CN111040155A - 寡聚物与锂电池 - Google Patents

寡聚物与锂电池 Download PDF

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CN111040155A
CN111040155A CN201910112325.1A CN201910112325A CN111040155A CN 111040155 A CN111040155 A CN 111040155A CN 201910112325 A CN201910112325 A CN 201910112325A CN 111040155 A CN111040155 A CN 111040155A
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oligomer
maleimide
cathode
compound
anode
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陈崇贤
王復民
范国泰
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Abstract

本发明提供一种寡聚物与锂电池。所述寡聚物由含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物进行聚合反应而得。所述含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物选自由马来酰亚胺系化合物、丙烯酸酯系化合物、甲基丙烯酸酯系化合物、丙烯酰胺系化合物、乙烯酰胺系化合物及其组合所构成的族群。所述亲核性化合物选自由单马来酰亚胺、三聚硫氰酸、乙内酰脲、乙内酰脲衍生物、硫乙内酰脲、硫乙内酰脲衍生物及其组合所构成的族群。

Description

寡聚物与锂电池
技术领域
本发明涉及一种寡聚物与电池，尤其涉及一种用于锂电池的寡聚物与锂电池。
背景技术
由于一次电池不符环保需求，因此近年来可重复充电放电兼具重量轻、高电压值与高能量密度等特点的二次锂电池的市场需求量与日遽增。因此，现今对二次锂电池的诸如轻质耐用、高电压、高能量密度与高安全性等性能的要求也越来越高。二次锂电池尤其在轻型电动车、电动车、大型储电产业上的应用及拓展潜力是相当高的。
然而，在一般市面已商业化的二次锂电池中，由于使用锂过渡金属氧化物作为阴极，在高温应用时，阴极容易与电解质反应而受到破坏，使得锂金属氧化物中的氧气释出并参与燃烧反应。此为导致二次锂电池爆炸、膨胀与性能衰退的主要原因之一。因此，如何能够让阴极材料在高温应用下持续维持结构稳定性且具有高性能是目前此领域技术人员所欲达成的目标之一。
发明内容
本发明提供一种寡聚物，其可应用于锂电池的阴极材料，使得锂电池具有良好的性能。
本发明提供一种锂电池，其具有上述的寡聚物。
本发明的寡聚物由含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物进行聚合反应而得，其中所述含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物选自由马来酰亚胺系(maleimide-based)化合物、丙烯酸酯系(acrylate ester-based)化合物、甲基丙烯酸酯系(methacrylate ester-based)化合物、丙烯酰胺系(acrylamide-based)化合物、乙烯酰胺系(vinylamide-based)化合物及其组合所构成的族群，且所述亲核性化合物选自由单马来酰亚胺(monomaleimide，MI)、三聚硫氰酸(trithiocyanuric acid，TCA)、乙内酰脲(hydantoin，HD)、乙内酰脲衍生物、硫乙内酰脲(thiohydantoin，THD)、硫乙内酰脲衍生物及其组合所构成的族群。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与所述亲核性化合物的摩尔比例如介于1：5至5：1之间。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述马来酰亚胺系化合物例如为单马来酰亚胺或双马来酰亚胺(bismaleimide，BMI)。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述丙烯酸酯系化合物例如为双酚A丙烯酸酯(bisphenol A diacrylate，BADA)或双酚A乙氧基双丙烯酸酯(bisphenol Aethoxylatediacrylate，BEDA)。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述甲基丙烯酸酯系化合物例如为双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯(bisphenol A dimethacrylate，BMA)。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述丙烯酰胺系化合物例如为双丙烯酰胺(bisacrylamide，BA)。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述乙烯酰胺系化合物例如为N-乙烯甲酰胺(N-vinylformamide，NVF)或N-乙烯乙酰胺(N-vinylacetamide，NVA)。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述聚合反应的反应温度例如介于25℃至200℃之间。
本发明的锂电池包括阳极、阴极、隔离膜、电解液以及封装结构。阴极与阳极分离配置，且阴极包括上述的寡聚物。隔离膜配置于阳极与阴极之间，且隔离膜、阳极与阴极定义出容置区域。电解液配置于容置区域中。封装结构包覆阳极、阴极及电解液。
在本发明的一实施例中，所述电解液包括有机溶剂、锂盐以及添加剂，其中所述添加剂例如为单马来酰亚胺、聚马来酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺、聚双马来酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺与单马来酰亚胺之共聚物、碳酸亚乙烯酯或其混合物。
基于上述，通过使用上述的含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与上述的亲核性化合物来制备，本发明的寡聚物可应用于锂电池的阴极材料中，并使得锂电池即使在高温操作下仍具有良好的电容量、电池效率及充放电循环寿命。
为让本发明的上述特征和优点能更明显易懂，下文特举实施例，并配合附图作详细说明如下。
附图说明
图1为依照本发明实施例的锂电池的剖面示意图；
图2示出本发明之实验例及比较例的锂电池在室温下的充电放电循环次数与放电电容量的关系图。
附图标号说明：
100：锂电池
102：阳极
102a：阳极金属箔
102b：阳极材料
104：阴极
104a：阴极金属箔
104b：阴极材料
106：隔离膜
108：电解液
110：容置区域
112：封装结构
具体实施方式
在本文中，由“一数值至另一数值”表示的范围，是一种避免在说明书中一一列举所述范围中的所有数值的概要性表示方式。因此，某一特定数值范围的记载，涵盖所述数值范围内的任意数值以及由所述数值范围内的任意数值界定出的较小数值范围。
在本文中，有时以键线式(skeleton formula)表示化合物结构。这种表示法可以省略碳原子、氢原子以及碳氢键。当然，当结构式中有明确绘出官能基时则以所示出者为准。
为了制备出可应用于锂电池的阴极材料以使所述锂电池在高温环境下仍具有良好性能的寡聚物，本发明提出了可达到上述优点的寡聚物。以下，特举实施方式作为本发明确实能够据以实施的范例。
本发明的实施例提出一种寡聚物，其是由含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物进行聚合反应而得。
在本发明中，含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物选自由马来酰亚胺系化合物、丙烯酸酯系化合物、甲基丙烯酸酯系化合物、丙烯酰胺系化合物、乙烯酰胺系化合物及其组合所构成的族群。马来酰亚胺系化合物例如为单马来酰亚胺或双马来酰亚胺。丙烯酸酯系化合物例如为双酚A丙烯酸酯或双酚A乙氧基双丙烯酸酯。甲基丙烯酸酯系化合物例如为双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯。丙烯酰胺系化合物例如为双丙烯酰胺。乙烯酰胺系化合物例如为N-乙烯甲酰胺或N-乙烯乙酰胺。
在本发明中，亲核性化合物选自由单马来酰亚胺、三聚硫氰酸、乙内酰脲、乙内酰脲衍生物、硫乙内酰脲、硫乙内酰脲衍生物及其组合所构成的族群。上述的单马来酰亚胺亦可称为2,5-吡咯烷酮(2,5-pyrrolidone)。
在本发明的实施例中，通过使含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物于溶剂中进行反应来得到寡聚物。进一步说，可利用麦可加成反应(Michael additionreaction)或自由基共聚合反应(free radicalcopolymerization reaction)使含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物溶于溶剂中来进行聚合。在本发明的实施例中，所使用的含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物的摩尔比例如介于1：5至5：1之间。若含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物的摩尔比低于1：5，则反应性不佳。若含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物的摩尔比高于5：1，则容易造成电化学副反应发生。上述聚合反应的温度例如是介于25℃至200℃之间，反应时间例如是介于0.5小时至8小时之间。
在本发明中，上述的溶剂可为有机溶剂，其实例包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮(N-methylpyrrolidone，NMP)、二甲基甲酰胺(Dimethylformamide，DMF)、二甲基亚砜(Dimethylsulfoxide，DMSO)或二甲基乙酰胺(Dimethylacetamide，DMAC)。上述的溶剂可单独使用或混合使用。
此外，上述的麦可加成聚合反应亦可在催化剂的存在下进行。亦即，使含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物、亲核性化合物与催化剂溶于溶剂中以进行反应。此时，反应温度例如介于25℃至80℃之间，反应时间例如介于0.5小时至2小时之间。上述的催化剂例如是三乙基胺(triethylamine)或三苯基膦(triphenylphosphine，TPP)，且催化剂的添加量例如是1重量份至10重量份。
以下将对含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物的麦可加成反应与自由基(共)聚合反应作示例性说明，且这些示例并非用以限定本发明。
<示例1>
使用单马来酰亚胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用单马来酰亚胺作为亲核性化合物。单马来酰亚胺自身可进行麦可加成反应与自由基聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。在本示例中，采用单马来酰亚胺的自聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000051
自由基聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000052
<示例2>
使用双马来酰亚胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用单马来酰亚胺作为亲核性化合物。双马来酰亚胺与单马来酰亚胺可进行麦可加成反应与自由基共聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000061
自由基共聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000062
<示例3>
使用双马来酰亚胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用三聚硫氰酸作为亲核性化合物。双马来酰亚胺与三聚硫氰酸可进行麦可加成反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000071
<示例4>
使用双马来酰亚胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用乙内酰脲作为亲核性化合物。双马来酰亚胺与乙内酰脲可进行麦可加成反应与自由基聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000072
自由基聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000081
<示例5>
使用双马来酰亚胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用硫乙内酰脲作为亲核性化合物。双马来酰亚胺与硫乙内酰脲可进行麦可加成反应与自由基聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000082
自由基聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000083
<示例6>
使用双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用单马来酰亚胺作为亲核性化合物。双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯与单马来酰亚胺可进行麦可加成反应与自由基共聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000091
自由基共聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000092
<示例7>
使用双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用乙内酰脲作为亲核性化合物。双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯与乙内酰脲可进行麦可加成反应与自由基聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000093
自由基聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000101
<示例8>
使用双丙烯酰胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用单马来酰亚胺作为亲核性化合物。双丙烯酰胺与单马来酰亚胺可进行麦可加成反应与自由基共聚合反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000102
自由基共聚合反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000103
<示例9>
使用双丙烯酰胺作为含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物且使用三聚硫氰酸作为亲核性化合物。双丙烯酰胺与三聚硫氰酸可进行麦可加成反应来形成本发明的寡聚物。
麦可加成反应：
Figure BDA0001968669250000111
在实施例中，寡聚物可具有高度分枝(hyperbranched)结构。“高度分枝结构”是指：在含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物进行加成聚合反应的过程中，通过以含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物为结构基质(architecture matrix)，亲核性化合物亲核加成到含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物的碳-碳双键上，使含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物的碳-碳双键可开双边或单侧，进而进行分枝化(branching)及序化(ordering)的聚合反应而形成的结构。
本发明的寡聚物可应用于锂电池的阴极材料中。进一步而言，本发明的寡聚物因具良好热反应性，因此可于阴极材料表面上形成保护层，以有效阻绝高温环境对阴极结构的破坏，其原因如下：由于所形成的寡聚物具有高度分枝结构，因此能与一般阴极材料中的金属氧化物形成稳定的有机高分子，且由于寡聚物具有高热反应性、高热稳定性及刚硬的化学结构，因此可促使所形成的保护层具有高热稳定性。如此一来，在高温环境下，具有包括本发明的寡聚物的阴极材料的锂电池可具有良好的电容量、电池效率与安全性，并具有优异的电池循环寿命。
以下将对包括本发明的寡聚物的锂电池进行说明。
图1为依照本发明实施例的锂电池的剖面示意图。请参照图1，锂电池100包括阳极102、阴极104、隔离膜106、电解液108以及封装结构112。
阳极102包括阳极金属箔102a及阳极材料102b，其中阳极材料102b通过涂布或是溅镀而配置于阳极金属箔102a上。阳极金属箔102a例如是铜箔、铝箔、镍箔或高导电性不锈钢箔。阳极材料102b例如是碳化物或金属锂。上述的碳化物例如是碳粉体、石墨、碳纤维、纳米碳管、石墨烯或其混合物。然而，在其他实施例中，阳极102也可仅包括阳极材料102b。
阴极104与阳极102分离配置。阴极104包括阴极金属箔104a及阴极材料104b，其中阴极材料104b通过涂布而配置于阴极金属箔104a上。阴极金属箔104a例如是铜箔、铝箔、镍箔或高导电性不锈钢箔。阴极材料104b包括本发明的寡聚物以及锂与过渡金属的混合氧化物(lithium mixed transition metal oxide)。锂与过渡金属的混合氧化物例如是LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、LiCoO2、Li2Cr2O7、Li2CrO4、LiNiO2、LiFeO2、LiNixCo1-xO2、LiFePO4、LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2、LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2、LiMc0.5Mn1.5O4或其组合，其中0<x<1，Mc为二价金属。
以阴极材料104b的总重为100重量份计，寡聚物的含量例如为0.5重量份至5重量份(较佳为1重量份至3重量份)，锂与过渡金属的混合氧化物的含量例如为80重量份至95重量份。若寡聚物的含量低于0.5重量份，则电池安全特性不明显。若寡聚物的含量高于5重量份，则电池循环寿命不佳。
此外，锂电池100可更包括高分子黏着剂(polymer binder)。高分子黏着剂与阳极102和/或阴极104反应，以增加电极的机械性质。详细而言，阳极材料102b可通过高分子黏着剂黏着于阳极金属箔102a上，且阴极材料104b可通过高分子黏着剂黏着于阴极金属箔104a上。高分子黏着剂例如是聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、聚酰胺、三聚氰胺树脂或其组合。
隔离膜106配置于阳极102与阴极104之间，且隔离膜106、阳极102及阴极104定义出容置区域110。隔离膜106的材料为绝缘材料，例如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)或由上述材料所构成的复合结构(例如PE/PP/PE)。
电解液108配置于容置区域110中。电解液108包括有机溶剂、锂盐以及添加剂。有机溶剂的添加量例如为电解液108的55wt％至90wt％，锂盐的添加量例如为电解液108的10wt％至35wt％，添加剂的添加量例如为电解液108的0.05wt％至10wt％。然而，在其他实施例中，电解液108也可不含有添加剂。
有机溶剂例如是γ-丁基内酯、碳酸乙烯酯(ethylene carbonate(EC))、碳酸丙烯酯(propylene carbonate(PC))、碳酸二乙酯(diethyl carbonate(DEC))、乙酸丙酯(propyl acetate(PA))、碳酸二甲酯(dimethyl carbonate(DMC))、碳酸甲乙酯(ethylmethyl carbonate(EMC))或其组合。
锂盐例如是LiPF6、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiClO4、LiAlCl4、LiGaCl4、LiNO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiSCN、LiO3SCF2CF3、LiC6F5SO3、LiO2CCF3、LiSO3F、LiB(C6H5)4、LiCF3SO3或其组合。
添加剂例如是单马来酰亚胺、聚马来酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺、聚双马来酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺与单马来酰亚胺的共聚物、碳酸亚乙烯酯(vinylenecarbonate(VC))或其混合物。单马来酰亚胺例如是选自由未经取代的马来酰亚胺、N-苯基马来酰亚胺、N-(邻甲基苯基)-马来酰亚胺、N-(间甲基苯基)-马来酰亚胺、N-(对甲基苯基)-马来酰亚胺、N-环己烷基马来酰亚胺、马来酰亚胺基酚、马来酰亚胺基苯并环丁烯、含磷马来酰亚胺、磷酸基马来酰亚胺、氧硅烷基马来酰亚胺、N-(四氢吡喃基-氧基苯基)马来酰亚胺与2,6-二甲苯基马来酰亚胺所构成的族群。
封装结构112包覆阳极102、阴极104及电解液108。封装结构112的材料例如是铝箔。
特别一提的是，阴极104可以通过在现有的电池制程中于阴极材料中添加本发明的寡聚物来形成，因此在不需要改变任何电池设计、电极材料与电解液的情形下，便能够有效维持锂电池100在高温下的电容量、电池效率及充放电循环寿命，且使得锂电池100具有较高的安全性。
以下将以实验例与比较例来对本发明的寡聚物的效果进行说明。
<实验例1>
阳极的制备
将金属锂剪裁至适当形状后直接置入以形成阳极。
阴极的制备
将1重量份(1g)的单马来酰亚胺加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在80℃的温度下反应3小时，以制备实验例1的寡聚物(MI)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将89重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例1的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
在本实验例中，采用单马来酰亚胺的自聚合反应来形成寡聚物。
电解液的制备
将LiPF6溶于碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸乙烯酯(EC)与碳酸二乙酯(DEC)的混合液(体积比为PC：EC：DEC＝2：3：5)中，以制备浓度为1M的电解液，其中所述混合液作为电解液中的有机溶剂、LiPF6作为电解液中的锂盐。
锂电池的制作
以聚丙烯作为隔离膜来将阳极及阴极隔开，并定义容置区域。然后，于阳极及阴极之间的容置区域内加入上述电解液。之后，以封装结构密封上述结构，以完成实验例1的锂电池的制作。
<实验例2>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例2的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为3：2的双马来酰亚胺(1重量份(1g))与三聚硫氰酸加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在130℃的温度下反应8小时，以制备实验例2的寡聚物(TCA/BMI)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将89重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例2的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例2的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例2的锂电池。
<实验例3>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例3的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为2：1的双马来酰亚胺(1重量份(1g))与乙内酰脲加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在130℃的温度下反应8小时，以制备实验例3的寡聚物(HD/BMI)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将89重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例3的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例3的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例3的锂电池。
<实验例4>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例4的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为3：2的双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯(1重量份(1g))与三聚硫氰酸加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在130℃的温度下反应8小时，以制备实验例4的寡聚物(TCA/BMA)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将90重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例4的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例4的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例4的锂电池。
<实验例5>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例5的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为2：1的双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯(1重量份(1g))与乙内酰脲加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在130℃的温度下反应8小时，以制备实验例5的寡聚物(HD/BMA)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将90重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例5的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例5的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例5的锂电池。
<实验例6>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例6的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为2：1的双马来酰亚胺(1重量份(1g))与硫乙内酰脲加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在130℃的温度下反应8小时，以制备实验例6的寡聚物(THD/BMI)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将89重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例6的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例6的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例6的锂电池。
<实验例7>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例7的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为1：1的双丙烯酰胺(1重量份(1g))与单马来酰亚胺加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在130℃的温度下反应8小时，以制备实验例7的寡聚物(MI/BA)，作为阴极材料添加剂。
接着，将89重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的实施例7的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例7的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备实验例7的锂电池。
<比较例1>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例1的阳极。
阴极的制备
将摩尔比为2：1的双马来酰亚胺(1重量份(1g))与巴比妥酸(barbituricacid，BTA)加入装有19重量份的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂的反应器中，在100℃的温度下反应18小时，以制备比较例1的寡聚物。
接着，将89重量份的LiAl0.05Co0.95O2、5重量份的PVDF与5重量份的乙炔黑(导电粉末)均匀混合于N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中。然后，将1重量份的比较例1的寡聚物加入上述的混合溶液中，以形成阴极材料。之后，在将阴极材料涂布于铝箔之后，进行干燥、压缩并剪裁以形成阴极。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例1的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例1的锂电池。
<比较例2>
阳极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例2的阳极。
阴极的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例2的阴极，除了比较例2的阴极材料中不含阴极材料添加剂。
电解液的制备
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例2的电解液。
锂电池的制作
按照与实验例1相同的制备方法制备比较例2的锂电池。
充电放电循环测试
使用恒电位仪(型号VMP3)在室温环境下以固定电流/电压对实验例与比较例的锂电池进行充电放电循环测试，其量测结果示于图2中。由图2可以看出，具有本发明的寡聚物的实验例1至实验例7的锂电池的循环寿命(cycle life)明显高于比较例1与比较例2的锂电池的循环寿命。由此可知，本发明的寡聚物可有效地改善锂电池的效能。此外，此结果亦证实本发明的寡聚物确实可被现有的锂电池所接受，并得以改善锂电池的安全性质。
虽然本发明已以实施例揭示如上，然其并非用以限定本发明，任何所属技术领域中技术人员，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内，当可作些许的更改与润饰，故本发明的保护范围当视权利要求所界定的为准。

Claims (10)

1.一种寡聚物，由含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与亲核性化合物进行聚合反应而得，其中所述含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物选自由马来酰亚胺系化合物、丙烯酸酯系化合物、甲基丙烯酸酯系化合物、丙烯酰胺系化合物、乙烯酰胺系化合物及其组合所构成的族群，且所述亲核性化合物选自由单马来酰亚胺、三聚硫氰酸、乙内酰脲、乙内酰脲衍生物、硫乙内酰脲、硫乙内酰脲衍生物及其组合所构成的族群。
2.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述含至少一个乙烯性不饱和基的化合物与所述亲核性化合物的摩尔比介于1：5至5：1之间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述马来酰亚胺系化合物包括单马来酰亚胺或双马来酰亚胺。
4.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述丙烯酸酯系化合物包括双酚A丙烯酸酯或双酚A乙氧基双丙烯酸酯。
5.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述甲基丙烯酸酯系化合物包括双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述丙烯酰胺系化合物包括双丙烯酰胺。
7.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述乙烯酰胺系化合物包括N-乙烯甲酰胺或N-乙烯乙酰胺。
8.根据权利要求1所述的寡聚物，其中所述聚合反应的反应温度介于25℃至200℃之间。
9.一种锂电池，包括：
阳极；
阴极，与所述阳极分离配置，且所述阴极包括由如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的寡聚物；
隔离膜，配置于所述阳极与所述阴极之间，且所述隔离膜、所述阳极与所述阴极定义出容置区域；
电解液，配置于所述容置区域中；以及
封装结构，包覆所述阳极、所述阴极及所述电解液。
10.根据权利要求9所述的锂电池，其中所述电解液包括有机溶剂、锂盐以及添加剂，且所述添加剂包括单马来酰亚胺、聚马来酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺、聚双马来酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺与单马来酰亚胺的共聚物、碳酸亚乙烯酯或其混合物。
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