CN111090925B - Flood calculation method based on management-free and protection-free check dam anti-collapse - Google Patents

Flood calculation method based on management-free and protection-free check dam anti-collapse Download PDF

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CN111090925B
CN111090925B CN201911088127.2A CN201911088127A CN111090925B CN 111090925 B CN111090925 B CN 111090925B CN 201911088127 A CN201911088127 A CN 201911088127A CN 111090925 B CN111090925 B CN 111090925B
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张金良
苏茂林
宋伟华
张远生
李超群
贺顺德
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Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a flood calculation method based on the non-management and non-breach dam breach prevention, firstly judging whether similar results exist, if so, directly obtaining PMP, if not, screening characteristic elements or element combinations calculated by PMF, and developing a rainstorm mode through rainstorm physical cause analysis, wherein the rainstorm mode is divided into a local mode and a displacement mode, maximizing the rainstorm mode, selecting a water vapor factor and a power factor, carrying out analysis and selection by using rainstorm data of the same type as the selected rainstorm mode, obtaining PMP rainstorm total amount and space-time distribution result of a dam system, finally considering PMF calculation of dam system construction, obtaining PMF of engineering design section through production flow calculation and confluence calculation by PMP, establishing a set of silt dam flood calculation system based on the design concept of breach prevention, using the most possible flood in the discharge flow design and engineering stability calculation of the silt dam, the problem of dam break caused by over-standard flood can be fundamentally solved.

Description

Flood calculation method based on management-free and protection-free check dam anti-collapse
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of engineering hydrology, in particular to a flood calculation method based on management-free and protection-free check dam anti-collapse.
Background
At present, the design standard of a small reservoir is applied to the engineering of a silt dam, a common main dam (large) meets 30-50 years, a common general dam (small and medium) meets 10-30 years, the flood control standard of the silt dam is low, and the overall flood control capacity is weak; secondly, due to the limitation of investment and technology, most of the check dams are not provided with spillway and other drainage buildings, and flood control potential safety hazards and even burst risks exist when over-standard flood occurs; thirdly, the control flow area of the check dam engineering is small, most of the control flow areas are located in loess plateau areas, and over-standard flood caused by local rainstorm is easy to occur and becomes the most main factor causing water damage and even collapse of the check dam; fourthly, the arrangement of the silt dam is characterized by the composition of a series dam system, and an upstream dam is often broken to cause chain dam breaking, thereby directly threatening the life and property safety of people. Therefore, the flood prevention supervision task of the silt dam is increasingly difficult, and the flood prevention of the silt dam becomes a major department, so that the construction of the silt dam is restricted, and the benefit exertion of the engineering of the silt dam is influenced.
Dam break and chain dam break events of the check dam caused by over-standard flood occur occasionally. In the existing design standard of the silt dam, 10 to 50 years later, the designed flood of the standard is calculated by adopting a frequency analysis method, so that the dam break probability exists, namely, the flood exceeding the flood control standard of the silt dam occurs, and the dam break probability is high. And because the check dam is composed of dam systems which are connected in series up and down, but the technical specification and flood control standard of dam system construction are not established at present, the check dam is constructed according to a single dam for a long time, and the reasonability of design flood is directly influenced by the flood influence and combination consideration of upstream dam groups during design.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a flood calculation method based on the management-free and protection-free check of the siltation dam, which is used for calculating the maximum possible rainfall (PMP), then converting the maximum possible rainfall (PMF) through the flow generation convergence calculation, and calculating the approximate upper limit flood of a watershed from physical causes by applying a small watershed PMF design technology based on the thought of the management-free and protection-free check of the siltation dam, and using the PMF as the design flood of the siltation dam so as to reasonably improve the design standard of the siltation dam. A simplified algorithm is selected by combining the hydrological and meteorological characteristics of a drainage basin where a general silt dam is located, upstream flood composition, dam group influence, storage capacity regulation in different application periods and the like are considered, a silt dam flood calculation system based on a burst prevention design concept is established, the maximum flood is used for the discharge design and engineering stability calculation of the silt dam engineering, and the problem of dam burst caused by over-standard flood can be fundamentally solved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the flood calculation method based on the management-free and protection-free check dam anti-collapse comprises the following steps:
step 1, judging whether similar achievements exist, if so, directly obtaining PMP, skipping to step 6, and if not, skipping to step 2;
step 2, distinguishing characteristic elements or element combinations calculated by PMF;
step 3, drawing up a rainstorm mode through analysis of physical causes of rainstorm, wherein the rainstorm mode is divided into a local mode and a displacement mode, and the physical causes of rainstorm comprise weather conditions, rain zone range size and rain zone distribution form, a rainstorm center position, rainstorm duration and distribution;
step 4, maximizing a rainstorm mode, selecting a water vapor factor and a power factor, analyzing and selecting by using rainstorm data of the same type as the selected rainstorm mode, and amplifying the total amount of rainstorm and time interval distribution when the rainstorm mode is maximized;
step 5, calculating the total amount of PMP rainstorm of the dam system and a space-time distribution result;
and 6, taking the PMF calculation of dam system construction into consideration, and obtaining the PMF of the engineering design section through the production flow calculation and confluence calculation of the PMP.
Further, in the step 1, whether similar results exist is judged, and PMPs of similar areas, especially adjacent small watersheds, are considered to be basically equal according to rainstorm flood characteristics, meteorological cause analysis and watershed hydrological and meteorological similarity analysis.
Further, in the step 2, the PMF includes three major elements, namely, a flood peak, a flood volume and a flood process line, and features or element combinations calculated by the PMF are screened for different silt dam projects according to the control basin area and the impoundment storage capacity of the silt dam projects.
Furthermore, in step 5, for the area with scarce rainfall data, the PMP is estimated in a generalized manner by using a "chinese maximum 24h rainfall map", a similar drainage basin actually measured maximum rainfall, and the like.
Furthermore, in the step 5, the rainstorm data of the current drainage basin is compared with the rainstorm data of the adjacent drainage basins, the maximum rainstorm records at home and abroad are compared, the PMP rainstorm total amount and the space-time plane distribution result are compared by using the existing PMP results at home and abroad and the like.
Further, in step 6, the lower infiltration curve buckling loss method-initial loss back loss method which is applicable to the loess plateau hyper-infiltration runoff producing area and simplified is adopted for runoff production calculation, and the formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002266044380000021
in formula (1): rsIs the runoff depth produced corresponding to a rainfall P in mm; i is0Is the initial loss in mm;
Figure BDA0002266044380000022
the average infiltration strength, namely the average after-loss rate in the labor period is in mm/h; t is tcThe duration of labor is given in h.
Further, in step 6, a unit line method is adopted to perform convergence calculation, and the formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002266044380000031
in formula (2): q (t) is a 10mm unit line; qs(t) is a surface runoff process.
Further, if the storm mode during PMP calculation is the local mode, a typical flood method correction method may be used to amplify the measured surface runoff process line of typical flood to obtain PMF by using the ratio of clean rain of PMP to measured clean rain of typical storm.
Further, PMP includes a net rain duration equal portion and a pre-natal portion, and is calculated by:
Figure BDA0002266044380000032
in formula (3): qr(t) and Q0(t) flow rates of typical floods, respectivelyA process line and a base flow; Δ R is the lead rate; u (t) is a unit line or a confluence curve.
Furthermore, the influence of human activities and river topography on the confluence process needs to be noticed in the confluence calculation, namely the overall arrangement of the silt dam system and the characteristics of the watershed water system are considered, different flood area compositions are analyzed, and the PMF of the dam break influence of the upstream reservoir group is considered for the backbone engineering of the dam system.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the flood calculation method based on the management-free silt dam anti-collapse utilizes the principles and methods of hydrometeorology, plans a rainstorm mode through rainstorm physical cause analysis, maximizes the rainstorm mode, calculates the PMP (Per hour) of the maximum possible rainfall, and converts the PMP into the PMF of the maximum possible flood through flow convergence calculation.
2. The invention relates to a flood calculation method based on management-free check dam break prevention, which breaks through the traditional check dam flood prevention standard and design flood calculation thought from the hydrology perspective, establishes a check dam flood calculation method based on a check prevention design concept by introducing PMF (Perfect flood) design technology, and solves the check problem of the check dam caused by overproof torrential storm flood.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flood calculation flow chart based on the prevention of the breach of the non-managed check dam.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first," "second," etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified.
Referring to fig. 1, the flood calculation method based on the anti-collapse of the non-managed check dam comprises the following steps:
step 1, judging whether similar achievements exist, if so, directly obtaining PMP, skipping to step 6, and if not, skipping to step 2;
step 2, distinguishing characteristic elements or element combinations calculated by PMF;
step 3, drawing up a rainstorm mode through analysis of physical causes of rainstorm, wherein the rainstorm mode is divided into a local mode and a displacement mode, and the physical causes of rainstorm comprise weather conditions, rain zone range size and rain zone distribution form, a rainstorm center position, rainstorm duration and distribution;
step 4, maximizing a rainstorm mode, selecting water vapor factor amplification and power factor amplification, analyzing and selecting by using rainstorm data of the same type as the selected rainstorm mode, and amplifying the total amount of rainstorm and time interval distribution when the rainstorm mode is maximized;
step 5, calculating the total amount of PMP rainstorm of the dam system and a space-time distribution result;
and 6, taking the PMF calculation of dam system construction into consideration, and obtaining the PMF of the engineering design section through the production flow calculation and confluence calculation of the PMP.
In the invention, PMF is adopted as design flood of the check dam engineering, the check dam is mainly built in a small watershed, related steps can be optimized in the PMF calculation process, and PMP can be calculated in a partition mode according to hydrological and meteorological similarity analysis of the watershed by combining engineering positions, namely PMP of similar regions, particularly adjacent small watersheds, are basically equal, and PMF is calculated by a single engineering according to the sink production characteristics of the watershed. In the process, the influence of the cascade engineering reservoir dam group and the influence of flood composition on flood at the engineering dam site are considered. Because the silt dam is mainly built in a small watershed and is distributed more intensively, the method has strong operability.
In the step 1, according to rainstorm flood characteristics, weather cause analysis and basin hydrological and weather similarity analysis, whether PMPs of similar areas, particularly adjacent small basins, are considered to be basically equal is judged, whether similar results exist is judged, if similar results exist, PMPs are directly obtained, and the step 6 is entered; if no similar outcome is achieved, step 2 is entered.
In the step 2, in the torrential rain and flood characteristics, the PMF comprises three factors of flood peak, flood volume and flood process line, and characteristic elements or element combinations calculated by the PMF are screened for different silt dam projects according to the control flow area and the storage reservoir capacity of the silt dam projects.
In the step 3, if the design drainage basin has the heavy rainstorm data with the severe space-time distribution, one extra heavy rainstorm can be selected from the design drainage basin to be used as an actual measurement typical rainstorm mode, and if the design drainage basin lacks the extra heavy rainstorm data with the severe space-time distribution, the actual measurement extra heavy rainstorm in the weather consistent area can be moved to be used as the rainstorm mode by necessary correction. According to whether the design drainage basin has enough extra-large rainstorm data or not, the local mode is selected as the main mode, and the displacement mode is selected as the auxiliary mode.
In the step 5, for the area with scarce rainfall data, the PMP is estimated in a generalized manner by using a Chinese maximum 24h point rainfall map and a similar drainage basin to measure the maximum point rainfall. Specifically, the Chinese rainfall map with the maximum 24h point is used for meeting the requirement of estimating important dam protection flood of small and medium-sized reservoirs, and the applicable area is generally 1000km2Hereinafter, the contour line can be referred to for the area where PMP calculation is difficult in the small watershed damAnd (5) a drawing result.
In the step 5, in order to ensure the possibility and the immediacy of the result, the total amount of the PMP rainstorm and the space-time plane distribution result can be reasonably checked by four methods of comparing rainstorm data in the current basin for a long time, comparing rainstorm data in the adjacent basin, comparing the maximum rainstorm records at home and abroad, comparing the existing PMP results at home and abroad and the like.
In the step 6, under the condition of PMP, the rainstorm intensity and the total rainfall are more and more concentrated than the common rainstorm, and the processing method of the production flow and confluence calculation is provided by combining the characteristics of the production flow and confluence of loess plateau small flow areas.
Step 601, carrying out runoff calculation, wherein the runoff calculation refers to a rainfall process, a clean rain process is obtained through a proper method, the runoff type is determined according to the runoff characteristic analysis of a drainage basin, according to the division of Chinese hydrology, the runoff type comprises two types, namely a full runoff and an ultra-osmotic runoff, a loess plateau area belongs to a arid and semi-arid area, and the runoff type generally is the ultra-osmotic runoff.
The commonly used methods for runoff yield calculation include a deduction method, a storm runoff correlation method and a runoff coefficient method. For the small watershed of the loess plateau, because the rainstorm value of the PMP is far beyond the maximum initial loss value of the watershed, the deduction calculation error has little influence on the runoff under the PMP condition, and a simpler infiltration curve deduction method can be adopted during runoff calculation. Past practice also shows that the yield calculation method is more suitable than the related method in arid and semiarid regions by a deduction method. In the invention, the runoff yield calculation is carried out by adopting a downward osmosis curve deduction method.
The expression of the infiltration curve is of various types, the common expressions are a Hoton (R.E.Horton) formula and a Philip (J.R.Philip) formula, and in the invention, the Hoton (R.E.Horton) formula is adopted for expression:
f=fc+(f0-fc)e-βt
in the formula: f is the subsurface permeability, fcThe unit is mm/h for stable infiltration rate; f. of0The maximum infiltration rate is equivalent to the infiltration rate when the soil is dry, and the unit is mm/h; beta is an index reflecting soil infiltration characteristics;
considering that the data related to infiltration strength is few, formula parameter calibration is difficult in practical work, a simplified method-initial damage and post damage method can be adopted in the small flow field PMP production flow calculation, the formula is suitable for the loess plateau hyper-infiltration area and is simplified, and the formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002266044380000061
in formula (1): rsIs the runoff depth produced corresponding to a rainfall P in mm; i is0Is the initial loss in mm;
Figure BDA0002266044380000062
the average infiltration strength, namely the average after-loss rate in the labor period is in mm/h; t is tcThe duration of labor is given in h.
The method for calculating the initial loss and the later loss under the condition of the super-seepage and the production flow only needs to determine the initial loss I0And average back-loss ratio fcTwo parameters.
Wherein, I0The method comprises the following steps: initial loss of each rainfall I0Can be determined according to the actual flood process line and the rainfall accumulation curve. The convergence time of the small watershed is short, the rising point of the outlet section can be roughly used as the starting time of the runoff production, and therefore the accumulated value of the rainfall before the rising point can be used as I0An approximation of (d).
Figure BDA0002266044380000063
The method comprises the following steps: for a flood, I is lost at first0After determination, the average rate of the back-damage can be obtained
Figure BDA0002266044380000064
Namely, it is
Figure BDA0002266044380000065
Can be obtained by multiple rainfall runoff
Figure BDA0002266044380000066
For design and selection.
And step 602, performing convergence calculation, wherein the convergence calculation refers to a direct runoff process for converting a clean rain process generated by PMP into a designed section.
The watershed confluence calculation method adopted in PMF calculation in China mainly comprises a unit line method, a unit confluence method, a difference flow confluence method, a typical flood amplification correction method, a peak control amplification method and the like.
Considering the characteristics that the area of a flow field controlled by the silt dam is small, and the flow field is completely converged under the condition of the PMP, the converging speed of the river channel is close to a constant, the converging of the river channel can be processed according to the outflow of a linear reservoir, and the influence of nonlinearity (nonlinearity, namely the change of the peak and the shape of a unit line along with the difference of rain intensity) is not considered any more, so that the unit line method can be directly adopted during the PMP converging process line calculation of the small flow field silt dam.
In the invention, a unit line method is adopted for carrying out confluence calculation, and the formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002266044380000067
in formula (2): q (t) is a 10mm unit line; qs(t) is a surface runoff process.
For clarity, a unit line algorithm was introduced: when a certain drainage basin has a flood, the clear rain duration is analyzed to be about 3 hours, the ground runoff depth obtained by subtracting the base flow from the actual flow process is 20mm, and the prototype unit line calculation method taking 3 hours as the time period length is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 prototype Unit line calculation Table (flow: m)3/s)
Figure BDA0002266044380000068
Figure BDA0002266044380000071
The area of the drainage basin is 1110 km2Runoff per unit line:
Figure BDA0002266044380000072
in addition, in step 3, if the rainstorm mode during PMP calculation is the local mode, a typical flood method correction method may be adopted to amplify the ground runoff process line of the measured typical flood by using the ratio of the clean rain of PMP to the measured typical rainstorm clean rain to obtain PMF.
The rainfall intensity of the PMP is K times greater than that of the measured typical rainstorm, so that the measured typical rainstorm does not flow in a certain period of time in the early stage of rainfall, and the PMP flows, namely the duration of the clean rain of the PMP is generally longer than that of the measured typical rainstorm clean, and the clean rain in the increased period of time forms ground runoff; the non-corresponding portion (i.e., the antenatal portion) is treated (by either the unit line method or the confluence curve method), and then
PMP includes a net rain duration equal portion and a pre-natal flow portion, calculated as:
Figure BDA0002266044380000073
in formula (3): qr(t) and Q0(t) a flow process line and a base flow, respectively, for a typical flood; Δ R is the lead rate; u (t) is a unit line or a confluence curve.
In the confluence calculation, the influence of human activities and river topography on the confluence process is noticed, namely the overall arrangement of a silt dam system and the characteristics of a watershed water system are considered, different flood area compositions are analyzed, and the PMF of the dam system is calculated by considering the dam break influence of an upstream reservoir group aiming at the backbone engineering of the dam system.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments or portions thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (4)

1. The flood calculation method based on the management-free and protection-free check dam anti-collapse is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, judging whether similar achievements exist, if so, directly obtaining PMP, skipping to step 6, and if not, skipping to step 2;
step 2, the PMF comprises three factors of a flood peak, a flood volume and a flood process line, and characteristic factors or factor combinations calculated by the PMF are screened for different silt dam projects according to the control basin area and the impounded storage capacity of the silt dam projects;
step 3, drawing up a rainstorm mode through analysis of physical causes of rainstorm, wherein the rainstorm mode is divided into a local mode and a displacement mode, and the physical causes of rainstorm comprise weather conditions, rain zone range size and rain zone distribution form, a rainstorm center position, rainstorm duration and distribution;
step 4, maximizing a rainstorm mode, selecting a water vapor factor and a power factor, analyzing and selecting by using rainstorm data of the same type as the selected rainstorm mode, and amplifying the total amount of rainstorm and time interval distribution when the rainstorm mode is maximized;
step 5, calculating the total amount of PMP rainstorm of the dam system and a space-time distribution result;
step 6, taking the PMF calculation of dam system construction into consideration, obtaining the PMF of the engineering design section through the production flow calculation and confluence calculation of the PMP,
in the step 6, the lower infiltration curve buckling loss method-initial loss rear loss method which is applicable to the loess plateau hyper-infiltration runoff producing area and is simplified is adopted to calculate runoff production, and the formula is as follows:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
in formula (1):
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
for responding to a rainfallPThe generated runoff depth is in mm;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
is the initial loss in mm; the average infiltration strength, namely the average after-loss rate in the labor period is in mm/h;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
the duration of the birth flow is h;
in the step 6, a unit line method is adopted for carrying out confluence calculation, and the formula is as follows:
Figure 796230DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
in formula (2):
Figure 916633DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
is a 10mm unit line;
Figure 883321DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
the surface runoff process is carried out;
if the rainstorm mode during PMP calculation is a local mode, a typical flood method correction method can be adopted, and the ground runoff process line of the actually measured typical flood is amplified by utilizing the ratio of the clean rain of PMP to the actually measured typical rainstorm clean rain to obtain PMF;
PMP includes a net rain duration equal portion and a pre-natal flow portion, calculated as:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
in formula (3):
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
and
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
respectively, a flow process line and a base flow of typical flood water;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
is the antenatal rate;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
is a unit line or a confluence curve;
in the confluence calculation, the influence of human activities and river topography on the confluence process needs to be noticed, namely the overall arrangement of a silt dam system and the characteristics of a watershed water system are considered, different flood area compositions are analyzed, and the PMF of the dam is calculated by considering the dam break influence of an upstream reservoir group aiming at the backbone engineering of the dam system.
2. The flood calculation method based on the anti-collapse of the Protect-free silt dam according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 1, whether similar results exist is judged, and PMPs of similar areas, particularly adjacent small watersheds, are considered to be basically equal according to rainstorm flood characteristics, meteorological cause analysis and watershed hydrological and meteorological similarity analysis.
3. The flood calculation method based on the anti-collapse of the Protect-free silt dam according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 5, for the area with scarce rainfall data, the PMP is estimated in a generalized manner by using a "chinese maximum 24h point rainfall map" and the maximum point rainfall actually measured in a similar drainage basin.
4. The flood calculation method based on the custody-free dam anti-collapse according to claim 3, wherein: in the step 5, the total rainstorm amount and the space-time plane distribution result of the PMP are checked reasonably by four methods of comparing rainstorm data of the drainage basin for a long time, comparing rainstorm data of adjacent drainage basins, comparing maximum rainstorm records at home and abroad, comparing existing PMP results at home and abroad and the like.
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