CN111042818A - Mining method of tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steeply inclined thin ore vein - Google Patents
Mining method of tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steeply inclined thin ore vein Download PDFInfo
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- CN111042818A CN111042818A CN201911379071.6A CN201911379071A CN111042818A CN 111042818 A CN111042818 A CN 111042818A CN 201911379071 A CN201911379071 A CN 201911379071A CN 111042818 A CN111042818 A CN 111042818A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/22—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for ores, e.g. mining placers
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F1/00—Ventilation of mines or tunnels; Distribution of ventilating currents
- E21F1/006—Ventilation at the working face of galleries or tunnels
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F13/00—Transport specially adapted to underground conditions
- E21F13/06—Transport of mined material at or adjacent to the working face
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F15/00—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings
- E21F15/005—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings characterised by the kind or composition of the backfilling material
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
Abstract
The invention discloses a mining method of a tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steep dip thin vein, which is carried out by using a mining preparation cutting engineering structure adopted by a static shrinkage method in a mode of layering and advancing from bottom to top, wherein the layering height is 1.6-2.2 m, and the mining method comprises the following steps: drilling a hole; charging and blasting; ventilating a stope; locally removing ore from a chute; circularly performing the steps, and after the stope stoping of the stope is finished, tunneling a filling well in a stope top column; organizing the final ore drawing; and filling waste rocks in the filling well. Compared with the prior art, when the ore is locally removed, the shrinkage pile is kept still and plays a role of a filling body, the good supporting effect can be achieved on the upper broken rock stratum, the deformation damage and the falling off of the upper broken rock stratum are prevented, and conditions are created for the smooth mining of a chamber; and moreover, the exposed surfaces of the upper and lower rocks are sealed by the ores of the stope, so that the contact of clay minerals such as kaolin, montmorillonite and the like with air and water is prevented, the weathering speed is slowed down, and the stability of the rock mass is kept.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ore body mining, in particular to a mining method of a tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steeply inclined thin ore veins.
Background
The main mining method of the tungsten ore body with the steep dip thin vein is a common shallow hole shrinkage method, however, when surrounding rocks are unstable, the phenomena of large-area caving and roof caving frequently occur in the mining process of a stope, so that the stope is forced to stop mining, or even if the surrounding rocks are mined to the designed height, mined ores cannot be all discharged due to the large amount of roof caving of the surrounding rocks, so that the great waste of mineral resources and the major threat of safe production are caused. At present, for the extraction of such ore bodies, measures are taken in an ore area to reserve irregular ore pillars to support upper and lower wall surrounding rocks so as to maintain the stability of a stope, but the effect is not obvious, and a lot of stopes cannot smoothly extract to a designed position. The reason is analyzed, and the following aspects are mainly included:
① the clay mineral is easy to be expanded when contacting with air or being wetted, and is easy to be destroyed by water or moisture, thus affecting the stability of the stope;
② when the ore deposit surface sinks when the local ore drawing is carried out by shallow hole ore shrinkage method, the upper and lower plate surrounding rocks and the loose ore deposit generate gaps, the support capability of the ore deposit to the upper and lower plates is lost, the exposed upper plate broken surrounding rocks generate plastic deformation and even damage under the action of gravity;
③ when the shallow hole shrinkage method is used for stoping, partial ore drawing is carried out through a funnel at the bottom, and each circulation of ore sinks along the whole working face, so that impact and friction are caused to surrounding rocks of a stope by frequent ore drawing, and accumulated damage is formed, thereby causing the falling of the surrounding rocks;
④ pieces of falling surrounding rock are mixed into the ore to cause dilution of the ore, and large pieces of falling surrounding rock also block an ore drawing funnel, so that the mined ore cannot be discharged, and a large amount of resources are lost;
⑤ in order to protect the stability of the stope, part of the pillars are often left in the stope to support the surrounding rocks of the upper and lower walls, which causes a great deal of ore loss and seriously affects the mine production and the economic benefit of enterprises.
Therefore, how to provide a suitable mining method aiming at unstable and steeply inclined thin-vein tungsten ore bodies in complex mining environments such as surrounding rock joints, crack development and breakage is a technical problem to be solved urgently by technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for mining unstable and steeply inclined thin-vein tungsten ore bodies, which is used for improving the mining safety, mining a stope to a design height, discharging all ores, improving the resource recovery rate, preventing catastrophic ground pressure accidents and ensuring the underground safe production of mines.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention discloses a mining method of a tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steep dip thin vein, which is carried out by using a mining preparation cutting engineering structure adopted by a static shrinkage method in a mode of layering and advancing from bottom to top, wherein the layering height is 1.6-2.2 m, and the mining method comprises the following steps:
s1, chiseling;
s2, explosive charging and blasting;
s3, ventilating the stope;
s4, locally removing ores from a chute, discharging 2/5 of the amount of blasting ores, and temporarily keeping the rest 3/5 in a stope to serve as a working platform;
s5, circularly carrying out S1-S4, and excavating a filling well in a stope top column after stoping of the stope is finished;
s6, organizing final ore drawing, discharging all ores remained in the chamber through each ore discharging route at the bottom, after all ores discharged from each ore pass shaft are discharged completely, placing explosive bags at the positions 2m and 4m high in the ore pass shaft respectively for blasting, blasting off part of cross braces and siding walls to enable the ores to flow out, and continuing ore drawing until the ores are discharged completely;
and S7, filling waste rocks in the filling well.
Preferably, step S1 is to use YSP-45 type upward rock drill to drill upward inclined blast holes, the inclination angle is 60-70 °, the hole depth is 1.3-1.8 m, the spacing is 0.8-1.0 m, and the row spacing is 1.0-1.2 m.
Preferably, the blastholes are arranged in a zigzag pattern.
Preferably, step S2 is to fill explosive with artificial cartridges, detonate with a non-electric detonator, the explosive is emulsion explosive, the filling coefficient is 0.65-0.8, and the blast hole is plugged with stemming; and carrying out secondary crushing on the large ores with the lumpiness of more than 300mm in a stope by using manpower or explosives.
Preferably, in step S3, local fan ventilation is adopted, fresh air flows through the middle section transportation roadway and is pressed into the stope along the way raise at one end of the stope, and after entering the stope working space and the cleaning working face, dirty air is discharged from the ventilation raise.
Preferably, the office fan model is JK55-2NO 4.
Preferably, in step S4, the ore is carried by manpower, the ore lump rate is controlled below 5% by using a manual cart, an iron dustpan and a rake as auxiliary tools, the lump should be processed in time in the stope, the upper part of the ore pass is provided with a grid screen, and the grid is 200mm × 200 mm.
Preferably, in step S5, the packed well specification is 2.0m × 1.5 m.
Preferably, after each local ore removal, the working face after blasting should be cleaned in time, stope loose rocks are inspected and processed, and roof surrounding rocks are supported by using a cross-brace strut or anchor bolt support method in the section with poor local stability of the upper and lower tray surrounding rocks in the stope.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
when the ore is locally removed, the shrinkage pile is kept still and plays a role of a filling body, the shrinkage pile can play a good role in supporting the broken rock stratum on the upper disc, the deformation, the damage and the falling of the broken rock stratum are prevented, and conditions are created for the smooth mining of an ore room. And moreover, the exposed surfaces of the upper and lower rocks are sealed by the ores of the stope, so that the contact of clay minerals such as kaolin, montmorillonite and the like with air and water is prevented, the weathering speed is slowed down, and the stability of the rock mass is kept.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a mining preparation cutting engineering structure employed in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of FIG. 1;
description of reference numerals: 1-a vein-following roadway; 2-the courtyard; 3-stud; 4-vein of ore; 5-a top pillar; 6, filling a well; 7-ventilating patio; 8-return air roadway; 9-leaving ore pile; 10-loading a mine roadway; 11-extravenal transportation roadway; 12-a mine car; 13-a rock loader; 14-chute shaft.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention aims to provide a method for mining unstable and steeply inclined thin-vein tungsten ore bodies, which is used for improving the mining safety, mining a stope to a design height, discharging all ores, improving the resource recovery rate, preventing catastrophic ground pressure accidents and ensuring the underground safe production of mines.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in further detail below.
The embodiment provides a mining method of a tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steep dip thin vein, which uses a mining preparation cutting engineering structure adopted by a static shrinkage method, and the mining preparation cutting engineering structure is shown in figures 1-3. In the drawings 1-3, the stopes are arranged along the trend of the vein, and it is generally appropriate to arrange one stope in a length of 50-60 m. The ore vein is thin, the ore rock stability is good, and the length of the stope can be larger; conversely, the stope length should be smaller. The stope is high for the middle section, 50 ~ 60m promptly, and 5 high 4 ~ 5m of fore-set, 3 wide 3 ~ 4m of intercolumn, and the stope adopts no sill pillar flat structure, and the ore loading tunnel interval is 6 ~ 8 m.
The mining-preparation cutting project mainly comprises a vein-following roadway 1, an extravein transportation roadway 11, an ore loading roadway 10, an on-road raise 2, a chute 14 and the like, the structures are common structures in the field, and the parameters of the structures are specifically explained as follows:
vein-following roadway 1: typically by drivage along the vein 4, for prospecting purposes, in the stopeIs also a bottom cutting tunnel with the specification of 2.3 multiplied by 2.4m2。
Extravenous transportation roadway 11: generally, the tunnel is tunneled in a 4-footwall rock body of the vein, the distance from the vein 4 depends on the stability of the vein, generally 7-10 m, and the specification is 2.3 multiplied by 2.4m2。
Loading roadway 10 (ore removal route): one conveying roadway 11 outside the vein is tunneled every 6-8 m and communicated with the vein-following roadway 1, the length of the ore loading roadway 10 is 7-10 m, and the specification is 2.3 multiplied by 2.4m2。
The direct-path raise 2: the two ends of the stope are provided with an on-road raise 2 with the specification of 2.0 multiplied by 1.6m2When the stope is required to be stoped, one end of the stope is required to be provided with the courtyard to be communicated with the upper middle section, and when the end of the stope cannot be communicated with the upper middle section, the two wing forward-road courtyards 2 of the stope advance 1.6m of the stope working face, so that the smooth of pedestrians is ensured.
And (3) ventilating raise 7: a ventilation raise 7 is arranged in the middle of the stope, and the rule is 2.0 multiplied by 1.6m2And the ventilation time of the stope is shortened, the ventilation efficiency of the stope is improved, the working environment of the stope is improved, and the production efficiency is improved.
Chute 14: ore chutes 14 with the specification of 2.2 multiplied by 1.5m are arranged at intervals at the intersection of the vein-along roadway 1 and the ore loading roadway 102The height of ore-sliding shaft 14 is required to be slightly lower than the height of a stope face, so that local ore drawing and flat field work can be facilitated.
The stope bottom structure comprises a funnel ore drawing scraper ore raking bottom structure, a self-weight ore drawing bottom structure of a gridless funnel, a flat bottom structure for loading ore by a rock loader 13, a vibrating ore drawing bottom structure and the like. Considering that the dip angle of the ore vein 4 of the test stope is relatively slow, and the crack of the hanging wall rock joint develops, the large blocks in the stope are likely to be more, the secondary crushing amount is relatively large, the adoption of the bottomless column flat bottom structure is beneficial to secondary crushing of ores and acceleration of ore removal speed, the stope period is shortened, and the depletion and loss of the ores are reduced. Thus, the present embodiment employs a flat bottom structure for loading the ore by the loader 13.
The main process of the flat-bottom type bottom structure for loading the ore by the rock loader 13 comprises the following steps: and (3) jacking in the middle section of the vein roadway 1 to 3.5-4.0 m, discharging the fallen ore part, completely discharging the smooth-road raise 2 and the ore chute 14, erecting the smooth-road raise 2 and the ore chute 14, and leveling to form an operation space of 2.0-2.2 m. Type 13 of rock loader: type Z-30.
The embodiment is carried out by adopting a mode of layering and propelling from bottom to top, the layering height is 1.6-2.2 m, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, chiseling;
s2, explosive charging and blasting;
s3, ventilating the stope;
s4, locally removing ores from the ore pass 14, discharging 2/5 of the amount of blasting ores, and temporarily keeping the rest 3/5 in a stope to serve as a working platform;
s5, circularly carrying out S1-S4, and excavating a filling well 6 in a stope top column 5 after stoping of the stope is finished;
s6, organizing final ore drawing, drawing all ores remained in the chamber through each ore drawing route at the bottom, blasting by respectively placing explosive bags at the 2m and 4m high positions in each ore drawing chute 14 after all ores originally drawn out are drawn out, blasting off part of cross braces and siding walls to enable the ores to flow out, and continuing to draw the ores until the ores are completely drawn out;
and S7, filling waste rocks into the filling well 6.
The key of success and failure of the mining method of the embodiment is the stope ore removal problem, and whether all or most of the mined ores are discharged from the stope is the only standard for measuring the success and failure of the mined ores. Stope mine removal includes local ore removal and ultimately bulk ore removal. In step S4, the shrinkage pile 9 remains still and acts as a filler, so that it can support the broken rock layer on the upper tray well, prevent it from deforming, breaking and falling off, and create conditions for smooth mining of the chamber. And moreover, the exposed surfaces of the upper and lower rocks are sealed by the ores of the stope, so that the contact of clay minerals such as kaolin, montmorillonite and the like with air and water is prevented, the weathering speed is slowed down, and the stability of the rock mass is kept.
Specifically, in this embodiment, step S1 is to use YSP-45 type upward rock drill to drill upward inclined blast holes, where the inclination angle is 60 ° to 70 °, the hole depth is 1.3 to 1.8m, the pitch is 0.8 to 1.0m, and the row pitch is 1.0 to 1.2 m.
The arrangement mode of the blastholes can be selected according to actual needs, and the blastholes are arranged in a zigzag manner in the embodiment.
In step S2 of this embodiment, specifically, manual explosive cartridge charging is adopted, a non-electrical detonator is detonated, the explosive is emulsion explosive, the charging coefficient is 0.65 to 0.8, and a blast hole is plugged with stemming; and carrying out secondary crushing on the large ores with the lumpiness of more than 300mm in a stope by using manpower or explosives.
In step S3 of this embodiment, specifically, local fan ventilation is adopted, fresh air flows through the middle section transportation roadway and is pressed in by the open-road raise 2 at one end of the stope, and after entering the stope working space and the cleaning working surface, the dirty air is discharged by the ventilation raise 7 and the return air roadway 8. In this example, the office fan model is JK55-2NO 4.
In step S4 of this embodiment, the ore is carried by human power, the rate of lump ore is controlled to 5% or less by using the artificial mine car 12, the iron pan, and the rake as auxiliary tools, the lump ore should be processed in the stope in time, and the upper part of the chute 14 is provided with a grid of 200mm × 200 mm.
In step S5 of the present embodiment, the specification of the packed well 6 is 2.0 × 1.5 m.
In step S6 of the present embodiment, ore is removed by the rock loader 13, and it is prioritized to remove ore from the hopper (or ore removal route) that has not been removed during flat transportation.
During mining, corresponding stope face preparation work should also be performed, including roof management, breaking up chunks, leveling the face, and erecting the on-road patio 2 and chute 14, among others.
Top plate management: the working face after blasting should be cleared up in time after local ore drawing at every turn, the quarry loose rock is checked and treated, and the surrounding rock of the top plate can be supported by methods such as cross bracing strut or anchor bolt support in the section with poor local stability of the surrounding rock of the upper and lower trays of the quarry, so as to prevent the top plate from collapsing and eliminate potential safety hazards.
Crushing a large block: the lump ore is generally controlled within 300mm, and the large ore with the lump degree of more than 300mm is subjected to secondary crushing in a stope by manpower or explosive.
Leveling a working surface: and (3) leveling the working surface by combining local ore drawing, so that the blasting pile of the working surface is kept flat and keeps the height of 1.8-2.0 m with the top plate, a reasonable operation space is formed, and preparation is made for the recovery operation of the next operation cycle.
Erecting an on-road raise 2 and a chute 14: and (3) repairing and erecting the off-road patio 2 and the ore pass 14 along with the stope face, wherein the off-road patio 2 at two ends is erected to be 1.5-2.0 m ahead of the stope face, and the erection height of the ore pass 14 is slightly lower than the stope face.
In order to improve the strength of the receiving opening at the upper end of the chute 14, the receiving opening of a concrete structure is adopted in the embodiment. In order to improve the strength of the lower part of the ore pass 14, the ore pass 14 is erected by adopting cross bracing struts and wood plates, and wood support is carried out on surrounding rocks of the upper and lower walls of the stope from bottom to top, so that the caving is restrained and delayed. The embodiment comprehensively utilizes the advantages of high strength of concrete and flexible, convenient and timely resistance providing of wood support erection, and ensures the mining safety of the stope. Meanwhile, the concrete structure has high strength of a mine receiving opening and good safety, and can avoid or reduce massive blockage.
The mining method of the embodiment is successfully applied to tungsten industry groups in the west and the river, so that a stope can smoothly mine to the designed height, the total quantity of mined ores is 8284 tons, the quantity of recovered tungsten concentrate is 45.28 tons, and the quantity of recovered tin metal is 17.32 tons. The yield value is increased for the enterprise to 4046480 yuan in total; generate a profit of 2119009 dollars; the safe mining of the stope also avoids the occurrence of disastrous ground pressure accidents, and ensures the safety of underground personnel and property of the mine.
The principle and the implementation mode of the present invention are explained by applying specific examples in the present specification, and the above descriptions of the examples are only used to help understanding the method and the core idea of the present invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, the specific embodiments and the application range may be changed. In view of the above, the present disclosure should not be construed as limiting the invention.
Claims (9)
1. The mining method of the tungsten ore body with the unstable surrounding rock and the steeply inclined thin vein uses a mining accurate cutting engineering structure adopted by a static ore retention method and adopts a mode of layering and advancing from bottom to top, and is characterized in that the layering height is 1.6-2.2 m, and the mining method comprises the following steps:
s1, chiseling;
s2, explosive charging and blasting;
s3, ventilating the stope;
s4, locally removing ores from a chute, discharging 2/5 of the amount of blasting ores, and temporarily keeping the rest 3/5 in a stope to serve as a working platform;
s5, circularly carrying out S1-S4, and excavating a filling well in a stope top column after stoping of the stope is finished;
s6, organizing final ore drawing, discharging all ores remained in the chamber through each ore discharging route at the bottom, after all ores discharged from each ore pass shaft are discharged completely, placing explosive bags at the positions 2m and 4m high in the ore pass shaft respectively for blasting, blasting off part of cross braces and siding walls to enable the ores to flow out, and continuing ore drawing until the ores are discharged completely;
and S7, filling waste rocks in the filling well.
2. The mining method of the surrounding rock unstable steeply dipping thin vein tungsten ore body according to claim 1, wherein the step S1 is to adopt YSP-45 type upward rock drill to drill upward dipping blast holes with the dip angle of 60-70 degrees, the hole depth of 1.3-1.8 m, the spacing of 0.8-1.0 m and the row spacing of 1.0-1.2 m.
3. The method for mining the tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steep dip thin vein according to claim 2, characterized in that the blastholes are arranged in a zigzag shape.
4. The mining method of the tungsten ore body with the unstable surrounding rock and the steeply dipping thin vein according to claim 1, wherein step S2 is implemented by filling powder by using an artificial explosive cartridge, detonating by using a non-electric detonating tube, wherein the explosive is an emulsion explosive, the charging coefficient is 0.65-0.8, and a blast hole is plugged by using stemming; and carrying out secondary crushing on the large ores with the lumpiness of more than 300mm in a stope by using manpower or explosives.
5. The method for mining the tungsten ore body in the thin and steeply inclined surrounding rock as claimed in claim 1, wherein step S3 is implemented by adopting local fan ventilation, fresh air flows through the middle transportation roadway and is pressed in from one end of the stope along the way of the raise, and after entering the working space of the stope and cleaning the working face, the dirty air is discharged from the ventilation raise.
6. A method of mining a wall rock unstable steeply dipping thin vein tungsten ore body according to claim 5, characterized in that the local fan model is JK55-2NO 4.
7. The method for mining tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steep dip as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the ore is carried by manpower, the man-powered cart, iron dustpan and rake are used as auxiliary tools, the ore lump rate is controlled below 5%, the lump should be processed in time in the stope, the upper part of the ore pass is provided with a grid screen, and the grid is 200mm x 200 mm.
8. The method for mining a wall rock unstable steeply dipping thin vein tungsten ore body according to claim 1, wherein in step S5, the specification of the packed well is 2.0m x 1.5 m.
9. The mining method of the tungsten ore body with unstable surrounding rock and steeply inclined thin vein according to claim 1, characterized in that after each local ore removal, the working face after blasting should be cleaned in time, the quarry loose rock is inspected and treated, and the surrounding rock on the top plate is supported by using a cross brace strut or a bolt support method in the section with poor local stability of the surrounding rock on the upper and lower walls of the quarry.
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| WO2023005072A1 (en) * | 2021-07-27 | 2023-02-02 | 赣州有色冶金研究所有限公司 | Open stope mining method for steeply inclined veined ore body |
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