CN110969918B - Method and system for reproducing wiring behavior process of student electrical experiment - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method and a system for reproducing a wiring behavior process of a student electrical experiment, wherein the method comprises the following steps: 101, acquiring node information of a component, 102, performing structural analysis according to the node information of the component, 103, performing FR layout calculation according to a directed connected graph obtained by the structural analysis, 104, normalizing the node of the component after FR layout, and 105, displaying the node of the component according to the normalized node of the component. The invention utilizes the node information of the components and parts to carry out structural analysis, FR layout calculation, component node standardization and component display according to the node information of the components and parts, thereby reproducing the automatic layout of the components and parts in the student wiring process, namely automatically enabling the layout of a student wiring diagram to be as clear and intuitive as possible, being beneficial to more accurately evaluating the student wiring behavior and achieving the aim of accurate guidance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of experimental teaching, and particularly relates to a method and a system for reproducing a wiring behavior process of an electrical experiment of a student.
Background
With the development of big data and the internet of things, more and more behaviors are recorded. In an electrical experiment, through ID (identification) of an experimental instrument and a lead and recording of the connection state of the experimental instrument and the lead, the wiring behavior of students can be recorded indirectly, namely, in the wiring operation process of a certain student, the connection state changed due to the wiring operation of the student is recorded in time sequence, and the group data can express the wiring behavior of the student.
By reading and reproducing the recorded behavior data, the wiring process of the students in the electrical experiment can be accurately reproduced, and therefore, the teacher can be used as an evaluation standard of the wiring capacity of the students. However, in the actual process, the behavior data is often too abstract and difficult to understand, and it is difficult to directly find the problem reflected by the data. For example, wherein each piece of data content is: "laboratory instrument ID", "port ID", "connection status", "wire ID", "date", "time", etc., the set of data is also expressed simply as: when a certain node is changed at a certain time, a teacher directly reads the data, so that an intuitive electrical circuit diagram is difficult to form, the problem of the student in the wiring process is difficult to find, and the student is taught according to the situation.
In order to enable a teacher to more intuitively know the wiring process and the wiring capacity of a certain student so as to conveniently give better guidance to the student, the behavior data of the student needs to be visualized. Because the wiring behavior data of the students come from different student subjects and have larger randomness, related algorithms for realizing visualization of the students are complex, but a reproduction method for the wiring process of the students is urgently needed to achieve the purpose of more accurately evaluating the wiring behavior of the students.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method and a system for reproducing a wiring behavior process of a student electrical experiment. The invention is provided aiming at the problems that the data of the wiring behavior process of a certain student in the database is directly read in the prior art, the workload is large, the efficiency is low, and the wiring behavior of the student cannot be effectively observed.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention discloses a method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of a student's electricity experiment, which comprises the following steps,
101, obtaining the node information of the component,
102, performing structural analysis according to the node information of the component,
103, performing FR layout calculation according to the directed connected graph obtained by the structural analysis,
104, normalizing the nodes of the components arranged according to the FR,
and 105, displaying according to the normalized component nodes.
Preferably, in step 101, the node information of the component may be obtained by:
1011, analyzing data, determining node structure information of the component, generating node information of a corresponding undirected graph, and generating side information of the corresponding undirected graph through the node information of the undirected graph;
and 1012, constructing an undirected graph, and converting the side information of the corresponding undirected graph into the undirected graph to obtain the interconnection relation among different component nodes.
Preferably, in step 102, the structural analysis may be implemented by:
1021, an undirected graph conversion process, wherein when the undirected graph obtained in the step 101 is an undirected connected graph, the undirected connected graph is converted into a directed connected graph; when the undirected graph obtained in the step 101 is an undirected unconnected graph, dividing the undirected unconnected graph into a plurality of undirected connected graphs, and then performing directed connected graph conversion on each divided undirected connected graph; when the undirected graph obtained in the step 101 has an independent node, the node is not analyzed;
1022, performing planarity analysis, namely performing planarity judgment on the directed connected graph obtained in the step 1021 to realize plane embedding of the directed connected graph;
1023, analyzing the series-parallel structure, further analyzing the series-parallel structure connected with the nodes of the components according to the result of the planarity analysis, and combining the nodes of the components so as to determine the initial positions and the maximum displacement of the nodes of the components.
Preferably, in the step 103, the FR layout calculation may be implemented by the following method:
1031, force calculation, namely calculating attractive forces among all connected nodes of the directed connected graph, calculating repulsive forces among all the nodes, finally calculating the resultant force of the attractive forces and the repulsive forces, and further obtaining the displacement of each node through the resultant force;
1032, assigning calculation, and modifying the node position through the displacement calculated by the resultant force and the maximum displacement limit;
1033, temperature control, adopting a simulated annealing algorithm to limit the maximum displacement of the nodes, and reducing the maximum displacement with the increase of iteration times, and finally enabling the interaction force between the nodes to reach a dynamic balance state through iteration.
Preferably, in step 104, normalizing the node of the component may be implemented by the following method:
1041, aligning horizontally, aligning the node of the component horizontally in the set error range;
1042, vertically aligning, and vertically aligning the component nodes aligned in the horizontal direction within a set error range.
Preferably, in step 105, the displaying the node of the component may include the following steps:
1051, displaying the component icon, and drawing the component icon to a display area;
1052, connecting the components and connecting the connected components.
The invention also discloses a system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student electrical experiment, which comprises a database, an acquisition module, a structural analysis module, an FR layout calculation module, a standardization module and a display module which are sequentially connected.
Preferably, the structural analysis module may include an undirected graph conversion processing unit, a planarity analysis unit, and a serial-parallel structure analysis unit, which are connected in sequence.
Preferably, the FR layout calculation module may include a force calculation unit, an assignment calculation unit, and a temperature control unit, which are connected in sequence.
Preferably, the obtaining module may include a data parsing unit and a constructed undirected graph unit that are connected to each other.
Compared with the prior art, the method and the system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student electrical experiment have the advantages that:
1. the invention utilizes the node information of the components and parts to carry out structural analysis, FR layout calculation, component node standardization and component display according to the node information of the components and parts, thereby reproducing the automatic layout of the components and parts in the student wiring process, namely automatically enabling the layout of a student wiring diagram to be as clear and intuitive as possible, being beneficial to more accurately evaluating the student wiring behavior and achieving the aim of accurate guidance.
2. The problem of the standardization of the dynamic layout of the circuit diagram is solved, and the cross lines among the components are reduced through dynamic adjustment of the positions of the components, so that the circuit diagram accords with the habit of artificial recognition, and the circuit diagram has better adaptability in the data visualization process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a frame diagram of a system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a final visualization effect diagram of the wiring data of the voltage division experiment circuit;
FIG. 4 is a process diagram of the visualization of the wiring data of the voltage division experiment circuit;
fig. 5 is a visualization process diagram of the wiring data of the voltage division experiment circuit.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects and advantages of the invention will be more clearly understood, the following detailed description of the invention is given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples.
The invention discloses a method for reproducing a wiring behavior process of a student electrical experiment, which comprises the following steps of:
and 101, acquiring node information of the component.
The method for acquiring the node information of the component mainly comprises the following functional modules: the data analysis unit and the undirected graph construction unit.
Optionally, in the embodiment of the present invention, data recorded during the student wiring process is stored in the database.
The data, as shown in table 1, is data of a course of student wiring behavior extracted from a database, the data being arranged according to time, wherein each piece of data includes: "laboratory instrument address", "port address", "connection status", "wire address", "date", "time".
Table 1:
| laboratory instrument address | Connection state | Port address | Wire address | Date | Time |
| A101 | B1 | 0 | 7 | 2019/7/9 | 19:52.9 |
| 0301 | B1 | 0 | 7 | 2019/7/9 | 20:00.3 |
| 0301 | B1 | 7 | 8 | 2019/7/9 | 20:13.7 |
| 0101 | B1 | 0 | 4 | 2019/7/9 | 21:29.8 |
| 1201 | B1 | 0 | 6 | 2019/7/9 | 20:17.7 |
| 1201 | B1 | 7 | 8 | 2019/7/9 | 20:30.7 |
| 1201 | B1 | 3 | 3 | 2019/7/9 | 20:32.4 |
| B101 | B1 | 7 | 5 | 2019/7/9 | 20:37.4 |
| B101 | B1 | 0 | 3 | 2019/7/9 | 20:35.9 |
| 0101 | B1 | 7 | 5 | 2019/7/9 | 21:21.7 |
| 0301 | B1 | 6 | 6 | 2019/7/9 | 20:13.9 |
| A101 | B1 | 1 | 4 | 2019/7/9 | 21:34.5 |
| B201 | B1 | 0 | 1 | 2019/7/9 | 21:49.6 |
| B201 | B1 | 7 | 2 | 2019/7/9 | 21:52.1 |
| 0101 | B1 | 1 | 1 | 2019/7/9 | 22:25.8 |
| 0101 | B1 | 6 | 2 | 2019/7/9 | 22:45.2 |
| 0101 | B2 | 1 | ** | 2019/7/9 | 22:48.9 |
| 0101 | B1 | 1 | 1 | 2019/7/9 | 22:49.9 |
| 1201 | B2 | 0 | ** | 2019/7/9 | 23:04.6 |
| 1201 | B1 | 0 | 6 | 2019/7/9 | 23:06.7 |
Optionally, the following is a description of each content in each piece of data:
a) the experimental instrument address is an independent address corresponding to the experimental instrument used in the experiment. For example, the laboratory apparatus comprises: power supplies, resistors, milliamps, voltmeters, switches, sliding resistors, and the like. In the process of data visualization, the addresses of the experimental instruments correspond to the components one by one, and then one experimental instrument address corresponds to one component in the circuit diagram.
b) The port address is the code of the laboratory instrument port. The ports of the experimental instrument are ports for connecting the experimental instrument with the conducting wire, and the number of the ports of different experimental instruments can be different.
c) The wiring state is a connection state (B1) or a disconnection state (B2) between the port of the experimental instrument and the wire.
d) The wire address is recorded when a wire subjected to ID (identification) of a certain connector is connected or disconnected with a port of an experimental instrument, the addresses of two ends of the same wire are consistent, and the 'x' is unnumbered.
e) The date and time are the time when the port of the experimental instrument is connected or disconnected with the lead.
The method for acquiring the node information of the component comprises the following steps:
1011, analyzing data, determining node structure information of the component, generating node information of a corresponding undirected graph, and generating side information of the corresponding undirected graph through the node information of the undirected graph; namely, data of a certain student wiring behavior process is extracted from a database and analyzed.
And when the connection state is connection, adding corresponding node information of the components in the component list according to the address of the experimental instrument, and adding corresponding side information according to the port address and the wire address in the data. The edges include information such as component addresses, port addresses, and wire addresses.
And when the connection state is disconnected, deleting corresponding node information of the components in the component list according to the address of the experimental instrument, and deleting corresponding side information according to the port address and the wire address in the data.
Preferably, the method can be used for generating corresponding component node information, namely analyzing and processing single data of the wiring behavior process in the database and generating a corresponding component node structure.
1012, constructing an undirected graph, and converting the side information of the corresponding undirected graph into the undirected graph to obtain the interconnection relation among different component nodes; namely, an undirected graph is obtained by traversing all the edge information in the nodes of the known components. The undirected graph is composed of a neighbor table.
Further, for the undirected graph that has been generated, it should be possible to obtain the connection information of each node and its location. Therefore, in the embodiment of the present invention, the following data structure may be set:
node (Node)
parent Node (Node)
links Node list connected to the current Node (map < string, Node >)
Point location (Point (int) x, (int) y)
weight (int)
Edge (Edge)
Start the starting Node (Node)
end Node (Node)
weight (int)
And 102, performing structural analysis according to the node information of the component.
Optionally, the structural analysis method mainly includes:
1021, processing of converting undirected graph, when the undirected graph is connected graph, the undirected connected graph can be converted into directed graph connected graph. When the undirected graph is a non-connected graph, the undirected graph is firstly divided into a plurality of connected graphs, and then the directed connected graph conversion is carried out on each connected graph. When the undirected graph has independent nodes, the nodes are not analyzed.
The conversion of the undirected connected graph into a directed graph connected graph comprises a minimum spanning tree and a depth-first spanning tree. The minimum spanning tree is used for obtaining the shortest distance from the node to the node and the minimum ring, and the depth-first spanning tree is used for the planarity analysis and the series-parallel analysis of the directed connected graph. The minimum spanning tree and the depth-first spanning tree have at least one connected edge.
1022 the planarity analysis can realize the planar embedding of the directed connected graph by judging the planarity of the directed connected graph. When the directed connected graph can be embedded in a plane, the directed connected graph does not have cross lines. The planarity analysis method has the following concept:
cut Point (intersection Point): for a connected graph, a node exists, and if the node is deleted to make the graph disconnected, the node is a cut point.
Block (Black): for a 2-connectivity graph, if there are no cut points in the 2-connectivity graph, the 2-connectivity graph is a block.
The planarity analysis comprises the following specific steps:
the cut points are obtained through a depth-first spanning tree of the directed connectivity graph.
And when the directed connected graph has a cut point, breaking the directed connected graph at the cut point, and detecting the planarity of each block (Black). A directed connected graph is a planar graph if and only if each block of the directed connected graph is a planar graph.
1023 series-parallel structure analysis, further analyzing the series-parallel structure connected with the nodes of the components according to the result of the planarity analysis, and combining the nodes of the components so as to determine the initial positions and the maximum displacement of the nodes of the components. For the depth-first spanning tree, the in-degree, the out-degree and the number of branches of each node can be judged, the in-degree is the number of the in-edge of the node, the out-degree is the number of the out-edge of the node, and the number of the branches is the number of the out-degree minus 1.
When the node path is not unique and a branch exists, the node belongs to the parallel nodes. As shown in fig. 3, there is a path of resistance 1- > power supply 2- > switch 3- > sliding varistor 4- > ammeter 5- > resistance 1. Resistance 1- > voltmeter 6- > resistance 1. Slide rheostat 4- > switch 3. From this, it can be seen that the resistor 1 and the voltmeter 6 are in a parallel configuration.
When the path of a node is unique and there is no branch, then the node belongs to the node in series. As shown in fig. 4, there is a path of power supply 2- > switch 3- > slide varistor 4- > ammeter 5. The resistor 1 is present independently. It is thus understood that the power source 2, the switch 3, the slide varistor 4 and the ammeter 5 are connected in series.
Further, the nodes are layered according to the relative relationship of the nodes, the weight values of the nodes and the edges are determined, and further the initial position information and the maximum displacement of each node are determined. The maximum value of the maximum displacement is half of the width of the display area, and is used for limiting the position of the modified node.
And 103, performing FR layout calculation according to the directed connected graph obtained by the structural analysis.
The FR is basically defined as follows:
a display area: area ═ W × H, where W and H are display area width and height.
Balance distance:
where | v | is the number of nodes.
The attractive force between adjacent nodes u, v is:
fa(u,v)＝(dist(u,v))2/k
the attraction between nodes u, v is:
fr(u,v)＝(k)2/dist(u,v).
where dist (u, v) is the geometric distance between nodes u, v.
The FR layout comprises the following specific steps:
1031 calculates attractive force (edge attractive force) among all connected nodes of the directed connected graph, and the attractive force is related to the weight of the edge, and the larger the weight is, the larger the attractive force is, the weight of the edge is.
1032 calculate the repulsive force between all nodes.
1033 then calculates the resultant force of the attraction force and the repulsion force, and further obtains the displacement of each node by the resultant force, and modifies the node position by the maximum displacement limit.
1034 finally, a simulated annealing algorithm is adopted, and the interaction force between the nodes reaches a dynamic balance state through iteration.
Preferably, the attractive force in the present invention is related to the weight of the edge, and the larger the weight is, the larger the attractive force is.
Preferably, the repulsive force in the present invention is related to the shortest distance between nodes, and when the shortest distance increases, the repulsive force between nodes also increases accordingly.
And 104, normalizing the element nodes after the FR layout.
The standardization comprises the following specific steps:
and carrying out horizontal and vertical alignment on the nodes of the components according to the series-parallel structure analysis of the nodes. If the relative relationship of resistor 1 and voltmeter 6 in fig. 3 is a parallel configuration, then resistor 1 and voltmeter 6 are vertically aligned. For resistor 1 and power supply 2 and switch 3, horizontal alignment is performed. The same horizontal alignment is performed for the slide varistor 4 and the ammeter 5.
Furthermore, the relative positions of the nodes of the components are adjusted, so that the components are uniformly spaced in the horizontal or vertical direction, the components are prevented from being overlapped, and the clear and uniform layout of the circuit diagram is ensured.
And 105, displaying according to the normalized component nodes.
The display steps in the embodiment of the invention are as follows:
and the rotation and horizontal mirror image or vertical mirror image of the component image are realized by utilizing the relative position relationship of the nodes of the connected components. The rotation is mainly 0/90/180/270 four-angle rotation. The horizontal mirror image is the mirror image conversion of the left part and the right part of the image by taking the vertical central axis of the image as the center. The vertical mirror image is the mirror image interchange of the upper and lower parts of the image by taking the horizontal central axis of the image as the center.
Drawing the component icon to a display area, and finally connecting the components. The component connecting line is connected on the side with the preferably selected short distance (horizontal and vertical), and is prevented from being overlapped with other connecting lines or components. And for the unavoidable crossed lines, the lines are crossed through the arcs.
Fig. 3 is a final visual effect diagram of the wiring data of the voltage division experiment circuit, wherein 1 is a resistor, 2 is a power supply, 3 is a switch, 4 is a slide rheostat, 5 is an ammeter, and 6 is a voltmeter. The relative relationship between resistor 1 and voltmeter 6 is a parallel configuration.
Fig. 4 is a process diagram showing visualization of wiring data of a voltage division experiment circuit. The resistor 1 is only connected with two wires and is not connected with other components, so that the resistor 1 is independently placed. The power source 2, the switch 3, the slide rheostat 4 and the ammeter 5 are connected in series.
Fig. 5 shows the connection resistor 1 and the ammeter 5. With respect to fig. 4, the resistor 1 is connected to the current meter 5 and is in a series configuration.
The invention also discloses a system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student electrical experiment, which comprises a database, an acquisition module, a structural analysis module, an FR layout calculation module, a standardization module and a display module which are connected in sequence, wherein the system needs to be connected with an external database.
The acquisition module comprises a data analysis unit and an undirected graph construction unit. And the data analysis unit is used for determining node structure information of the components, generating node information of a corresponding undirected graph, and finally generating side information of the corresponding undirected graph through the node information of the undirected graph. The undirected graph building unit is used for converting the side information of the corresponding undirected graph into the undirected graph to obtain the interconnection relation among different element nodes.
The structural analysis module comprises an undirected graph conversion processing unit, a planarity analysis unit and a series-parallel structure analysis unit which are connected in sequence. The undirected graph conversion processing unit converts an undirected connected graph into a directed connected graph. The planarity analysis unit is used for judging the planarity of the directed connected graph to realize the planar embedding of the directed connected graph.
And the series-parallel structure analysis unit is used for combining the component nodes so as to determine the initial positions and the maximum displacements of the component nodes.
The FR layout calculation module comprises a force calculation unit, an assignment calculation unit and a temperature control unit which are sequentially connected. The force calculation unit is used for calculating attractive force among all connected nodes of the directed connected graph, calculating repulsive force among all the nodes, finally calculating the resultant force of the attractive force and the repulsive force, and obtaining the displacement of each node through the resultant force. And the assignment calculation unit is used for limiting and modifying the node position through the displacement calculated by the resultant force and the maximum displacement. The temperature control unit is used for limiting the maximum displacement of the nodes, the maximum displacement is reduced along with the increase of the iteration times, and finally the interaction force between the nodes reaches a dynamic balance state through iteration.
The normalization module horizontally aligns the cells and vertically aligns the cells. The horizontal alignment unit is used for aligning the component nodes in the horizontal direction within a set error range. And the vertical alignment unit is used for aligning the nodes of the components aligned in the horizontal direction in the vertical direction within a set error range.
The display module comprises an icon display unit and a component connecting unit. The icon display unit is used for drawing the component icons to the display area. The component connecting unit is used for connecting connected components.
The above-described embodiments are only specific examples for further explaining the object, technical solution and advantageous effects of the present invention in detail, and the present invention is not limited thereto. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the scope of the disclosure of the present invention are included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of an electrical experiment of a student is characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the following steps of (a) carrying out,
101, obtaining the node information of the component,
102, performing structural analysis according to the node information of the component,
103, performing FR layout calculation according to the directed connected graph obtained by the structural analysis,
104, normalizing the nodes of the components arranged according to the FR,
and 105, displaying according to the normalized component nodes.
2. The method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step 101, node information of the component is obtained by the following method:
1011, analyzing data, determining node structure information of the component, generating node information of a corresponding undirected graph, and generating side information of the corresponding undirected graph through the node information of the undirected graph;
and 1012, constructing an undirected graph, and converting the side information of the corresponding undirected graph into the undirected graph to obtain the interconnection relation among different component nodes.
3. The method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step 102, the structural analysis is implemented by the following steps:
1021, an undirected graph conversion process, wherein when the undirected graph obtained in the step 101 is an undirected connected graph, the undirected connected graph is converted into a directed connected graph; when the undirected graph obtained in the step 101 is an undirected unconnected graph, dividing the undirected unconnected graph into a plurality of undirected connected graphs, and then performing directed connected graph conversion on each divided undirected connected graph; when the undirected graph obtained in the step 101 has an independent node, the node is not analyzed;
1022, performing planarity analysis, namely performing planarity judgment on the directed connected graph obtained in the step 1021 to realize plane embedding of the directed connected graph;
1023, analyzing the series-parallel structure, further analyzing the series-parallel structure connected with the nodes of the components according to the result of the planarity analysis, and combining the nodes of the components so as to determine the initial positions and the maximum displacement of the nodes of the components.
4. The method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step 103, the FR layout calculation is implemented by the following method:
1031, force calculation, namely calculating attractive forces among all connected nodes of the directed connected graph, calculating repulsive forces among all the nodes, finally calculating the resultant force of the attractive forces and the repulsive forces, and further obtaining the displacement of each node through the resultant force;
1032, assigning calculation, and modifying the node position through the displacement calculated by the resultant force and the maximum displacement limit;
1033, controlling the temperature, adopting a simulated annealing algorithm to limit the maximum displacement of the nodes, reducing the maximum displacement along with the increase of the iteration times, and finally enabling the interaction force between the nodes to reach dynamic balance through iteration.
5. The method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step 104, normalizing the component nodes is realized by the following method:
1041, aligning horizontally, aligning the node of the component horizontally in the set error range;
1042, vertically aligning, and vertically aligning the component nodes aligned in the horizontal direction within a set error range.
6. The method for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step 105, displaying the node of the component includes the following steps:
1051, displaying the component icon, and drawing the component icon to a display area;
1052, connecting the components and connecting the connected components.
7. A system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of student electrical experiment is characterized in that: the system comprises a database, an acquisition module, a structural analysis module, an FR layout calculation module, a normalization module and a display module which are sequentially connected.
8. The system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 7, wherein: the structural analysis module comprises an undirected graph conversion processing unit, a planarity analysis unit and a series-parallel structure analysis unit which are connected in sequence.
9. The system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 7, wherein: the FR layout calculation module comprises a force calculation unit, an assignment calculation unit and a temperature control unit which are sequentially connected.
10. The system for reproducing the wiring behavior process of the student's electrical experiment as claimed in claim 7, wherein: the acquisition module comprises a data analysis unit and a constructed undirected graph unit which are connected.
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