (4) to form a sample sealing gasket, so that the sample (3) is sealed therein; the seamed edge sealant is formed by brushing liquid silicon rubber on seamed edges to be sealed, and the sealing between the sample cushion blocks (4) can be realized after the silicon rubber is cured;
firstly, a sample sealing gasket is arranged on a lower pressure head, then an upper pressure head is controlled to move downwards to be arranged with a universal sealing joint (16), meanwhile, the upper pressure head is attached to the upper surface of the sample sealing gasket, and finally, the front pressure head, the rear pressure head, the left pressure head and the right pressure head are respectively controlled to move, so that the corresponding pressure heads are respectively attached to the corresponding surfaces of the sample sealing gasket;
step four, applying triaxial stress;
applying stress to the sample to a preset value through the front, rear, left, right, upper and lower six pressure heads;
step five, performing a fracturing test;
opening an acoustic emission instrument, injecting high-pressure water into a raw coal test piece through a fracturing hole (15) for hydraulic fracturing, closing the fracturing hole (15) to stop fracturing after the water pressure is reduced by 50%, and recording pressure and displacement changes, acoustic emission information and flow information of front, rear, left, right, upper and lower pressure heads in the process;
step six, performing other tests in the same group;
changing a raw coal test piece, changing the inclination angle of a drill hole, or changing the triaxial pressure and the water injection rate, and repeating the steps from the first step to the fifth step;
and step seven, collating the test data.
2. The true triaxial hydraulic fracture test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracture hole according to claim 1, wherein: the sample is a cube and the sample size is 200X 200 mm.
3. The true triaxial hydraulic fracture test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracture hole according to claim 1, wherein: the aperture of the fracturing hole (15) is 12mm, and the hole depth is 105 mm.
4. The true triaxial hydraulic fracture test method capable of adjusting the direction of a fracture hole according to claim 3, wherein: the fracturing pipe is 95mm in length.
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