CN1111058A - 胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集抑制剂 - Google Patents
胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1111058A CN1111058A CN94190422A CN94190422A CN1111058A CN 1111058 A CN1111058 A CN 1111058A CN 94190422 A CN94190422 A CN 94190422A CN 94190422 A CN94190422 A CN 94190422A CN 1111058 A CN1111058 A CN 1111058A
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- protein
- collagen
- platelet aggregation
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- collagen protein
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Abstract
公开了一种从医用水蛭属粗制提取物中分离的
蛋白质，它能比较强的抑制血小板与胶原蛋白的结合
以及由此产生的能导致血小板凝集和血栓形成的活
化。此外此蛋白质可阻止Von Willebrand因子与胶
原蛋白的结合。本文描述了蛋白质的分离纯化方法
及它在阻断胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集上的应用。
这种新蛋白质(Brandinin)的分子量约为15KD，能
结合胶原蛋白，但不具有胶原裂解活性。这种蛋白质
被用在血栓疾病的预防和治疗，并用于包被血液接触
的物质，使它们抗血栓。
Description
本发明是有关一种新的蛋白质，它是一种很强的胶原蛋白激活的血小板活化和凝集的抑制剂，并且最重要的是它可以防止胶原蛋白和VonWillebrand′s因子间的相互作用。
人类的正常止血是由包含细胞和体液的生物化学成分在内的一系列复杂的相互联系的机理控制的。生物化学途径包含完整的内皮细胞受损，血小板的激活和凝集机制的活化。当一个管壁受损时，首先是内皮下膜暴露于血液。内皮下的胶原蛋白被认为是最早的刺激物之一，它导致血小板粘附，随后是形状的改变，凝集并形成血栓。
因此，在血小板粘附和/或血小板凝集的水平上的干涉疗法对预防和治疗大部分血栓疾病有益。
已知知道水蛭唾液含有几种能抑制血小板凝集的因子：
水蛭素是一种众所周知的化合物（MerckIndex1983No.4613;FEBSLett.165.180（1984））。水蛭素通过结合到凝血酶上形成1∶1化学计量复合物可防止凝血酶诱导的血小板凝集。这样就抑制了凝血酶催化的纤维蛋白原转化成纤维蛋白。
一种低分子量受体介导的血小板活化因子拮抗剂被公开在EP-A-0348208中，它来自水蛭（Hirudinidae）唾液中，具有抑制通过凝集因子如PAF-acether诱导的血小板凝集的活性。
一种胶原酶被公开在WO/87/00860中，它可通过胶原蛋白分子的肽链螺旋区的肽键水解断裂来特别降解胶原蛋白。
医用水蛭（Hirudomedicinalis）不仅使用水蛭素来阻止被叮咬的部分的血栓形成，被水蛭叮咬后的最显著的特征是流血时间可延长10至24小时以上，但水蛭素看来在15-30分钟内就被冲刷出伤口。因此，一定有不同于水蛭素的其他物质与这种作用有关。
近来从医用水蛭中得到一种分子量为65KD被称为“Calin”的蛋白质（WO92/07005），它能阻止胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集。另一种低分子量（16KD）胶原蛋白诱导的血小板凝集抑制剂，被称为LAPP，是从药用南美水蛭属（Haementeriaofficinalis）中发现的（EP-A-0480651）。
这两种蛋白质中没有一种显示可影响VonWillebrand′s因子（vWF）介导的血小板粘附这一重要特征。这种因子是一种糖蛋白的多聚体复合物，它在血小板功能上具有重要的作用。在血管损伤部位正常血小板粘附于暴露的内皮下膜及正常血小板栓形成时需要它。vWF的功能在小口径管腔中最为重要，因在这些部位血管壁的切应力普遍高。现已认识到vWF作用的根本机理在于与内皮下膜成分及血小板膜上特异受体这间的相互作用（Ruggeri等，1992，Meth.Enz.215，263-275）。因此，相应的蛋白质干扰vWF可以在治疗应用上提供另外一种好方法。
现在发现一种新的分子量为15KD的蛋白质，可作为胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集和粘附的强抑制剂，最重要的是它可阻止胶原蛋白和vWF之间的相互作用。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种具有抑制胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集能力和阻止胶原蛋白与vWF之间相互作用的基本纯的蛋白，它可从医用水蛭的唾液中得到。
本发明的这种新蛋白质分子量为14-15.5KD，优选14.5-15.0（由使用方法决定），它阻止胶原蛋白和vWF之间的相互作用。与此结果相比，已知的LAPP分子量为16KD，是从药用南美水蛭属中分离出来的。LAPP对vWF的影响现在还不能被证明。另外一个重要的特征是LAPP和本发明的这种蛋白质（Brandinin）的氨基酸序列不同。
这些和其他不同将在下文举例说明，以区别本发明的蛋白质与其他具有抑制血小板凝集活性的蛋白质。
本发明的蛋白质包括所公开的纯化蛋白质的变异，它们保留所分离蛋白质活性，包括片段，亚单位，自然发生的突变和随机产生的人工突变体。也包括杂种蛋白质如从所公开蛋白质中衍生来的融合蛋白质。
此外，本发明涉及一种用本身已知的标准技术制备该新蛋白质的方法。因此，本发明的目的是提供一种基本纯的蛋白质的生产方法，这种蛋白质具有抑制胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集和阻止胶原蛋白和VonWillebrand′s因子间相互作用的能力，分子量为14到15.5KD，其特征在于任选用制备性电泳一步纯化法从医用水蛭唾液中分离纯化得到。本发明的典型方法包括医用水蛭的冷冻干燥粗唾液在pH7.5-8.5的常规缓冲系中重建，及至少经过一个常规层析步骤，优选凝胶渗透层析来纯化。
此外，本发明涉及药物制剂和医学装置。因此，本发明的另一目的是提供一种药物制剂，它包括如上所定义的活化成分蛋白质，以及一种或多种药用载体、赋形剂或稀释剂。
本发明的药物制剂任选可以包括另外的活性成分如抗凝血剂如水蛭素或肝素或溶解血栓的因子如纤维蛋白溶酶原活性剂或hementin。
本发明的新蛋白质和药物制剂，分别地可用于治疗各种血栓栓塞疾病，包括静脉的血栓形成、外周动脉的血栓形成、脑血管的血栓形成和心肌梗塞，也适用于动静脉短路的病人，或进行冠状动脉分流手术的病人。该药物制剂也用于治疗自身免疫疾病，包括红斑狼疮，类风湿性关节炎和多结节性关节炎。本发明的药物制剂也用来模仿被水蛭叮咬后长时间流血现象，所以可全部或部分代替现称为水蛭治疗的那些方法中的水蛭。
本发明的新蛋白质可与任何无毒性的有机或无机酸形成药学上可接受的盐。无机酸是例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸或磷酸和酸的金属盐如正磷酸一氢钠和硫酸氢钾。有机酸例如为一、二和三元羧酸如乙酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、苯甲酸、羟基苯甲酸、苯乙酸、肉桂酸、水杨酸和磺酸如甲磺酸。末端氨基酸残基的羧基的盐包括与任何适当的无机或有机碱形成的无毒性的羧酸盐。这些碱包括例如碱金属如钠和钾，碱土金属如钙和镁，ⅢA组的轻金属包括铝，和有机伯、仲和叔胺如三烷基胺，包括三乙胺、普鲁卡因、二苄胺、1-乙烯胺、N，N′-二苄乙二胺、二氢枞胺和N-烷基哌啶。
本发明的制剂可作为单位剂量给药，它包含常规的无毒性药用载体、稀释剂、佐剂和赋形剂，一般为非胃肠道给药。“非胃肠道”一词包括皮下的、静脉内、动脉内和气管内的注射和输入技术。本发明的单位剂量可包含本发明的蛋白质的日需要量，或少量多次以达到要求剂量。给病人（哺乳动物，包括人）的最佳治疗剂量取决于多方面因素，如所用具体活性物质的活性、年龄、体重、身体状况、性别、饮食、给药的时间和途径、清除率等等。因此，抑制胶原蛋白对血小板凝集的刺激所需血液浓度优选在0.1mg/l到50mg/l范围内。
在本文中，“药用载体”一词意为一种惰性的、无毒的固体或液体填充剂、稀释剂或制作胶囊的物质，对活性化合物或病人没有不利反应。适当的、优选的液体载体是本领域已知的，如无菌水、盐水、葡萄糖水、糖溶液、乙醇、乙二醇和油，包括石油、动物油、植物油或合成油如花生油、大豆油和矿物油。本发明的载体还有药用的适合使用前包衣的凝胶或乳膏、通常是由塑料物质和合成纤维制成医学装置（见下面）。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种可植入的或体外的医学装置，用于与体液接触以使该装置表面基本抗血栓，该装置已被如上所定义的固定化蛋白质包被。本发明的这种蛋白质被固定在该医学装置上以使其表面具有生物相容和抗血栓性能。这种装置有时具有典型地诱导血小板凝集的可浸润表面，这点是它们被用作可植入的和体外的装置与血液或其他液体相接触时不利之处。例如这些装置是假体、人造器官、缝线、人造血管节、导管、渗析器、运送血液的管道和容器。
包被医学装置和固定蛋白质的方法是根据标准技术进行的（如US4，885，207）。
最后，本发明还涉及如上所定义的蛋白质用来制备药物的用途，这种药物抑制体内或体外的胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集和vWF与胶原蛋白结合，并可进行体外治疗。
图1：从水蛭唾液中经凝胶渗透层析法纯化Brandinin。在实施例2中详细说明。划黑的区域表示活性流份。曲线下面的数字（3-14）表示流份。
图2：Brandinin通过SDS-凝胶电泳的纯化。详细说明见实施例4。标出的是流份号（8-12）和标记（M）。流份10和11在实施例1所述实验中为阳性。
图3：经AzocollR测淀的溶胶原活性的标准曲线。详细说明见实施例4。纵轴：在560nm处的光密度（OD），横轴：胶原酶活性（mU/实验）。
图4a：胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集的剂量依赖性抑制。详细说明见实施例5。纵轴：凝集百分数，横轴：Brandinin的浓度（nM）。
图4b：抑制血小板凝集的胶原蛋白特异性。详细说明见实施例5。纵轴：凝集百分比，横轴：1＝对照，2＝胶原蛋白，3＝ADP。
图5：vWF与胶原蛋白结合的剂量依赖性抑制。详细说明见实施例6。纵轴：405nm处的光密度（OD）;横轴：纯化蛋白质的浓度（nM）。
…▲…纯化蛋白质;…·…对照w/o蛋白质
以下实施例详细说明本发明：
实施例1：
从医用水蛭属中得到的作为胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集的抑制剂的蛋白质的体外活性。
在医用水蛭的粗制唾液中能够检出在富含血小板的血浆（PRP）中由于胶原蛋白的存在而引起的剂量依赖性的血小板凝集的抑制活性。
用终浓度为0.38%的枸椽酸钠来抗凝从志愿者中抽出的血液。通过差数离心来制备富含血小板和很少含有血小板的血浆。
在凝集仪PAP-4（Biodata）中通过加入不同浓度的胶原蛋白hormR（Hormonchemie）来进行血小板凝集反应。参数为加入胶原蛋白后最大的消除（extinction）。抗血栓剂形成剂减低该值。
上面所述的实验，用于跟踪下列蛋白纯化和表征本发明的纯化蛋白。
实施例2
蛋白质的分离和层析纯化
本发明的蛋白质可从医用水蛭属的粗制唾液中分离出来。冻干的唾液可在20mMTris-HCl、10mMCaCl2pH8.0（TC-缓冲液）中重建，浓度为20mg/ml。唾液被加到-CM-FraktogelR柱上（E.Merck，Darmstadt，FRG），并且同的缓冲液中的NaCl梯度来洗脱。在实例1中所述血小板抑制实验中有活性的柱流份不含水蛭素活性。最后的纯化是在二醇改性的硅胶柱上，在20mMTris-HCl、10mMCaCl2、200mMNaCl，pH8.0（TCN-缓冲液）中经凝胶渗透层析进行的。这个纯化步骤的典型例子如图1所示。纯化蛋白的量与粗制唾液的蛋白量相比占5%。同其他实验得到的产量在2%到7%之间。
实施例3
用制备性电泳进行蛋白质的一步纯化
另外，用制备性电泳可一步成功地分离得到蛋白质。在“Perp-cell”R仪上按制造商的指示，一般用10%的丙烯酰胺聚合形成圆柱形的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶。将样品加入电泳缓冲液。在电泳过程中，与电泳方向呈直角的一缓冲液流用于将洗脱出来的蛋白质送到流份收集器中。这些流份用分析型SDS-聚丙烯酰胺电泳仪进行分析，并根据分子量将15.0KD的流份混合。在另一不同实验中分子量指定为14.5KD。
实施例4
蛋白质的特征
具有实施例1所述活性的纯化蛋白质分子量约为15000D，在SDS-PAGE中简化条件下测定。图2表示从如实施例2中所述典型的凝胶渗透层析中得到的有活性的流份。凝胶上的蛋白通过银染显色。
用纯化的蛋白质在一面描述的优选的实验方法中我们没有检测到任何蛋白水解活性。经resorufinR（Boehringer，Mannheim，FRG）共价修饰的酸氨被用作蛋白激酶K的底物，作为阳性对照。向50μl0.4%的resorufin标记的酪氨酸溶液中加入50μl200mMTris、20mMCaCl2pH7.8的缓冲液和100μl样品溶液。37℃孵育24小时后，加入450μl5%的三氯乙酸溶液终止反应。反应混合物离心后，取400μl上清液转移到含有600μlpH8.8的500mMTris的小杯中。在574nm处的吸光度可立即读出。粗制唾液的24小时培养物显示明显的蛋白水解活性，而对于纯化蛋白质，观察到吸光度略低于背景水平（表1，见下面）。
除了蛋白水解活性外（如上所述）粗制唾液还有溶胶原活性。检测这种活性的优选方法是以下述方式应用azocoll，一种非特异的产色胶原酶底物。将AzocollR（Calbiochem）悬浮在50mMTris，200mMNaCl、0.1%Brij35、0.01%NaN3pH8.0（缓冲液A）中，浓度为20mg/ml，并用离心、抽吸、再悬浮洗涤两次。将100μl样品或对照缓冲液用移液管加到96孔微滴定板的孔中，作为缓冲液A中的连续稀释，然后加入100μlazocoll悬浮液。该混合物在37℃下孵育18小时。将未消化的底物用1000×g离心10分钟沉淀，以终止反应。将上清液转移到一个新的微滴定板中并在560nm读取吸光度。从溶组织梭状芽胞杆菌（Sigma）中得到的胶原酶用来制备标准曲线（图3）。
表1
唾液和纯化蛋白质的蛋白水解活性
均数+/-标准差，n＝3次试验
表2含有用此实验进行的典型测试的结果。与粗制唾液和另一名为Calin的水蛭蛋白质相反（它们在azocoll实验中表现出活性），令人惊异地发现本发明的纯化蛋白质在背景水平以上没有显著的溶胶原活性。
实施例5
纯化蛋白对血小板凝集的剂量依赖性抑制
富含血小板的血浆和实验化合物在37℃孵育2分钟，通过加入胶原蛋白达到终浓度1.25μg/ml产生凝集。本发明的蛋白质（Brandinin）显示IC50约为15nM。进一步实验得到的结果在0.5到100nM之间。唾液的粗提取物表现出胶原蛋白激活的及ADP激活血小板凝集。相反，Brandinin在最高可能浓度也无反应。详见图4a和4b。
实施例6
纯化蛋白质在体外对vWF与胶原蛋白结合的抑制
除抑制血小板和胶原蛋白间的直接相互作用外，令人惊异的是本发明的纯化蛋白质另外具有干扰vWF结合的能力。
用从马腱上得到的I型胶原蛋白包被96孔微滴定板来说明这一点，每孔用5μg。将胶原蛋白溶液在0.1M乙酸中，并用pH7.2的磷酸盐缓冲液透析18小时。在37℃孵育1小时后，这些孔用250μl10mg/mlBSA的PBS缓冲液封闭，并且无BSA的PBS缓冲液洗三次。加入25μl含有本发明蛋白质的样品，然后加入75μl在PBS中稀释1∶80的人血浆，PBS中含有5mMEDTA、0.1%BSA、0.001%Tween80pH7.4，并在37℃孵育2小时。然后再洗，结合的vWF用结合到马辣根过氧化物酶上的100μl稀释1/4000的多克隆兔抗-vWF抗血清（Dako，Copenhagen，Denmark）进行检测。此抗血清在37℃孵育1小时。用ABTS在37℃显色30分钟，在405nm测定。在一些实验中用纯化的vWF因子（Serbio，Remagen，FRG）代替人血浆，与血浆测定的结果非常相似。
血浆中和纯化状态的vWF的结合都可被本发明的纯化蛋白Brandinin以剂量依赖性方式抑制。标准条件下50%抑制的浓度约为40nM（范围在0.5nM到100nM）（图5）。
通过与胶原蛋白结合，Brandinin不仅可抑制血小板和胶原蛋白之间的作用，而且抑制VonWillebrand因子与皮下基质成分的结合。
Claims (10)
1、一种能够抑制胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集并能阻止胶原蛋白与Von Willebrand′s因子(vWF)的相互作用的基本纯的蛋白质，它可从医用水蛭(Hirudo medicinalis)的唾液中得到。
2、权利要求1的蛋白质，它的分子量为14-15.5KD。
3、一种制备能够抑制胶原蛋白激活的血小板凝集并能阻止胶原蛋白和Von Willebrand′s因子（vWF）的相互作用，分子量为14-15.5KD的基本纯的蛋白质的方法，其特征在于从医用水蛭的唾液中分离和纯化此蛋白质。
4、权利要求3的方法，其特征在于用制备性电泳从粗品中一步分离该蛋白质。
5、含有权利要求1或2的蛋白质作为活性成分，还含有一种或多种药用载体、赋形剂或稀释剂的药物制剂。
6、权利要求5的药物制剂，它还含有溶血栓剂或抗凝剂。
7、权利要求5或6的药物制剂，其中所述载体包括适用于使用前包被医用装置的凝胶基质或软膏。
8、一种可植入或体外的医用装置，用于与体液接触以使该装置表面为基本生物非溶性和抗血栓性，该装置用权利要求1或2的固定化蛋白质包被。
9、权利要求1或2的蛋白质用于制备抑制体内、体外血小板凝集或进行体外治疗的药物的用途。
10、权利要求1或2的蛋白质用于制备阻止Von Willebrand′s因子（vWF）与胶原蛋白在体内、体外或体外治疗时结合的药物的用途。
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| US6774107B1 (en) | 1999-03-18 | 2004-08-10 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Protein for blocking platelet adhesion |
| US7928066B1 (en) | 1999-05-07 | 2011-04-19 | Aventis Pharma Deutschland Gmbh | Recombinant platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein vi and its pharmaceutical use |
| MY128992A (en) | 2000-08-25 | 2007-03-30 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Saratin for inhibiting platelet adhesion to collagen |
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| AU2005287273B2 (en) | 2004-09-07 | 2011-05-12 | Archemix Corp. | Aptamers to von Willebrand Factor and their use as thrombotic disease therapeutics |
| US20070066551A1 (en) * | 2004-09-07 | 2007-03-22 | Keefe Anthony D | Aptamer medicinal chemistry |
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| US20060286548A1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2006-12-21 | Gregory Liposky | Method of making recombinant human antibodies for use in biosensor technology |
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| TWI391143B (zh) * | 2005-11-04 | 2013-04-01 | Otsuka Pharma Co Ltd | 血小板凝集抑制劑組成物 |
| US20080015145A1 (en) | 2006-07-11 | 2008-01-17 | Maria Gyongyossy-Issa | Mimotope receptors and inhibitors for platelet-platelet and platelet-endothelium interactions |
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