CN111029616B - Port transport vehicle fuel cell thermal management system considering service life of galvanic pile - Google Patents
Port transport vehicle fuel cell thermal management system considering service life of galvanic pile Download PDFInfo
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- CN111029616B CN111029616B CN201911245082.5A CN201911245082A CN111029616B CN 111029616 B CN111029616 B CN 111029616B CN 201911245082 A CN201911245082 A CN 201911245082A CN 111029616 B CN111029616 B CN 111029616B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04037—Electrical heating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
- H01M8/04738—Temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformer, compressor, burner
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention discloses a port transport vehicle fuel cell heat management system considering the service life of a galvanic pile, which relates to the field of new energy automobiles and consists of a fuel cell galvanic pile, a control subsystem, a low-temperature cold start heating subsystem, a heat dissipation subsystem, a refrigeration subsystem and a deionized water circulating system. The low-temperature cold start heating subsystem can heat the galvanic pile by using the heating device, thereby realizing the normal start of the port transport vehicle under the low-temperature environment condition. Meanwhile, according to the driving environment that the port transport vehicle is unmanned and works continuously for 24 hours, a two-stage heat dissipation subsystem is designed, the fuel cell system is ensured to work in a proper temperature range, and the service life of the electric pile is prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of new energy automobiles, in particular to a heat management system of a fuel cell of a port transport vehicle, which takes the service life of a galvanic pile into consideration.
Background
Hydrogen fuel cells are increasingly being used in the automotive field as an efficient, green energy conversion device. Particularly in the field of port transportation, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have become a hot issue of current research due to the advantages of both new energy and long endurance. But the port transport vehicle has the characteristic of all-weather uninterrupted operation, so that the heat productivity of the galvanic pile is huge; when the operating temperature of the fuel cell is too high, the water content of the membrane is reduced, and meanwhile, the high-temperature resistance of the membrane is limited, so that the reliability of the system is reduced, and higher requirements are put on a heat dissipation system. Therefore, there is a need for a fuel cell thermal management system for a special port transport vehicle to ensure that the stack operates in a proper temperature range and prolong the service life of the fuel cell.
In the prior art, for example, chinese patent publication No. CN108054411A, publication No. 2018-05-18, discloses a thermal management system for a fuel cell of a commercial vehicle, which adopts a large-and-small-cycle mode, and can realize rapid temperature rise during low-temperature cold start in the small-cycle mode, thereby improving the reaction efficiency of a hydrogen fuel cell, and can rapidly cool a fuel cell stack in the large-cycle mode, thereby ensuring that the fuel cell is at an optimal reaction temperature; also for example, chinese patent publication No. CN208655799U, publication No. 2019-03-26, discloses a multi-stack fuel cell thermal management system, which includes a heat dissipation assembly, multiple groups of fuel cell assemblies, a controller, an inflow pipeline, an outflow pipeline, and a coolant, where the multiple groups of fuel cell assemblies are connected to the heat dissipation assembly through the inflow pipeline and the outflow pipeline, respectively, and the controller is electrically connected to the heat dissipation assembly and the multiple groups of fuel cell assemblies, and is used to control the operation speed of the heat dissipation assembly and the flow rate of the coolant in each group of fuel cell assemblies, and the system reduces the number of radiators and the occupied space, and reduces the cost and the maintenance difficulty; the deionization device is not considered in the system structure, so that ions contained in the cooling liquid are increased after the thermal management system works for a long time, the conductivity is increased, and the electrochemical reaction between the electric pile and the interior of the battery is influenced.
The invention provides a fuel cell thermal management system of a port transport vehicle, which takes the service life of a galvanic pile into consideration, and is optimally designed aiming at a specific object of the port transport vehicle. Considering the driving environment that the port transport vehicle is unmanned and does not work continuously for 24 hours, the heat productivity of the galvanic pile is larger, and higher requirements are put forward on a heat dissipation system of the galvanic pile. In order to ensure the normal operation of the vehicle, the invention designs a two-stage radiating subsystem, so as to ensure that the fuel cell system works in a proper temperature range and prolong the service life of the galvanic pile. Meanwhile, a deionized water circulation subsystem is added in the system to ensure that the conductivity of the cooling liquid is maintained at a normal level.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the system is normally started at low temperature, simultaneously, the fuel cell works in an optimal temperature range, and the performance and the service life of the fuel cell are improved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a heat management system of a fuel cell of a port transport vehicle considering the service life of a galvanic pile is composed of a fuel cell galvanic pile 1, a control subsystem, a low-temperature cold start heating subsystem, a heat dissipation subsystem, a refrigeration subsystem and a deionized water circulating system;
a fuel cell system control unit 21 in the control subsystem is respectively connected with the galvanic pile inlet temperature sensor 15, the galvanic pile outlet temperature sensor 2, the ion concentration sensor 6 and the flow meter 8 to detect signals; the control subsystem is respectively connected with the ion concentration sensor 4, the first three-way valve 5, the cooling water circulating pump 9, the second three-way valve 10, the heating device 11, the heat exchange device 12, the radiator 13, the compressor 17 and the condenser 19 to realize the switching of different working modes.
The low-temperature cold start heating subsystem comprises a fuel cell stack 1, a stack outlet temperature sensor 2, a one-way valve 3, an ion concentration sensor 4, a first three-way valve 5, a cooling water circulating pump 9, a second three-way valve 10, a heating device 11 and a stack inlet temperature sensor 15;
the heat dissipation subsystem comprises a fuel cell stack 1, a stack outlet temperature sensor 2, a one-way valve 3, an ion concentration sensor 4, a first three-way valve 5, a cooling water circulating pump 9, a second three-way valve 10, a radiator 13, a first heat dissipation fan 14 and a stack inlet temperature sensor 15;
the refrigeration subsystem comprises a heat exchange device 12, a drying and separating device 16, a compressor 17, a second cooling fan 18, a condenser 19 and a heat balance valve 20;
the deionized water circulating system comprises a first three-way valve 5, a deionization device 6, a water replenishing tank 7 and a flowmeter 8;
the fuel cell pile 1 provides corresponding driving power for the port transport vehicle to normally run and generates certain heat at the same time; the electric pile outlet temperature sensor 2 is used for monitoring the temperature change of cooling water at the electric pile outlet and transmitting a measuring signal to the fuel cell system control unit 21; the one-way valve 3 can ensure that cooling water flows in one direction, and the phenomenon of cooling water backflow is avoided; the ion concentration sensor 4 can monitor the ion concentration of the cooling water in the pipeline in real time and transmit a measurement signal to the fuel cell system control unit 21; the first three-way valve 5 is respectively connected with the heat dissipation subsystem loop and the deionized water circulation loop, and the flow direction of the cooling water is controlled by opening and closing the three ports, so that the on-off of the deionization subsystem is realized.
The cooling water circulating pump 9 drives the cooling water to flow in the whole circulating pipeline and controls the flow of the cooling water; the second three-way valve 10 is respectively connected with the heat dissipation subsystem loop and the low-temperature cold start loop, and the switching of two working modes is realized through the opening and closing of the three interfaces; the heating device 11 can heat the cooling water in the low-temperature cold start loop, so that the port transport vehicle can be normally started in a low-temperature environment; the radiator 13 is used for reducing the temperature of cooling water, and ensuring that the temperature of the cooling water entering the galvanic pile is in a reasonable interval; the first heat dissipation fan 14 can realize convection heat dissipation, and the heat dissipation effect is better; the stack inlet temperature sensor 15 is used for monitoring the temperature change of the cooling water at the stack outlet in real time and transmitting a measurement signal to the fuel cell system control unit 21.
The deionization device 6 can filter charged ions contained in the cooling liquid in the pipeline, so that the conductivity of the cooling liquid is kept in a reasonable range; the water replenishing tank 7 can store cooling water for a cooling water circulating pump to replenish water into the system; the flow meter 8 can monitor the flow of the cooling water in the deionized water circulating system;
the heat exchange device 12 can cool the high-temperature cooling liquid in the right pipeline, so that the heat dissipation effect is enhanced; the drying and separating device 16 can absorb moisture and filter the refrigerant entering the compressor; the compressor 17 is used as a power source of the refrigeration subsystem to push the refrigerant to continuously circulate in the system; the condensing device 19 can utilize a cooling fan to generate natural wind to forcibly cool and dissipate heat, and the heat of the refrigerant is discharged; the second cooling fan 18 can realize convection cooling, and can realize better cooling effect; the heat balance valve 20 can throttle and decompress the refrigerant liquid by changing the flow rate.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the port transport vehicle fuel cell thermal management system considering the service life of the galvanic pile, two-stage heat dissipation subsystems are designed according to the driving environment that the port transport vehicle is unmanned and does not work continuously for 24 hours, the fuel cell system is ensured to work in a proper temperature range, and the service life of the galvanic pile is prolonged.
2. The port transport vehicle fuel cell thermal management system considering the service life of the galvanic pile can heat the galvanic pile by using the heating device, so that the port transport vehicle can be normally started under the condition of low temperature environment.
3. The port transport vehicle fuel cell heat management system considering the service life of the galvanic pile is additionally provided with the deionized water circulation subsystem, so that the conductivity of the cooling liquid is maintained at a normal level.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell thermal management system of a port transport vehicle according to the present invention, which considers the life of a stack;
in the figure: 1. the system comprises a fuel cell stack, 2, a stack outlet temperature sensor, 3, a one-way valve, 4, an ion concentration sensor, 5, a three-way valve, 6, a deionization device, 7, a water replenishing tank, 8, a flow meter, 9, a cooling water circulating pump, 10, a three-way valve, 11, a heating device, 12, a heat exchange device, 13, a radiator, 14, a radiator fan, 15, a stack inlet temperature sensor, 16, a drying and separating device, 17, a compressor, 18, a radiator fan, 19, a condensing device, 20, a thermal balance valve and 21, and a fuel cell system control unit.
Fig. 2 is a control flow of the fuel cell thermal management system of the port transport vehicle considering the life of the electric pile.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1, the invention provides a fuel cell heat management system of a port transport vehicle considering the life of a stack, which comprises a fuel cell stack 1, a control subsystem, a low-temperature cold start heating subsystem, a heat dissipation subsystem, a refrigeration subsystem and a deionized water circulating system;
a fuel cell system control unit 21 in the control subsystem is respectively connected with the galvanic pile inlet temperature sensor 15, the galvanic pile outlet temperature sensor 2, the ion concentration sensor 6 and the flow meter 8 to detect signals; the control subsystem is respectively connected with the ion concentration sensor 4, the first three-way valve 5, the cooling water circulating pump 9, the second three-way valve 10, the heating device 11, the heat exchange device 12, the radiator 13, the compressor 17 and the condenser 19 to realize the switching of different working modes.
The low-temperature cold start heating subsystem comprises a fuel cell stack 1, a stack outlet temperature sensor 2, a one-way valve 3, an ion concentration sensor 4, a first three-way valve 5, a cooling water circulating pump 9, a second three-way valve 10, a heating device 11 and a stack inlet temperature sensor 15;
the heat dissipation subsystem comprises a fuel cell stack 1, a stack outlet temperature sensor 2, a one-way valve 3, an ion concentration sensor 4, a first three-way valve 5, a cooling water circulating pump 9, a second three-way valve 10, a radiator 13, a first heat dissipation fan 14 and a stack inlet temperature sensor 15;
the refrigeration subsystem comprises a heat exchange device 12, a drying and separating device 16, a compressor 17, a second cooling fan 18, a condenser 19 and a heat balance valve 20;
the deionized water circulating system comprises a first three-way valve 5, a deionization device 6, a water replenishing tank 7 and a flowmeter 8;
referring to fig. 1, a fuel cell stack 1 according to the present invention provides a corresponding driving power for a port transport vehicle to normally run, and simultaneously generates a certain amount of heat; the electric pile outlet temperature sensor 2 is used for monitoring the temperature change of cooling water at the electric pile outlet and transmitting a measuring signal to the fuel cell system control unit 21; the one-way valve 3 can ensure that cooling water flows in one direction, and the phenomenon of cooling water backflow is avoided; the first three-way valve 5 is respectively connected with the heat dissipation subsystem loop and the deionized water circulation loop, and the flow direction of the cooling water is controlled by opening and closing the three ports, so that the on-off of the deionization subsystem is realized.
Referring to fig. 1, the cooling water circulation pump 9 of the present invention drives the cooling water to flow in the whole circulation pipeline and controls the flow rate of the cooling water; the second three-way valve 10 is respectively connected with the heat dissipation subsystem loop and the low-temperature cold start loop, and the switching of two working modes is realized through the opening and closing of the three interfaces; the heating device 11 can heat the cooling water in the low-temperature cold start loop, so that the port transport vehicle can be normally started in a low-temperature environment; the radiator 13 is used for reducing the temperature of cooling water, and ensuring that the temperature of the cooling water entering the galvanic pile is in a reasonable interval; the first heat dissipation fan 14 can realize convection heat dissipation, and the heat dissipation effect is better; the stack inlet temperature sensor 15 is used for monitoring the temperature change of the cooling water at the stack outlet in real time and transmitting a measurement signal to the fuel cell system control unit 21.
Referring to fig. 1, the ion concentration sensor 4 of the present invention can monitor the ion concentration of the cooling water in the pipeline in real time and transmit the measurement signal to the fuel cell system control unit 21; the deionization device 6 can filter charged ions contained in the cooling liquid in the pipeline, so that the conductivity of the cooling liquid is kept in a reasonable range; the water replenishing tank 7 can store cooling water for a cooling water circulating pump to replenish water into the system; the flow meter 8 can monitor the flow rate of the cooling water in the deionized water circulating system.
Referring to fig. 2, the thermal management system for the fuel cell of the port transport vehicle, which considers the life of the stack, according to the present invention can determine the operation mode according to the current operation temperature of the system.
The first working mode is as follows: a low temperature cold start mode; when the current temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the starting temperature, the second three-way valve 10 can be controlled by the fuel cell system control unit 21, the heat dissipation subsystem is closed, and the heating device 11 is simultaneously opened to heat the cooling water, so that the temperature of the cooling water can quickly reach the starting temperature;
and a second working mode: a heat sink heat dissipation mode; when the fuel cell stack 1 is in the start-up temperature and first temperature interval (the temperature is lower, but needs cooling), the second three-way valve 10 is controlled by the fuel cell system control unit 21, the heating device is closed, and the radiator 13 starts to work, so that the stack temperature is reduced.
And a third working mode: a radiator heat radiation mode and a heat radiation fan heat radiation mode; if the discharge current of the fuel cell stack 1 is large and the heating value is high, so that the temperature of the stack reaches a second temperature range, the fan is added to carry out forced convection heat dissipation on the basis of opening the radiator, and the heat dissipation effect is enhanced;
and a fourth working mode: a radiator heat dissipation mode, a heat dissipation fan mode and a condensing device heat dissipation mode; if the calorific capacity of the fuel cell stack 1 is further increased or a thermal runaway phenomenon occurs, so that the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 is higher than the second temperature range, the refrigeration subsystem (namely, a two-stage heat dissipation system) is started on the basis of the mode three, and the refrigeration subsystem absorbs heat in a pipeline on the right side of the figure 1 through the heat exchange device to achieve the effect of reducing the temperature of cooling water, so that the fuel cell stack 1 is cooled more effectively.
Claims (2)
1. A port transport vehicle fuel cell thermal management system that takes into account stack life, characterized by: the system comprises a fuel cell stack (1), a control subsystem, a low-temperature cold start heating subsystem, a heat dissipation subsystem, a refrigeration subsystem and a deionized water circulating system;
a fuel cell system control unit (21) in the control subsystem is respectively connected with a galvanic pile inlet temperature sensor (15), a galvanic pile outlet temperature sensor (2), an ion concentration sensor (4) and a flowmeter (8) to detect signals; the control subsystem is respectively connected with the ion concentration sensor (4), the first three-way valve (5), the cooling water circulating pump (9), the second three-way valve (10), the heating device (11), the heat exchange device (12), the radiator (13), the compressor (17) and the condenser (19) to realize the switching of different working modes;
the low-temperature cold start heating subsystem comprises a fuel cell stack (1), a stack outlet temperature sensor (2), a one-way valve (3), an ion concentration sensor (4), a first three-way valve (5), a cooling water circulating pump (9), a second three-way valve (10), a heating device (11) and a stack inlet temperature sensor (15);
the heat dissipation subsystem comprises a fuel cell stack (1), a stack outlet temperature sensor (2), a one-way valve (3), an ion concentration sensor (4), a first three-way valve (5), a cooling water circulating pump (9), a second three-way valve (10), a radiator (13), a first heat dissipation fan (14) and a stack inlet temperature sensor (15);
the refrigeration subsystem comprises a heat exchange device (12), a drying and separating device (16), a compressor (17), a second cooling fan (18), a condenser (19) and a heat balance valve (20);
the deionized water circulating system comprises a first three-way valve (5), a deionization device (6), a water replenishing tank (7) and a flowmeter (8);
the fuel cell pile (1) provides corresponding driving power for the normal running of the port transport vehicle and generates certain heat at the same time; the electric pile outlet temperature sensor (2) is used for monitoring the temperature change of cooling water at the electric pile outlet and transmitting a measuring signal to the fuel cell system control unit (21); the one-way valve (3) ensures that cooling water flows in one direction, so that the phenomenon of cooling water backflow is avoided; the ion concentration sensor (4) monitors the ion concentration of the cooling water in the pipeline in real time and transmits a measurement signal to the fuel cell system control unit (21); the first three-way valve (5) is respectively connected with the heat dissipation subsystem loop and the deionized water circulation loop, and the flow direction of the cooling water is controlled by opening and closing the three interfaces, so that the on-off of the deionized subsystem is realized;
the cooling water circulating pump (9) drives the cooling water to flow in the whole circulating pipeline and controls the flow of the cooling water; the second three-way valve (10) is respectively connected with the heat dissipation subsystem loop and the low-temperature cold start loop, and the switching of two working modes is realized through the opening and closing of the three interfaces; the heating device (11) heats cooling water in the low-temperature cold start loop to ensure the normal start of the port transport vehicle in a low-temperature environment; the radiator (13) is used for reducing the temperature of cooling water and ensuring that the temperature of the cooling water entering the galvanic pile is within a reasonable interval; the first heat dissipation fan (14) realizes convection heat dissipation, and the heat dissipation effect is better; the temperature sensor (15) at the inlet of the galvanic pile is used for monitoring the temperature change of cooling water at the outlet of the galvanic pile in real time and transmitting a measuring signal to the control unit (21) of the fuel cell system;
the deionization device (6) filters charged ions contained in the cooling liquid in the pipeline, so that the conductivity of the cooling liquid is kept in a reasonable range; the water replenishing tank (7) stores cooling water for the cooling water circulating pump to replenish water into the system; the flow meter (8) monitors the flow of cooling water in the deionized water circulating system;
the heat exchange device (12) cools the high-temperature cooling liquid in the right pipeline, so that the heat dissipation effect is enhanced; the drying and separating device (16) absorbs moisture and filters the refrigerant entering the compressor; the compressor (17) is used as a power source of the refrigeration subsystem to push the refrigerant to continuously circulate in the system; the condenser (19) utilizes a cooling fan to generate natural wind to forcibly cool and dissipate heat, and the heat of the refrigerant is discharged; the second heat dissipation fan (18) realizes convection heat dissipation, and can realize a better heat dissipation effect; the heat balance valve (20) throttles and decompresses the refrigerant liquid by changing the flow rate.
2. A port transport vehicle fuel cell thermal management system taking into account stack life as recited in claim 1, wherein: judging the working mode of the system according to the current operating working temperature of the system;
the first working mode is as follows: a low temperature cold start mode; when the current temperature of the fuel cell stack (1) is lower than the starting temperature, the second three-way valve (10) is controlled by the fuel cell system control unit (21), the heat dissipation subsystem is closed, and the heating device (11) is simultaneously opened to heat cooling water, so that the temperature of the cooling water can quickly reach the starting temperature;
and a second working mode: a heat sink heat dissipation mode; when the fuel cell stack (1) is in a range between the starting temperature and the first temperature, the second three-way valve (10) is controlled by a fuel cell system control unit (21), the heating device is closed, and the radiator (13) starts to work at the same time, so that the temperature of the stack is reduced;
and a third working mode: a radiator heat radiation mode and a heat radiation fan heat radiation mode; if the discharge current of the fuel cell stack (1) is large and the heating value is high, so that the temperature of the stack reaches a second temperature range, the fan is added to carry out forced convection heat dissipation on the basis of opening the radiator, and the heat dissipation effect is enhanced;
and a fourth working mode: a radiator heat dissipation mode, a heat dissipation fan mode and a condensing device heat dissipation mode; if the calorific capacity of the fuel cell stack (1) is further increased or the thermal runaway phenomenon occurs, so that the temperature of the fuel cell stack (1) is higher than the second temperature range, the refrigeration subsystem, namely the two-stage heat dissipation system, is started on the basis of the three modes, and the refrigeration subsystem absorbs the heat in the pipeline on the right side through the heat exchange device to achieve the effect of reducing the temperature of cooling water, thereby more effectively cooling the fuel cell stack (1).
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