CN110976868A - Method for dendritic crystal morphology of CoCrMo alloy - Google Patents
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Abstract
According to the method, the temperature change of the CoCrMo alloy in the laser additive forming process in the middle position of the molten pool passing through the single-channel cladding layer is recorded to obtain a fixed point temperature change curve, the peak temperature T of the fixed point temperature change curve, the intercept T of a liquid phase line and the temperature curve and the average cooling rate ξ of the molten pool in the cooling stage are calculated according to the fixed point temperature change curve, the laser additive forming parameters of the CoCrMo alloy are optimized, and the process parameters for obtaining the columnar dendritic crystal and the process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal are finally obtained, so that the morphology of the CoCrMo alloy dendritic crystal is regulated and controlled, and the mechanical property of a formed part can be effectively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of metal additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to a method for forming a dendritic crystal morphology of a CoCrMo alloy.
Background
The Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, also called as 3D printing, is extremely suitable for forming parts of complex overall structures due to its unique layer-by-layer Manufacturing method, and has a very wide application prospect in the aerospace and automotive fields. The Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) technology is one of the most potential Additive Manufacturing technologies at present, takes a high-energy Laser beam as a heat source, gives consideration to the requirements of accurate forming and high-performance forming, has the advantages of high flexibility, short period, no limitation of part structures and materials in forming and the like, and has important application prospects in the aspect of rapid forming of high-performance complex metal parts.
The cobalt-based high-temperature alloy is an austenite high-temperature alloy containing 40-65% of cobalt by mass, and a matrix is strengthened by adding a considerable amount of nickel, chromium, tungsten and a small amount of other elements. Because the cobalt-based superalloy has higher strength at high temperature, good thermal fatigue resistance, hot corrosion resistance and wear resistance, compared with the nickel-based superalloy, the cobalt-based superalloy has higher thermal conductivity and lower thermal expansibility. The cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy can be used in the medical fields of dental restoration, artificial replacement of hip joints and knee joints of human bodies and the like due to good mechanical property, biocompatibility and higher wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Scholars at home and abroad carry out a great deal of research work aiming at the laser additive manufacturing process, the structure, the performance and the like of the cobalt-based superalloy. Research has shown that laser additive manufacturing of CoCrMo alloys has the following characteristics: the macro structure of the formed sample is mainly coarse columnar crystal which grows epitaxially, the micro structure is in a fine columnar dendritic crystal or cell crystal form state, and chain eutectic phases are accompanied among the dendritic crystals; due to the effect of cyclic deposition and reheating, the structure is locally coarsened between layers and among tracks, and a layer belt structure along with a scanning track is formed; the as-deposited properties of the shaped article are higher than those of conventional die cast articles, but the shaped article exhibits significant anisotropy. The research provides good insight and theoretical basis for understanding the structure and performance of the CoCrMo alloy manufactured by the laser additive manufacturing, however, an effective method for effectively regulating and controlling the dendritic crystal morphology of the cobalt-based high-temperature alloy manufactured by the laser additive manufacturing is not available.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for regulating the dendritic crystal morphology of a CoCrMo alloy, which can effectively regulate and control the dendritic crystal morphology of the CoCrMo alloy.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the following technical scheme is adopted in the application.
A method for forming a dendritic crystal morphology of a CoCrMo alloy comprises the following steps:
(1) setting main parameters of a laser additive manufacturing process, wherein the laser peak power P is 500-1200W, the scanning speed V is 6-14 mm/s, and the spot diameter D is 1.2-2.8 mm;
(2) performing laser additive forming on the CoCrMo alloy by adopting the parameters set in the step (1), and recording the temperature change of the CoCrMo alloy when a molten pool passes through the middle position of a single-channel cladding layer in the laser additive forming process to obtain a fixed-point temperature change curve;
(3) calculating the peak temperature T of the fixed point temperature change curve, the intercept T of the liquidus and temperature curve and the average cooling rate ξ of the molten pool cooling stage according to the fixed point temperature change curve obtained in the step (2);
(4) repeating the steps (2) and (3) for 2 to 3 times, and obtaining the temperature curve when T is more than or equal to 1.5Tm, T is more than or equal to 0.6s, ξ is less than or equal to 4.2 multiplied by 10 according to the fixed point temperature curve obtained each time3Obtaining columnar dendrite when T is more than or equal to 1.5Tm and less than or equal to 1.2Tm, T is more than or equal to 0.6s and less than or equal to 0.35s and T is more than or equal to 4.2 multiplied by 10 ξ3Obtaining equiaxed dendrites at/s, wherein Tm is the melting point of the CoCrMo alloy;
(5) according to the data information obtained in the step (4), one-step optimization of laser additive forming process parameters is carried out, and the main process parameters for obtaining the morphology of the columnar dendritic crystal are as follows: adopting continuous laser, wherein the laser power is 500-1000W, the laser scanning speed is 8-14 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 1.2-2.5 mm; the main process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal morphology are as follows: the laser waveform is sine wave, the laser maximum peak power Pmax is 800-1200W, the laser minimum peak power Pmin is 200-400W, the pulse frequency is 5 Hz-20 Hz, the scanning speed is 6-10 mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 12-20 g/min, and the spot diameter is 1.5-1.8 mm;
(6) and (5) selecting corresponding process parameters in the step (5) according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part to perform additive manufacturing on the CoCrMo alloy.
Further, in the step (2), a colorimetric pyrometer is adopted to record the temperature change of the molten pool passing through the middle position of the single-channel cladding layer in the laser additive forming process of the CoCrMo alloy.
Further, the emissivity of the colorimetric pyrometer used was 1.15, the spot size was 0.9mm, and the single data acquisition time was 1 ms.
Further, in the step (6), corresponding process parameters in the step (5) are selected according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part, and a unidirectional scanning path is adopted for CoCrMo alloy additive manufacturing.
The method has the beneficial effects that a fixed point temperature change curve is obtained by recording the temperature change of a melting pool passing through the middle position of a single-channel cladding layer in the laser additive forming process of the CoCrMo alloy in the laser additive forming process, the peak temperature T of the fixed point temperature change curve, the intercept T of a liquid phase line and the temperature curve and the average cooling rate ξ of the melting pool in the cooling stage are calculated according to the fixed point temperature change curve, the laser additive forming parameters of the CoCrMo alloy are optimized, and the process parameters for obtaining the columnar dendritic crystal and the process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal are obtained finally, so that the regulation and control of the morphology of the CoCrMo alloy dendritic crystal are realized, and the mechanical property of a formed part can be effectively improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a metallographic image of a CoCrMo alloy laser additive manufacturing sample prepared in example 1;
fig. 2 is a gold phase diagram of a CoCrMo alloy laser additive manufacturing sample prepared by a prior art method.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A method for forming a dendritic crystal morphology of a CoCrMo alloy comprises the following steps:
(1) setting main parameters of a laser additive manufacturing process, wherein the laser peak power P is 500-1200W, the scanning speed V is 6-14 mm/s, and the spot diameter D is 1.2-2.8 mm;
(2) performing laser additive forming on the CoCrMo alloy by adopting the parameters set in the step (1), and recording the temperature change of the CoCrMo alloy when a molten pool passes through the middle position of a single-channel cladding layer in the laser additive forming process to obtain a fixed-point temperature change curve;
(3) calculating the peak temperature T of the fixed point temperature change curve, the intercept T of the liquidus and temperature curve and the average cooling rate ξ of the molten pool cooling stage according to the fixed point temperature change curve obtained in the step (2);
(4) repeating the steps (2) and (3) for 2 to 3 times, and obtaining the temperature curve when T is more than or equal to 1.5Tm, T is more than or equal to 0.6s, ξ is less than or equal to 4.2 multiplied by 10 according to the fixed point temperature curve obtained each time3Obtaining columnar dendrite when T is more than or equal to 1.5Tm and less than or equal to 1.2Tm, T is more than or equal to 0.6s and less than or equal to 0.35s and T is more than or equal to 4.2 multiplied by 10 ξ3Obtaining equiaxed dendrites at/s, wherein Tm is the melting point of the CoCrMo alloy;
(5) according to the data information obtained in the step (4), one-step optimization of laser additive forming process parameters is carried out, and the main process parameters for obtaining the morphology of the columnar dendritic crystal are as follows: adopting continuous laser, wherein the laser power is 500-1000W, the laser scanning speed is 8-14 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 1.2-2.5 mm; the main process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal morphology are as follows: the laser waveform is sine wave, the laser maximum peak power Pmax is 800-1200W, the laser minimum peak power Pmin is 200-400W, the pulse frequency is 5 Hz-20 Hz, the scanning speed is 6-10 mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 12-20 g/min, and the spot diameter is 1.5-1.8 mm;
(6) and (5) selecting corresponding process parameters in the step (5) according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part to perform additive manufacturing on the CoCrMo alloy.
Further, in the step (2), a colorimetric pyrometer is adopted to record the temperature change of the molten pool passing through the middle position of the single-channel cladding layer in the laser additive forming process of the CoCrMo alloy.
Further, the emissivity of the colorimetric pyrometer used was 1.15, the spot size was 0.9mm, and the single data acquisition time was 1 ms.
Further, in the step (6), corresponding process parameters in the step (5) are selected according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part, and a unidirectional scanning path is adopted for CoCrMo alloy additive manufacturing.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the gold phase of a CoCrMo alloy coupon prepared by the method of the present invention, from which it can be seen that the coupon consists entirely of fine equiaxed dendrites, when the laser waveform is sinusoidal, on the one hand, the heat input to the bath is reduced and the cooling rate of the bath is increased (ξ up to 10)5～106DEG C/s) is beneficial to improving the supercooling degree and nucleation rate of a molten pool, and further the dendritic crystal ruler is refinedCun. In addition, the molten pool can carry out multidirectional free solidification in the light-off interval of a single pulse period, and the solidification parameters such as temperature gradient G, solidification rate R and the like are changed violently in the solidification process, so that the formation of equiaxed dendrites is promoted. The above factors resulted in laser additive manufacturing of CoCrMo alloy specimens with all fine equiaxed dendrite structures.
FIG. 2 is a gold phase diagram of a sample of laser additive-fabricated CoCrMo alloy obtained by a prior art method, wherein the sample is composed of columnar dendrites, mainly because a molten pool is in a quasi-steady translational solidification mode along with the movement of laser under the action of continuous laser, the molten pool has high temperature gradient, and the cooling rate is relatively slow (ξ is 10.)3On the order of c/s), and therefore, relatively coarse columnar dendrites are formed. The above results indicate that it is difficult to obtain all fine equiaxed dendritic structures of laser additive manufactured CoCrMo alloys using the prior art.
Through comparison between the fig. 1 and the fig. 2, it is obvious that the method of the present invention can effectively refine the dendrite size, obtain a fine equiaxed dendrite structure, and improve the mechanical properties of the CoCrMo alloy.
Claims (4)
1. A method for forming a dendritic crystal morphology of a CoCrMo alloy is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) setting main parameters of a laser additive manufacturing process, wherein the laser peak power P is 500-1200W, the scanning speed V is 6-14 mm/s, and the spot diameter D is 1.2-2.8 mm;
(2) performing laser additive forming on the CoCrMo alloy by adopting the parameters set in the step (1), and recording the temperature change of the CoCrMo alloy when a molten pool passes through the middle position of a single-channel cladding layer in the laser additive forming process to obtain a fixed-point temperature change curve;
(3) calculating the peak temperature T of the fixed point temperature change curve, the intercept T of the liquidus and temperature curve and the average cooling rate ξ of the molten pool cooling stage according to the fixed point temperature change curve obtained in the step (2);
(4) repeating the steps (2) and (3) for 2 to 3 times, and obtaining the Tm value when T is more than or equal to 1.5, T is more than or equal to 0.6s and ξ according to the fixed point temperature curve obtained each time≤4.2×103Obtaining columnar dendrite when T is more than or equal to 1.5Tm and less than or equal to 1.2Tm, T is more than or equal to 0.6s and less than or equal to 0.35s and T is more than or equal to 4.2 multiplied by 10 ξ3Obtaining equiaxed dendrites at/s, wherein Tm is the melting point of the CoCrMo alloy;
(5) according to the data information obtained in the step (4), one-step optimization of laser additive forming process parameters is carried out, and the main process parameters for obtaining the morphology of the columnar dendritic crystal are as follows: adopting continuous laser, wherein the laser power is 500-1000W, the laser scanning speed is 8-14 mm/s, and the laser spot diameter is 1.2-2.5 mm; the main process parameters for obtaining the equiaxed dendritic crystal morphology are as follows: the laser waveform is sine wave, the laser maximum peak power Pmax is 800-1200W, the laser minimum peak power Pmin is 200-400W, the pulse frequency is 5 Hz-20 Hz, the scanning speed is 6-10 mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 12-20 g/min, and the spot diameter is 1.5-1.8 mm;
(6) and (5) selecting corresponding process parameters in the step (5) according to the dendritic crystal morphology required by the part to perform additive manufacturing on the CoCrMo alloy.
2. The method of dendritic morphology of CoCrMo alloy according to claim 1, wherein in step (2), a colorimetric pyrometer is used to record the temperature change of the CoCrMo alloy during the laser additive forming process when the molten pool passes through the middle position of the single-pass cladding layer.
3. The method of CoCrMo alloy dendrite morphology according to claim 2 wherein the colorimetric pyrometer used has an emissivity of 1.15, a spot size of 0.9mm and a single data acquisition time of 1 ms.
4. The method for the dendritic morphology of CoCrMo alloy according to claim 1, wherein in step (6), the corresponding process parameters in step (5) are selected according to the required dendritic morphology of the part, and a unidirectional scanning path is adopted for CoCrMo alloy additive manufacturing.
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