CN110995209B - Comb-shaped pulse forming line based on nano liquid medium - Google Patents
Comb-shaped pulse forming line based on nano liquid medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN110995209B CN110995209B CN201911243625.XA CN201911243625A CN110995209B CN 110995209 B CN110995209 B CN 110995209B CN 201911243625 A CN201911243625 A CN 201911243625A CN 110995209 B CN110995209 B CN 110995209B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
- H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
- H03K3/53—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback
Abstract
The invention discloses a comb-shaped pulse forming line based on a nano liquid medium, and aims to solve the problems that a pulse forming line is difficult to provide rectangular wave pulses under a smaller size condition, and the comb-shaped pulse forming line is low in average energy storage density and low in withstand voltage. The invention optimizes the structure of the comb-shaped pulse forming line, improves the structure of the inner conductor, the comb-shaped inner conductor and the outer cylinder form a slow wave structure, adopts nano liquid medium, adopts a Tesla transformer, separates a primary coil and a secondary coil from the integrated forming line, adds a magnetic core for strengthening the coupling effect between the primary coil and the secondary coil, and improves the transformation ratio. The invention can increase the energy storage of the comb-shaped forming line, realize the long pulse output, improve the energy storage density, and has compact structure, the separated Tesla transformer and the comb-shaped forming line structure can promote the matching effect of the nanometer liquid and the comb-shaped forming line, and simultaneously, the good matching effect of the Tesla transformer and the transformer oil is ensured to be unchanged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a pulse forming line in the technical field of high-power pulse driving sources, in particular to a comb-shaped pulse forming line based on a nano liquid medium.
Background
The high-power (more than 100 MW) pulse drive source technology is an electro-physical technology for rapidly compressing and converting low-power stored high-density electromagnetic field energy into pulse high power, and is the basis of application of high-power microwaves, pulse lasers, electromagnetic emission, fusion energy and the like. The pulse power device has important application value in various fields such as national defense, industry and the like, and is an important test platform for researches on high-power microwave, high-energy pulse laser, plasma physics, waste gas and wastewater treatment, agriculture, medical treatment and the like. At present, the important development direction of the high-power pulse driving source technology is high power, long pulse, compactness, high stability and reliability. The capacitive energy storage type pulse power source adopts a liquid medium pulse forming line as an energy storage device, has the characteristics of high output waveform quality and high repetition frequency operation, is widely researched and applied, and is one of important technical approaches in the field.
The capacitive energy storage type pulse forming line is a key sub-component for forming square-wave electric pulse by a high-power pulse driving source, generally occupies more than 60% of the volume of a pulse driving source device, and directly determines the working performance, application prospect and volume of the driving source. The pulse forming line is essentially an electric transmission line and can realize the functions of storing, transmitting and forming square waves of electric energy, and the like, and the energy storage medium of the pulse forming line is usually composed of a solid or liquid medium and has a fixed relative dielectric constant epsilon r . The electric energy of the pulse forming line is stored in the energy storage medium between the transmission lines, after the switch is closed, the electric energy is transmitted to the load with constant voltage amplitude, if the load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the pulse forming line, the quasi-square wave pulse can be output on the load, and the load voltage U is load Is to form an on-line voltage U PFL One half of (i.e. U) load ＝0.5U PFL . The pulse forming line is equivalent to a capacitor in the energy storage process, and the energy storage density of any point of the pulse forming line is as follows: ω =0.5 ε 0 ε r E 2 . Where E is the electric field strength at the point (the electric field strength E is equal to the ratio of the voltage U at the point to the distance d from the point to the surface of the inner conductor), ε 0 And ε r Respectively dielectric constant in vacuum and relative dielectric constant of the energy storage medium, epsilon 0 ＝10 7 /(4πc 2 )＝8.85×10 -12 F/m. The total energy storage formula of the pulse forming line is as follows:
where r is the distance from a point in the line forming the central axis of symmetry, r 1 And r 2 Radius of inner conductor and outer cylinder, U, respectively, forming a line max To create the highest withstand voltage of the wire. The average energy storage density of the pulse-forming line is: omega aver Where W is the total stored energy of the pulse forming line and V is the total volume of the device. Higher dielectric constant (. Epsilon.) r >3 or more) is capable of effectively increasing the average energy storage density of the formed wire, and this type of liquid is generally called a high energy storage density liquid medium. The resistivity of the liquid medium during practical use also affects its maximum withstand electric field strength E max Corresponding to the highest withstand voltage U max Therefore, the high energy storage density liquid medium has the characteristics of high dielectric constant, high resistivity (more than 20M omega cm) and improvement of the highest withstand voltage U of the liquid max And is also an important way for improving the energy storage density of the liquid.
The pulse width of the square wave electrical pulse is proportional to the electrical length of the pulse forming line. Electrical length of pulse forming line
Wherein epsilon r The relative dielectric constant of the energy storage medium in the pulse-forming line, l the mechanical length of the pulse-forming line, and c the speed of light in vacuum. The electrical length tau of the pulse-forming line and the relative permittivity epsilon of the energy-storing medium r In a proportional relationship of one half power. At present, there are two main methods for lengthening the pulse width, one is to use a liquid medium with high energy storage density (i.e. using epsilon) r Larger liquid media) because τ increases, the pulse width of the square wave electrical pulse will also increase; another is to use a forming line inner conductor having a slow-wave structure of a spiral or comb shape. These two methods are explained below.
The first method is closely related to the kind of liquid medium. The liquid medium has the advantages of higher energy storage density, good recovery performance, low cost, better fluidity and the like. The commonly used liquid energy storage media mainly comprise an oil medium and an aqueous medium (a mixed liquid containing water). The dielectric constant of the oil medium is 2.25, and the oil medium has the advantages of higher resistivity and compressive strength and is generally applied to early pulse power systems. In order to develop low impedance high current pulsed power devices, a revolution of energy storage media has emerged, replacing "oil" with "water". The aqueous medium has the advantages of high dielectric constant (about 80) and high compressive strength, and therefore, high energy storage density. However, the aqueous medium has disadvantages that the intrinsic resistivity is low (18 M.OMEGA.. Multidot.cm), a deionization treatment system is required to increase the resistivity, the compactness of a pulse power system is not facilitated, and the freezing point of the aqueous medium limits the practical application range.
Researchers in various countries are seeking liquid media with high energy storage density and wider application range. Such as high energy storage density liquid media like Midel7131 synthetic ester, castor oil, propylene carbonate and the like. The dielectric constant of the Midel7131 synthetic ester is 3.9, the synthetic ester is environment-friendly and nontoxic, has good stability and good temperature adaptability (-60 ℃ -322 ℃), the dielectric constant of the castor oil is 4.3, the castor oil is very stable, hardly generates oxidation in the air, has good fluidity and good temperature adaptability (-20 ℃ -322 ℃). The propylene carbonate has the advantages of wide temperature adaptation range (-50-200 ℃), high dielectric constant of 65, low viscosity and the like. The propylene carbonate molecule has five-membered ring structure, stable chemical property and high compressive strength. These types of liquid media have outstanding advantages and are suitable for high energy storage pulse forming lines as insulating media.
The second method of lengthening the output pulse width, which is independent of the first method, is effective. Generally, a straight cylindrical coaxial forming line is used to acquire a pulse having a pulse width of several tens of nanoseconds. If rectangular wave electric pulse with pulse width exceeding hundred nanoseconds is required to be obtained, the overall size of the pulse driving source is overlarge even if a high-energy-storage-density liquid medium is adopted for the straight-tube coaxial forming line, and space resources and financial resources are wasted. In order to make the overall size more compact, the line inner conductor structure needs to be optimally formed while a high energy storage density liquid medium is adopted. For example, when there are limitations in size and a longer output pulse width is required, in addition to the use of a higher energy storage density liquid medium, a design is required to introduce a helical or slow wave structure to form the line inner conductor.
Documents [ F.ya.Zaguov, V.V.Kladukhin, S.V.Kladukhin, S.P.Khramtsov, and V.Yu.Yalov.applications of comb-type coaxial lines with a build-in conversion for generating high-power nanosension pulses [ J.]Instruments and Experimental Techniques for the use of comb-like pulse forming lines with built-in transformers for the production of high-power nanosecond pulses, f.ya. Zaguov, v.v.kladukhin, s.v.kladukhin, s.p.khamtsov, and v.yu.yalov., 2012, volume 55, no.6, page numbers 660-663) report a high-power pulse drive source based on oil medium-based comb-like pulse forming lines, hereinafter referred to as background art one. The comb-shaped pulse forming line has a cylindrical overall structure as shown in fig. 1, and is rotationally symmetric about a central axis. The comb-shaped pulse forming line is composed of an inner conductor 1, an outer cylinder 2, a transformer 3, a medium 4, a first supporting plate 5 and a second supporting plate 6. The inner conductor 1 has a comb-shaped slow wave structure, the outer wall of the inner conductor 1 forms a disc protrusion structure (the whole of all disc protrusion structures is the comb-shaped structure) through grooving, and the comb-shaped structure and the smooth inner wall of the outer barrel 2 form the comb-shaped slow wave structure. The inner conductor 1 is made of a stainless steel round tube having a comb-like structure with a radius of 75mm and an axial length of 2000mm. The comb-shaped structure on the circular tube consists of 20 disc protrusions, the outer radius of each disc protrusion is 75mm, the inner radius of each disc protrusion is 50mm, and the axial length d of each disc protrusion s1 45mm, the spacing d between the disk protrusions s2 Is 45mm. A first metal cylindrical boss 7 with the diameter of 130mm and the length of 100mm is welded on the front end face of the inner conductor 1, so that the gas spark switch can be conveniently connected and supported. And a second metal cylindrical boss 8 with the diameter of 50mm and the length of 130mm is welded on the rear end face of the inner conductor 1, so that the load connection and the support are facilitated. The outer cylinder 2 is made of a section of stainless steel round pipe with the inner radius of 110mm, the outer radius of 120mm and the axial length of 2000mm. A through hole with the radius of 50mm is drilled at the geometric center of the drill rod. The type and specific dimensions of the internal transformer 3 are not explicitly reported in the literature, and it can be seen from fig. 1 that the whole of the transformer 3 (comprising the primary and secondary coils) is located between the first support plate 5 and the second support plate 6, in a line-forming mannerThe transformer 3 is located between the first support plate 5 and the second support plate 6 at the center, and is built in the outer tube 2. The primary coil is tightly attached to the inner wall of the outer barrel 2 and wound for a circle, one end with a larger radius of the secondary coil is attached to the inner wall of the outer barrel 2, one end with a smaller radius is attached to the outer wall of the inner conductor 1, and a magnetic core structure is not seen. It is assumed that the built-in transformer 3 is composed of only a primary coil and a secondary coil. The transformation ratio is about 10 times. The liquid insulating medium 4 is a transformer oil medium. The first support plate 5 and the second support plate 6 are plastic plate materials. In the experiment, the comb-shaped pulse forming linear pulse driving source can obtain quasi-square-wave electric pulses on a load of 45 omega under the geometrical scale that the pulse forming line is 2000mm in length and 220mm in diameter. The highest withstand voltage of the formed line is-300 kV, the output peak power of the pulse driving source is 2GW, the pulse width is 16ns, the average energy storage density of the formed line is 0.5J/L, and the pulse width is 1.2 times of that of the coaxial straight cylindrical formed line with the same size.
In the first background art, the comb-shaped slow wave structure is formed by the comb-shaped structure on the outer wall of the inner conductor 1 of the comb-shaped pulse forming line and the smooth inner wall of the outer cylinder 2, and although the comb-shaped slow wave structure can prolong the output pulse width, the adopted medium 4 is transformer oil, so that the relative dielectric constant is low (epsilon) r = 2.25), the optimization of the structure design of the inner conductor forming the line is insufficient, resulting in a pulse width lengthening multiple of only 1.2 times, with insignificant effect. This comb-shaped line solution has three disadvantages, one is the use of transformer oil (e) r = 2.25) as an energy storage medium, the output pulse width of the comb-shaped pulse forming line generated on the unit length is difficult to be increased to more than 100 ns; secondly, because the supporting structure of the transformer built in the comb-shaped forming line is easy to become an insulation weak point, the forming line is subjected to breakdown, the highest withstand voltage of the comb-shaped forming line is reduced, and the total energy storage of the forming line is reduced, so that the average energy storage density of the forming line is difficult to break through 1J/L. And thirdly, the supporting structure of the comb-shaped line built-in transformer has good insulating matching effect with transformer oil, but has poor insulating matching effect with other liquid media, and cannot exert the highest insulating property of other high-energy-storage-density liquid media. How to fully utilize the internal space of the comb-shaped forming line and improve the comb shapeThe formation of the linear average energy storage density and the increase of the output pulse width are still the technical problems to be overcome in the field.
At present, the technical scheme of adopting a nano-doped high-energy-storage-density liquid medium and having a comb-shaped slow-wave structure to form a line by pulse is not published.
Disclosure of Invention
The comb pulse forming line aims to solve the technical problems that the comb pulse forming line based on the transformer oil medium is difficult to provide rectangular wave pulses under the condition of small size, and the comb pulse forming line is low in average energy storage density and low in withstand voltage.
The invention absorbs the advantages of the comb-shaped pulse forming line, optimizes the structure of the comb-shaped pulse forming line, adopts a nano liquid medium, adopts a Tesla transformer, and separates the Tesla transformer (a primary coil and a secondary coil are separated from an integrated forming line of the background technology I, and a magnetic core is added to strengthen the coupling effect between the primary coil and the secondary coil and improve the transformation ratio), so that the forming line and the nano liquid medium have better insulating matching effect, and the problems of low energy storage density, low withstand voltage, low internal space utilization efficiency and the like of the oil medium comb-shaped pulse forming line are improved, and the comb-shaped pulse forming line based on the nano liquid medium is provided.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a comb-shaped pulse forming line based on a nano liquid medium is composed of an inner conductor, an outer cylinder, a transformer, a medium, a first insulating support plate and a second insulating support plate. The entire structure is rotationally symmetric about the central axis AA'. The inner conductor is coaxially arranged in the center of the outer barrel, two ends of the inner conductor are fixed through bolts, two ends of the outer barrel are respectively sealed by the first insulation supporting plate and the second insulation supporting plate, and the outer barrel is grounded. For convenience of description, an end of the present invention near the tesla transformer is referred to as a front end (i.e., an end where the first insulating support plate is located), and an end of the present invention connected to the external gas switch is referred to as a rear end (i.e., an end where the second insulating support plate is located). Generally, the wire is formed to operate in cooperation with the gas switch. If the gas switch is considered to be placed outside the comb pulse forming line, the axial lengths of the inner conductor and the outer cylinder are equal, as shown in fig. 2. If the gas switch is considered to be placed in the comb-shaped forming line, the axial length of the outer cylinder needs to be larger than that of the inner conductor, a certain space is reserved between the rear end of the inner conductor and the second insulating support plate, and the external gas switch is placed, as shown in fig. 4.
The inner conductor is formed by processing n disc bulges outside a cylinder, and the outer radius of the cylinder is r z2 ，r z2 The range is 10 mm-200 mm; the inner radius of the cylinder is r z3 ，r z3 ＝r z2 M, m being the thickness of the cylindrical wall, generally from 2mm to 20mm. The axial length of the cylinder being l z ，l z I.e. the distance between the two end faces of the inner conductor (named front end face and rear end face) in the axial direction, l z By
T is the pulse width required to be output by the forming line to be designed, c is the speed of light, alpha is the slow wave coefficient, epsilon r Is the relative dielectric constant of the medium. The outer side wall of the cylinder is axially processed with n disc bulges which are arranged at equal intervals; the outer radius of the disc protrusion is r z1 ，r z1 From R = ρ ln (R) w1 /r z1 ) Determining where r w1 The outer radius of the outer cylinder, R is a target impedance (specified by a design index) forming a line, and ρ is the resistivity of the liquid medium. The inner radius of the disc protrusion is r z2 . The interval between the disk protrusions is n-1, called inner grooves, and the disk protrusions are arranged at equal intervals. The axial lengths of the n-2 disc protrusions at the middle position except the head disc protrusion and the tail disc protrusion are d 1 ，d 1 The range is 10mm to 200mm. Wherein the axial length of the head disk protrusion is d 3 The axial length of the tail disc protrusion is also d 3 ，d 3 General ratio d 1 Slightly smaller. The outer radius of all the inner grooves is r z2 All inner radii are r z3 All width being d 2 ，d 2 The range is 10mm to 200mm. Therefore, it is not only easy to use
The edges and corners of the protruding end faces of the circular disc are rounded. Disk protrusion and inner groove regularityAlternating structures, called comb structures of inner conductors.
The outer cylinder is a cylinder with an outer radius r w1 ，r w1 The range is 200 mm-1500 mm. Inner radius r w2 ，r w2 General ratio r w1 The size is 5 mm-20 mm. Axial length l of outer cylinder w I.e. the length between the two insulating support plates (excluding the thickness of the two insulating support plates), depending on the inner conductor: if the switch is considered to be placed outside the formed line, then w ＝l z (ii) a If the gas switch is considered to be placed in the folded radial pulse forming line, then w Greater than the axial length l of the inner conductor z And a certain space (generally 100 mm-300 mm) is reserved between the rear end face of the inner conductor and the second insulating support plate, and an external gas switch is placed. The comb-shaped structure of the outer cylinder and the inner conductor are combined to form a slow wave structure, the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves in the forming line can be reduced, and the output pulse width of the comb-shaped pulse forming line is lengthened. The electric energy is stored along the comb-shaped structure on the inner conductor, and compared with a smooth coaxial forming line, the comb-shaped pulse forming line has the advantages that the utilization rate of the inner space of the comb-shaped pulse forming line is high, and more electric energy is stored.
The transformer is a Tesla transformer, is coaxially arranged at the front end of the first insulation supporting plate together with the outer cylinder, is externally arranged on the outer cylinder and consists of a Tesla transformer shell, a primary coil, a secondary coil, a magnetic core, transformer oil and a transformer supporting plate. Different from the background art, the transformer of the invention is independent and provided with the magnetic core, and the transformation ratio of the transformer can be further improved to 50 times. The transformer is rotationally symmetric about a central axis AA'. The Tesla transformer shell is a cylinder with an outer radius r w1 Inner radius of r w2 Axial length of l t (excluding the thickness of the transformer support plate 36), l t The range is 200mm-2000mm. The primary coil being a strip of copper of width l t Length of 2 π r w2 The thickness is 0.5mm, and the inner wall is tightly attached to the inner wall of the housing of the Tesla transformer. The secondary coil is a wound coil group in a cone shape, and the large radius of the cone is r s1 The small radius of the vertebral body is r s2 The surface of the cone is wound by enameled wires with the diameter of 0.2-0.5mmWherein r is s1 ＝r w2 -10mm，r s2 ＝r t -10mm. The magnetic core is a silicon steel cylinder with radius r t ，r t ＝0.5r z1 Length is equal to l t ,. The magnetic core is sleeved at the center of the secondary coil, and two ends of the magnetic core are respectively connected with the transformer supporting plate and the first insulating supporting plate through bolts. The transformer supporting plate is a disc made of nylon material and has a radius of r w1 Thickness d of 4 Generally 10mm to 30mm, and are connected together by bolts and magnetic cores. The transformer oil is filled in the gaps of the transformer and plays an insulating role. The transformer works on the principle that a primary coil is electrified, and voltage is coupled to a secondary coil to generate high voltage which is transmitted to an inner conductor to complete charging. The primary coil and the secondary coil in the integrated forming wire are separated, and the transformer is independently assembled, so that the good insulating matching effect of the transformer and transformer oil can be kept, and the forming wire and a medium have a good insulating matching effect.
The medium is a nano liquid medium, and is filled in the space between the inner conductor and the outer cylinder, so that the insulating effect is achieved, and the inner conductor and the outer cylinder are prevented from being punctured under the high-voltage condition. The medium adopts suitable and high-quality liquid medium, can improve the highest withstand voltage who forms the line, promotes the dielectric strength who forms the line, improves the total energy storage who forms the line promptly. The nano liquid medium is prepared by adopting a nano particle doping technology. The nanoparticle doping technique is a technique for uniformly dispersing nanoscale particles (such as carbon, metal oxide, non-metal oxide and the like) into a liquid medium (such as water, ethylene glycol, transformer oil, propylene carbonate and the like). The liquid medium prior to doping the nanoparticles is referred to as the base liquid. Compared with base liquid, the nano liquid medium can improve the insulating property of the base liquid under certain conditions. The nano-particles adopted by the nano-liquid medium are nano-scale metal, metal oxide, non-metal oxide and other nano-particles (such as conductor Fe) 3 O 4 Particles, al aluminum particles, semiconductor TiO 2 Particles and insulating Al 2 O 3 Particles, etc.); the adopted base liquid is a high energy storage density liquid medium (the high energy storage density liquid medium refers to the relative dielectric constant epsilon) r >Liquid medium with resistivity higher than 10M omega cm and higher than 2, such as transformer oil r =2.25, castor oil epsilon r =4.3, glycerol epsilon r =37, propylene carbonate epsilon r Liquid =65, etc.). The nano doping technology hardly changes the dielectric constant of the base liquid on one hand, and can remarkably improve the pulse insulation performance of the base liquid on the other hand, so that the energy storage density of the formed line is greatly increased, and the compactness of a pulse power system is improved. Because the built-in transformer is not well matched with the nano liquid medium, the nano particles are easily attached to a secondary coil of the built-in transformer, and the stability of the nano liquid medium is influenced; and the secondary coil of the built-in transformer has lower insulation strength than the nano liquid medium, and is easy to break down in advance to damage before reaching the highest withstand voltage of the formed wire. The invention designs the Tesla transformer 3 independently, can exert the matching effect of the nanometer liquid medium and the comb-shaped forming line to the maximum extent, and simultaneously the Tesla transformer 3 and the transformer oil achieve better matching effect. The invention is based on the comb-shaped forming line of the nano liquid medium with the highest withstand voltage U max Generally not less than 850kV, forming ln (r) of line 2 /r 1 ) The parameter is generally not more than 1.5, and the volume is generally not more than 100 liters under the condition that the whole device is compact, and the total energy storage formula of the pulse forming line is adopted
The average energy storage density equation for the combined pulse-forming line: omega aver And the estimated total stored energy is divided by the volume of the device, so that the average stored energy density of the comb-shaped forming line is at least over 10J/L.
The first insulating support plate is arranged at the front end of the outer cylinder and is a circular disc with a radius of r w1 . The supporting plate is used for keeping the inner conductor in the center of the outer barrel and not in contact with the outer barrel, and closing and supporting the inner conductor. A gap is formed in the circle center of the first insulation supporting plate and used for a bolt to penetrate through. The bolt penetrates through a gap at the circle center of the first insulating support plate to be connected with the front end of the inner conductor, and the functions of transmitting electric energy and supporting the inner conductor are achieved. Thickness d of the first insulating support plate 4 The thickness d of the inner conductor 4 Generally 10mm to 30mm.
The second insulating support plate and the first insulating support plate are identical in structure and effect, and the second insulating support plate is placed at the rear end of the outer barrel. If the gas switch is arranged in the forming line, the second insulating supporting plate is connected with the gas switch through a bolt; if the gas switch is arranged outside the forming wire, the bolt penetrates through the first insulating support plate, one end of the bolt is connected with the inner conductor, and the other end of the bolt is connected with the external gas switch.
The inner conductor and the outer barrel are made of stainless steel materials, the first insulating supporting plate, the second insulating supporting plate, the shell of the Tesla transformer and the supporting plate of the Tesla transformer are generally made of nylon materials, a primary coil of the Tesla transformer is made of copper materials, a secondary coil is made of enameled wires in a winding mode, and a magnetic core is made of silicon steel materials.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: first, the inner conductor of the comb-shaped pulse forming line has a comb-shaped structure, and the inner conductor and the outer cylinder form a slow-wave structure. From the angle of energy storage, when charging, the distribution of the internal electric field is uniform, the comb-shaped structure can make full use of the internal space of the forming line, so that the energy storage density of the comb-shaped forming line is increased, the released energy is more, and the output pulse width is lengthened. From the perspective of electromagnetic wave transmission, the comb-shaped structure enables the wave speed of the electromagnetic wave transmitted on the forming line to be slowed down through the self-construction LC circuit network, and the pulse width is lengthened. Secondly, the separated tesla transformer and the comb-shaped forming line structure are adopted, so that the matching effect of the nano liquid and the comb-shaped forming line can be promoted, and meanwhile, the good matching effect of the tesla transformer and the transformer oil is ensured to be unchanged. Moreover, the nano liquid medium has higher dielectric constant and higher pulse insulation performance, so that the highest withstand voltage and energy storage density of the formed line are greatly increased, and the compactness of a pulse power system is improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can achieve the following effects:
(1) The comb-shaped inner conductor and the outer barrel form a slow wave structure, the comb-shaped forming line energy storage can be increased, the long pulse output is realized, the integral structure is kept compact, the comb-shaped inner conductor and the outer barrel are applied to a pulse generator, the device can be compact, and the output pulse width is lengthened.
(2) The medium of the invention adopts a nano liquid medium, so that the energy storage density of the pulse forming line can reach more than 10J/L.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a structural diagram of a high power pulse driving source based on an oil medium based comb pulse forming line reported in the background art document [ F.ya.Zaguov, V.V.Kladukhin, S.P.Khramtsov, and V.Yu.Yalov.applications of comb-type coaxial lines with a build-in transforming for generating high-power nonseconded pulses [ J ]. Instruments and Experimental Techniques,2012, vol.55, no.6, pp.660-663 ];
FIG. 2 is a general block diagram of one embodiment (example 1) of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 along central axis AA';
FIG. 4 is a general block diagram of one embodiment (example 2) of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a three-dimensional structural view of the inner conductor 1 of the present invention (the same as in embodiment 1 and embodiment 2);
FIG. 6 is a three-dimensional structural view of an outer cylinder 2 according to the present invention (the same as in embodiment 1 and embodiment 2);
fig. 7 is a three-dimensional structural view of the tesla transformer 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing simulation results of electric field simulation in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing simulation results of electric field simulation in example 2 of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a graph of output voltage waveforms of field-line collaborative simulation according to the present invention (same as in embodiments 1 and 2).
Detailed Description
FIG. 2 is a general structure diagram of the comb pulse forming line (gas switch is placed outside the forming line) of the invention based on the nano liquid medium in example 1; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 along a central axis AA'; as shown in fig. 2 and 3, the linear pulse generator formed based on the nano liquid medium comb shape is composed of an inner conductor 1, an outer cylinder 2, a tesla transformer 3, a medium 4, a first insulating support plate 5 and a second insulating support plate 6. The entire structure is rotationally symmetric about the central axis AA'. The inner conductor 1 is coaxially arranged in the center of the outer cylinder 2, two ends of the inner conductor are fixed through bolts, two ends of the outer cylinder 2 are respectively sealed by a first insulating supporting plate 5 and a second insulating supporting plate 6, and the outer cylinder 2 is grounded. For convenience of description, an end of the present invention near the tesla transformer 3 is referred to as a front end (an end where the first insulating support plate 5 is located), and an end of the present invention connected to the external gas switch is referred to as a rear end (an end where the second insulating support plate 6 is located). Generally, the wire is formed to operate in cooperation with the gas switch. As in embodiment 1 of fig. 2, when the gas switch is placed outside the comb pulse forming line, the axial lengths of the inner conductor and the outer cylinder are equal.
Fig. 4 is a general structure diagram of the comb pulse forming line (gas switch is placed in the forming line) based on the nano liquid medium of the invention, embodiment 2. The only difference between fig. 4 and fig. 2 is that the outer cylinder 2 in embodiment 2 has a larger axial length than the inner conductor 1, a certain space is reserved between the rear end of the inner conductor 1 and the second insulating support plate 6, an external gas switch is placed, the vacant position is determined according to the size of the external gas switch, and the rest parameters in fig. 4 are respectively consistent with those in embodiment 1 shown in fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a three-dimensional structural view of the inner conductor 1 of the present invention (the same as in embodiment 1 and embodiment 2). The inner conductor 1 is formed by processing n disc protrusions 12 outside a cylinder 11, and the outer radius of the cylinder 11 is r z2 ，r z2 The range is 10 mm-200 mm; the inner radius of the cylinder 11 is r z3 ，r z3 ＝r z2 M, m being the thickness of the wall of the cylinder 11, generally from 2mm to 20mm. The cylinder 11 has an axial length l z ，l z I.e. the axial distance between the front and rear faces of the inner conductor 1, l z By
T is the pulse width required to be output by the forming line to be designed, c is the speed of light, alpha is the slow wave coefficient, epsilon r Is the relative permittivity of the medium 4. Round (T-shaped)The outer side wall of the barrel 11 is axially processed with n disc protrusions 12 which are arranged at equal intervals; the outer radius of the disc protrusion 12 is r z1 ，r z1 From R = ρ ln (R) w1 /r z1 ) Determining where r w1 The outer radius of the outer cylinder 2, R is the target impedance forming a line, and ρ is the resistivity of the liquid medium. The inner radius of the disc protrusion 12 is r z2 . The disk protrusions 12 are arranged at equal intervals, and have n-1 gaps therebetween, called inner grooves 13. The n-2 disk protrusions 12 at the intermediate positions except the leading disk protrusion 121 and the trailing disk protrusion 122 are all d in axial length 1 ，d 1 The range is 10mm to 200mm. Wherein the axial length of the head disk protrusion 121 is d 3 The axial length of the trailing disk projection 122 is also d 3 ，d 3 General ratio d 1 Slightly smaller. All the inner grooves 13 have an outer radius of r z2 All inner radii are r z3 All width being d 2 ，d 2 The range is 10mm to 200mm. Therefore, it is not only easy to use
The edges and corners of the end faces of the disc protrusions 12 are rounded. The regularly alternating structure of the disc protrusions 12 and the inner grooves 13 is called a comb-like structure of the inner conductor 1.
FIG. 6 is a three-dimensional structural view of an outer cylinder of the present invention (the same as in embodiment 1 and embodiment 2); the outer cylinder 2 is a cylinder, and the outer radius of the outer cylinder 2 is r w1 ，r w1 The range is 200 mm-1500 mm. Inner radius r w2 ，r w2 Range general ratio r w1 The outer diameter is 5 mm-20 mm smaller. Axial length l of outer cylinder w I.e. the length between the two insulating support plates (excluding the thickness of the two insulating support plates), which depends on the inner conductor: if the switch is placed outside the formed line,/, then w ＝l z (ii) a If the gas switch is placed in the folded radial pulse forming line, l w Greater than the axial length l of the inner conductor z And a certain space (generally 100 mm-300 mm) is reserved between the rear end face of the inner conductor and the second insulating support plate, and an external gas switch is placed.
Fig. 7 is a three-dimensional structural view of the transformer 3 of the present invention; the transformer 3 is a Tesla transformer, andthe outer cylinder 2 is coaxially arranged at the front end of the first insulating support plate 5, is externally arranged on the outer cylinder 2, and consists of a Tesla transformer shell 31, a primary coil 32, a secondary coil 33, a magnetic core 34, transformer oil 35 and a transformer support plate 36. The transformer 3 of the present invention is independent and includes the magnetic core 34, and the transformer transformation ratio can be further increased to 50 times. The transformer 3 is rotationally symmetric about a central axis AA'. The tesla transformer housing 31 is a cylinder with an outer radius r w1 Inner radius of r w2 Axial length of l t (excluding the thickness of the transformer support plate 36), l t The range is 200mm-2000mm. The primary coil 32 is a copper strip of width l t Length of 2 π r w2 And the thickness is 0.5mm, and the inner wall of the Tesla transformer shell 31 is tightly attached. The secondary coil 33 is a wound coil group having a conical shape with a large radius r s1 The small radius of the vertebral body is r s2 The surface of the cone is formed by winding enameled wires with the diameter of 0.2-0.5mm, wherein r s1 ＝r w2 -10mm，r s2 ＝r t -10mm. The core 34 is a silicon steel cylinder with a radius r t ，r t ＝0.5r z1 Length is equal to l t . The magnetic core 34 is sleeved at the center of the secondary coil 33, and the two ends are respectively connected with the transformer support plate 36 and the first insulating support plate 5 by bolts. The transformer supporting plate 36 is a disc made of nylon material and has a radius of r w1 Thickness d 4 Typically 10mm to 30mm, and are bolted to the core 34. The transformer oil 35 fills the gaps of the transformer 3 and plays an insulating role.
As shown in fig. 2, 3 and 4, the medium 4 is filled in the space between the inner conductor and the outer cylinder, and a nano liquid medium is adopted.
A first insulating support plate 5 is arranged at the front end of the outer cylinder 2 and is a circular disc with radius r w1 . The function of the support plate is to keep the inner conductor 1 in the center of the outer barrel 2 and out of contact with the outer barrel 2, enclosing and supporting the inner conductor. A gap is reserved at the circle center of the first insulation supporting plate 5 and used for a bolt to penetrate through. The bolt penetrates through the gap at the circle center of the first insulation supporting plate 5 to be connected with the front end of the inner conductor 1, and the bolt plays a role in transmitting electric energy and supporting the inner conductor 1. Thickness d of the first insulating support plate 5 4 It is necessary to support the inner conductor 1 by a thickness d 4 Typically 10mm to 30mm.
The second insulating supporting plate 6 has the same structure and function as the first insulating supporting plate 5, and the second insulating supporting plate 6 is placed at the rear end of the outer cylinder 2. If the gas switch is arranged in the forming line, the second insulating supporting plate 6 is connected with the gas switch through bolts; if the gas switch is arranged outside the forming wire, the bolt penetrates through the first insulating supporting plate 6, one end of the bolt is connected with the inner conductor 1, and the other end of the bolt is connected with the external gas switch.
The inner conductor 1 and the outer cylinder 2 are made of stainless steel materials, the first insulating supporting plate 5, the second insulating supporting plate 6, the Tesla transformer shell 31 and the transformer supporting plate 35 are generally made of nylon materials, the primary coil 32 is made of copper materials, the secondary coil 33 is made of enameled wires in a winding mode, and the magnetic core 34 is made of silicon steel materials.
The total length of embodiment 1 as shown in FIGS. 2-3 is 1510mm (l) z +l t +3d 4 =1510 mm), 7 sets of comb structures are designed on the inner conductor. The concrete parameters are as follows: l z ＝l w ＝1100mm，r w1 ＝210mm，r w2 ＝200mm，r z1 ＝105mm，r z2 ＝35mm，r z3 ＝25mm，d 1 ＝90mm，d 2 ＝70mm，d 3 ＝70mm，d 4 ＝20mm,r p1 ＝200mm，r s1 ＝190mm，r s2 ＝70mm，r t ＝60mm，l t =350mm. The adopted nano liquid medium nano doped particles are semiconductor nano particles TiO 2 The base liquid was propylene carbonate, and the relative dielectric constant was 65.
The total length of example 2 as shown in FIG. 4 is 1710mm (l) w +l t +3d 4 =1710 mm), 7 sets of comb structures are designed on the inner conductor. The specific parameters are as follows: l z ＝1100mm。l w =1300mm, the remaining parameters are identical.
The electric field simulation was performed for example 1, and the electric field simulation result graph is shown in fig. 8. The electric field simulation was performed for example 2, and the electric field simulation result is shown in fig. 9. In the case of impedance matching in the field-circuit co-simulation, the voltage waveforms of the field-circuit co-simulation output voltages of example 1 and example 2 completely agree with each other, as shown in fig. 10.
FIG. 8 shows the electric field distribution of example 1, which is the result of software simulation using CST electromagnetic simulation software in which a voltage of 10kV is applied to a Tesla transformer and an inner conductor. The scale on the left in fig. 8 is a variation value of the electric field intensity with the gradation, and the deeper the gradation in the comb-formed line, the larger the value of the electric field intensity. The right side of fig. 8 is the electric field distribution forming a line, the electric field distribution being between the outer barrel 2 and the inner conductor disc protrusion 12, the intensity of which is represented by the depth of the value grey on the scale on the left. By observing the electric field distribution between the inner conductor 1 and the outer cylindrical body 2, it can be found that the electric field distribution is radiated from the inner conductor 1 to the outer cylindrical body 2, and the electric field intensity is larger as closer to the inner conductor 1. It is also noted that the inner tank 13 also has an electric field present, which means that the inner tank 13 is also able to store part of the electrical energy. Therefore, the internal space of the forming line can be fully utilized, the energy storage density of the comb-shaped forming line is increased, more energy can be released, and the output pulse width is lengthened. The Tesla transformer has uniform electric field distribution and better matching effect with transformer oil.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional 2-dimensional view of the electric field distribution of example 2, and the electric field distribution inside the formed lines is the same as that of FIG. 8.
Fig. 10 is the highest output voltage waveform on the loads of example 1 and example 2. The abscissa is time and the ordinate is voltage. The voltage curve in the graph has a tendency to rapidly reach around-450 kV from 0V, and the voltage curve falls back to around 0V after a duration of 110 ns. It can be seen that the voltage waveform is an ideal quasi square wave pulse with a width of 110ns and a maximum amplitude of-450 kV. The electric energy of the pulse forming line is stored in the energy storage medium 4 between the transmission lines, after the switch is closed, the electric energy is transmitted to the load with constant voltage amplitude, if the load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the pulse forming line, the quasi square wave pulse can be output on the load, and the voltage U is load Is to form an on-line voltage U PFL One half of (i.e. U) load ＝0.5U PFL . The impedance matching in the simulation was performed in examples 1 and 2, so that the comb-like formation line of the comb-like nano liquid was formedThe highest withstand voltage of (2) is-900 kV. Then, according to the size parameter of the forming line and the formula provided in the background art, the total energy storage of the comb-shaped forming line in the embodiment 1 is 2314J, the volume is 114L, and the average energy storage density reaches more than 20J/L.
From the above example results, it can be seen that the nano-liquid based comb-forming line of example 1 can output a voltage pulse square wave of-450 kV, the pulse width is 110ns, and the length of the inner conductor of example 1 is 1100mm. Example 1 the pulse width was lengthened to 2.2 times it, with a significant pulse width lengthening, relative to a straight cylinder of the same size forming a line coaxially (pulse width 50 ns). The pulse width of the output voltage of a comb-shaped pulse forming line in the prior art is 1.2 times that of a coaxial straight cylindrical line with the same size. The lengthening coefficient of the embodiment reaches 2.2 times, and the embodiment has great superiority. The highest withstand voltage of the formed wire in the embodiment 1 can reach-900 kV, the average energy storage density of the formed wire reaches 20J/L, and compared with the highest withstand voltage of the first background technology which can reach-300 kV, the average energy storage density of the formed wire is 0.5J/L, the highest withstand voltage of the formed wire in the embodiment 1 is improved by 3 times, and the average energy storage density is improved by tens of times.
The comb pulse forming line based on the transformer oil medium can provide rectangular wave pulses under the condition of smaller size. The separated Tesla transformer and the comb-shaped forming line structure are adopted, the matching effect of the nano liquid medium and the comb-shaped forming line can be promoted, the excellent matching effect of the Tesla transformer and the transformer oil is ensured, and the highest withstand voltage and the average energy storage density of the forming line are effectively improved. Moreover, the nano liquid medium has higher dielectric constant and higher pulse insulation performance, so that the highest withstand voltage and energy storage density of the formed line are greatly increased, and the compactness of a pulse power system is improved.
Claims (12)
1. A comb-shaped pulse forming line based on a nano liquid medium is composed of an inner conductor (1), an outer cylinder (2), a transformer (3), a medium (4), a first insulating support plate (5) and a second insulating support plate (6), and the whole structure is rotationally symmetrical about a central axis AA'; the inner conductor (1) is coaxially arranged in the center of the outer cylinder (2), two ends of the inner conductor are fixed through bolts, and the outer cylinder(2) Two ends of the outer cylinder are respectively sealed by a first insulating support plate (5) and a second insulating support plate (6), and the outer cylinder (2) is grounded; one end close to the first insulating support plate (5) is called a front end, and one end connected with an external gas switch, namely one end where the second insulating support plate (6) is located is called a rear end; the method is characterized in that: the gas switch is arranged outside the comb-shaped pulse forming line, and the axial lengths of the inner conductor (1) and the outer cylinder (2) are equal; the inner conductor (1) is formed by processing n disc protrusions (12) outside a cylinder (11), and the outer radius of the cylinder (11) is r z2 The inner radius of the cylinder (11) is r z3 ，r z3 ＝r z2 -m, m being the thickness of the cylinder (11) wall; the axial length of the cylinder (11), i.e. the axial length l of the inner conductor (1) z The axial distance between the front end surface and the rear end surface of the inner conductor (1); the outer side wall of the cylinder (11) is axially processed with n disc bulges (12) which are arranged at equal intervals; the outer radius of the disc protrusion (12) is r z1 The inner radius of the disc protrusion (12) is equal to r z2 (ii) a The n-1 gaps among the disk protrusions (12) are called as inner grooves (13) and are arranged at equal intervals; the axial lengths of the n-2 disc protrusions (12) at the middle position except the head disc protrusion (121) and the tail disc protrusion (122) are d 1 (ii) a The axial length of the head disk protrusion (121) is d 3 The axial length of the tail disc protrusion (122) is also d 3 ，d 3 Ratio d 1 Slightly smaller; the outer radii of all the inner grooves (13) are equal to r z2 All inner radii are equal to r z3 All width being d 2 ，
The structure that the disc protrusions (12) and the inner grooves (13) are regularly alternated is called as a comb-shaped structure of the inner conductor (1);
the outer cylinder (2) is a cylinder, and the outer radius of the outer cylinder (2) is r w1 ，r w1 The range is 200 mm-1500 mm; inner radius r w2 Ratio r w1 Small; the axial length of the outer cylinder, i.e. the length l between the two insulating support plates w ＝l z (ii) a The comb-shaped structures of the outer cylinder (2) and the inner conductor (1) are combined to form a slow wave structure;
the transformer (3) is a Tesla transformer and is coaxially arranged on the first insulating support together with the outer cylinder (2)The front end of the supporting plate (5) is externally arranged on the outer cylinder (2); the transformer consists of a Tesla transformer shell (31), a primary coil (32), a secondary coil (33), a magnetic core (34), transformer oil (35) and a transformer supporting plate (36); the transformer (3) is rotationally symmetrical about a central axis AA', and the Tesla transformer housing (31) is a cylinder with an outer radius equal to r w1 Inner radius equal to r w2 Axial length of l t (ii) a The primary coil (32) is a strip of copper of width l t Length of 2 π r w2 Clinging to the inner wall of the Tesla transformer shell (31); the secondary coil (33) is a wound coil assembly of a conical shape with a large radius r s1 Small radius is r s2 The surface of the cone is formed by winding enameled wires; the magnetic core (34) is a silicon steel cylinder with a radius r t Length is equal to l t (ii) a The magnetic core (34) is sleeved at the central part of the secondary coil (33), and two ends of the magnetic core are respectively connected with the transformer supporting plate (36) and the first insulating supporting plate (5) by bolts; the transformer supporting plate (36) is a disc with radius equal to r w1 Connected together by bolts and magnetic cores (34); the transformer oil (35) is filled in the gaps of the transformer (3);
the medium (4) is a nano liquid medium and is filled in a space between the inner conductor (1) and the outer cylinder (2);
the first insulating supporting plate (5) is arranged at the front end of the outer cylinder (2) and is a circular disc with the radius equal to r w1 (ii) a A gap is formed in the circle center of the first insulating supporting plate (5), and a bolt penetrates through the gap in the circle center of the first insulating supporting plate (5) and is connected with the front end of the inner conductor (1);
the second insulating support plate (6) has the same structure as the first insulating support plate (5) and is placed at the rear end of the outer barrel (2); the second insulating support plate (6) is connected with the gas switch by bolts.
2. The nano-liquid medium-based comb pulse forming line of claim 1, wherein the gas switch is disposed in the comb forming line, and the axial length l of the outer cylinder (2) is w Is greater than the axial length l of the inner conductor (1) z A space is reserved between the rear end of the inner conductor (1) and the second insulating support plate (6) for placing a gas switch; the bolt passes through a first insulating support plate (6)', aOne end of the gas switch is connected with the inner conductor (1), and the other end of the gas switch is connected with the gas switch.
3. Comb-like pulse forming line based on nano-liquid medium as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the outer radius r of the cylinder (11) is z2 The range is 10 mm-200 mm, and the thickness m of the wall of the cylinder (11) is 2 mm-20 mm; axial length of the cylinder (11)
t is the pulse width required to be output for forming a line to be designed, c is the speed of light, α is the slow wave coefficient, ε r Is the relative dielectric constant of the medium (4).
4. Comb-like pulse forming line based on nano-liquid media according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer radius r of the disc protrusions (12) z1 From R = ρ ln (R) w1 /r z1 ) Determination of r w1 Is the outer radius of the outer cylinder (2), R is the target impedance forming a line, ρ is the resistivity of the liquid medium; n-2 disc protrusions (12) in an intermediate position except for the leading disc protrusion (121) and the trailing disc protrusion (122) in the axial length d 1 The range is 10 mm-200 mm; the width of the inner groove (13) is d 2 The range is 10mm to 200mm.
5. A nano-liquid medium based comb-like pulse forming line as claimed in claim 1 or 4, wherein the end faces of the disc protrusions (12) are rounded.
6. The nano-liquid medium-based comb pulse forming line of claim 1, wherein the outer radius of the outer cylinder (2) is r w1 The range is 200 mm-1500 mm; inner radius r w2 Ratio r w1 The size is 5 mm-20 mm.
7. Comb-like pulse forming line based on nano-liquid medium according to claim 1, characterized in that tesla transformer housing (31) axial length l t The range is 200mm-2000mm; transformer device(3) The thickness of the primary coil (32) is 0.5mm, the diameter of the enameled wire on the surface of the cone of the secondary coil (33) is 0.2-0.5mm s1 ＝r w2 -10mm，r s2 ＝r t -10mm; radius r of magnetic core (34) t ＝0.5r z1 Length is equal to l t 。
8. The comb-like pulse forming line based on nano-liquid medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein nano-particles of nano-liquid medium adopted by said medium (4) are nano-scale nano-particles of metal, metal oxide and non-metal oxide; the base liquid adopted is the relative dielectric constant epsilon r >A liquid medium having a resistivity of 2 or more and more than 10 M.OMEGA.cm or more.
9. The nano-liquid medium-based comb-shaped pulse forming line according to claim 8, wherein the nano-particles are conductive particles Fe 3 O 4 Particles, al aluminum particles, semiconductor TiO 2 Particles and insulating Al 2 O 3 Particles; the base liquid refers to transformer oil, castor oil, glycerol and propylene carbonate.
10. The comb-like pulse forming line based on nano-liquid medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first insulating supporting plate (5), the thickness of the second insulating supporting plate (6) and the thickness of the transformer supporting plate (36) are equal, and d is equal 4 ，d 4 Is 10 mm-30 mm.
11. The comb-like pulse forming line based on the nano liquid medium according to claim 1, wherein the inner conductor (1) and the outer cylinder (2) are made of stainless steel, the first insulating support plate (5), the second insulating support plate (6), the tesla transformer shell (31) and the support plate (36) of the transformer are made of nylon, the primary coil (32) of the transformer is made of copper, and the magnetic core (34) of the transformer is made of silicon steel.
12. The comb-like pulse forming line based on nano liquid medium as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the length of the reserved space between the back end face of the inner conductor (1) and the second insulating support plate (6) is 100 mm-300 mm.
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