CN110847593A - Construction process of gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on BIM technology - Google Patents
Construction process of gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on BIM technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN110847593A CN110847593A CN201911112642.XA CN201911112642A CN110847593A CN 110847593 A CN110847593 A CN 110847593A CN 201911112642 A CN201911112642 A CN 201911112642A CN 110847593 A CN110847593 A CN 110847593A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G11/00—Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
- E04G11/06—Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for walls, e.g. curved end panels for wall shutterings; filler elements for wall shutterings; shutterings for vertical ducts
- E04G11/062—Forms for curved walls
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G17/00—Connecting or other auxiliary members for forms, falsework structures, or shutterings
- E04G17/02—Connecting or fastening means for non-metallic forming or stiffening elements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G19/00—Auxiliary treatment of forms, e.g. dismantling; Cleaning devices
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G9/00—Forming or shuttering elements for general use
- E04G9/02—Forming boards or similar elements
- E04G9/04—Forming boards or similar elements the form surface being of wood
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a construction process of a gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on a BIM technology, which comprises the following steps: (1) a clear water concrete matching method and concrete matching, vibration forming, repairing and maintaining procedures; (2) BIM design visualization of open seam and split bolt holes; (3) the technology of bare concrete pumping and template splicing. The invention ensures the pouring quality of the bare concrete by the design of the gradually-changed curved surface bare concrete wall template, the proportioning and pouring of the concrete, the modeling and on-site paying-off of the BIM technology, the application of a measuring robot and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of building construction, and particularly relates to a construction process of a gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on a BIM (building information modeling) technology.
Background
In recent years, the Building Information Model (BIM) technology is introduced into the building industry, becomes a hotspot of the current building industry, and the combination and application of the BIM technology become the key points of research of people while solving the construction and controlling the construction period of a difficult building.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: in order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a construction process of a gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on a BIM technology.
The technical scheme is as follows: a construction process of a gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on a BIM technology comprises the following steps: (1) a clear water concrete matching method and concrete matching, vibration forming, repairing and maintaining procedures; (2) BIM design visualization of open seam and split bolt holes; (3) clear water concrete pumping and template splicing technology;
wherein: the clear water concrete matching method and the concrete matching, vibrating and forming, repairing and maintaining processes are as follows:
a. the wall body is designed to be in a space arc shape, a radial arc shape is taken as a gradual change curved surface, a steel mould, an aluminum mould and a wood mould are matched and combined in a construction scheme, a local wood mould is embedded between the steel mould and the aluminum mould, the defect of arc-shaped special-shaped film forming of a single template is overcome, and meanwhile, modeling, lofting and matching control are carried out by adopting a BIM (building information modeling) technology, so that the comprehensive management of modularization is strictly enhanced in construction;
b. deepening template arrangement and bolt hole arrangement by using a BIM (building information modeling) mass model according to template modulus and impression effect;
c. spreading out a three-dimensional drawing in computer software, typesetting the drawing according to an arc-shaped wood die, a plane steel die or an aluminum die, numbering and marking the drawing with an actual size;
d. according to the marked size, lofting and positioning of bolt holes are carried out on the whole template;
e. cutting the wood mould accurately, marking a finished product, and suggesting that related slurry leakage prevention measures are adopted at bolt holes formed in the wood mould, the steel mould or the aluminum mould so as to ensure the impression quality after concrete pouring;
f. different release agents are preferably selected for the templates made of different materials, the templates made of different materials are coated and then subjected to plane assembly, and the templates made of different materials are firmly fixed to prevent deformation and expansion; the plate seams need to be glued, the root parts need to adopt the positioning ribs to limit the positions inside and outside, and then the back surfaces are fixedly formed by adopting the main keels;
g. and reinforcing and supporting after the integral radian of the integrated template is held and pinched by utilizing the customized arc-shaped secondary keel. According to the inspection and acceptance standard requirements of the clear water wall template, checking the perpendicularity and the flatness of the template in parallel, and checking the torque of a support system fastener and the size of a plate seam gap; wherein, the construction errors of two sides need to be inspected, the two-side forming is realized as much as possible, particularly, the quality control of the flatness and the verticality of the outer water-facing surface needs to be carried out, and the mutual inspection, the special inspection and the cross inspection need to be carried out before the vertical mold is concealed;
h. before concrete is poured, a trial mix list and a finished product mix list of a concrete factory need to be checked, the addition amount of the admixture is strictly controlled, the root is wetted and treated by slurry connection in advance, and root rot, honeycombs, pitted surfaces and holes are prevented;
i. a professional concrete vibrator is assigned to pour at a proper environment temperature, and the upper part needs to be subjected to moisture preservation and maintenance work and covered;
j. after the concrete is poured, the test blocks under the same conditions reach the form removal strength, and then the form removal can be organized, and the broken component fillet is forbidden due to the careful wing wings during the form removal;
k. and (3) polishing the joints, namely repairing concrete plant-graded mortar if fine bubbles, pitted surfaces and the like exist, filling holes with concrete plant-graded fine stone concrete, removing loose layers of honeycombs, repairing, maintaining and polishing the honeycombs by using the plant materials, and then forming, wherein the above treatment measures need to be synchronously performed with color difference control.
As an optimization: the BIM design of open seam and split bolt hole visual: the wall body is designed with vertical open joints, the upper part and the lower part of the wall body need to be vertical, and the arrangement of split bolt holes needs to be attractive; and (3) establishing a vertical effect diagram of open seam and split bolt hole arrangement by using a BIM technology, correcting the design of the template, and checking and approving the design as the basis of construction and acceptance.
As an optimization: the bare concrete pumping and template splicing technology comprises the following steps: the integral requirements on the fair-faced concrete are no color difference and consistent in color, although the structural appearances of the upper part and the lower part of a building are different, the concrete proportion is different, and the physical colors of the joint parts are consistent, so that a concrete supplier is required to eliminate the color difference through multiple proportion tests, in the construction process of determining the suitable curved-surface fair-faced concrete, the forming surface of a template is required to be free of large bubbles, and the air entraining agent is required to be added to the common pumping concrete so as to be convenient for pumping the concrete;
after the curved surface fair-faced concrete template is blanked, a large template is assembled in a template manufacturing room and then lifted to a working surface for installation, however, after construction in a plurality of construction sections, because the corresponding construction section templates need to be protected layer by layer, the large template cannot be lifted to the working surface for installation at one time, and also needs to be bulked, after the bulk templates are blanked in the manufacturing room, installation and reinforcement can be carried out after the surfaces of tissues are cleaned, and construction obstacles with other working surfaces can be overcome in the process of construction, so that the progress of the whole engineering can be promoted.
Has the advantages that: the invention ensures the pouring quality of the bare concrete by the design of the gradually-changed curved surface bare concrete wall template, the proportioning and pouring of the concrete, the modeling and on-site paying-off of the BIM technology, the application of a measuring robot and the like.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below so that those skilled in the art can better understand the advantages and features of the present invention, and thus the scope of the present invention will be more clearly defined. The embodiments described herein are only a few embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments, and all other embodiments that can be derived by one of ordinary skill in the art without inventive faculty based on the embodiments described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
Examples
1. Construction scheme of fair-faced concrete wall
The wall body is designed into a clear concrete wall with a space arc-shaped curved surface and a thickness of 200mm, the height of the clear concrete wall is about 5.1m, the clear concrete wall is divided into sections by vertical open joints at the height of a floor, the space is 2400mm, the width of each joint is 20mm, and a radial arc-shaped wall is a gradually-changed curved surface. The design requires that the surface of the formed concrete is not decorated, the natural color state of the concrete is taken as a decorative surface, and the appearance mechanism that the concrete is dissolved in nature is emphasized.
The bare concrete of the exposed wall has very high requirements on the design and construction of the whole template, more control points are needed in the construction process, and the construction quality requirement is quite high. Because the floor is higher, the template installation and demolition have great difficulty, consequently require stringently to all piece joints.
1.1 method for preparing clear concrete and working procedures of proportioning, vibrating, forming, repairing and curing concrete
Because the wall body is designed into a space arc shape and takes a radial arc shape as a gradual change curved surface, the construction quality requirement is very high. Compared with a setting steel mould and an aluminum mould, the traditional wood mould has lower rigidity, is very easy to deform and expand, and is difficult to meet the construction requirement of the fair-faced concrete wall. The construction scheme adopts the matching combination of a steel mould, an aluminum mould and a wood mould, the local wood mould is embedded between the steel mould and the aluminum mould, the defect of arc-shaped special-shaped film forming of a single template is overcome, and meanwhile, the BIM technology is adopted for modeling, lofting and matching control, so that the comprehensive management of modularization is strictly enhanced in construction.
And deepening template arrangement and bolt hole arrangement by using a BIM (building information modeling) mass model according to the template modulus and the impression effect.
Spreading out the three-dimensional drawing in computer software, typesetting the drawing according to an arc-shaped wood die, a plane steel die or an aluminum die, numbering and marking the actual size.
And according to the marked size, lofting and positioning of the bolt hole are carried out on the whole template.
The cutting and finished product marking of the wood mould are accurate, and related slurry leakage prevention measures are suggested to be adopted at bolt holes formed in the wood mould, the steel mould or the aluminum mould, so that the appearance quality of the poured concrete is guaranteed.
Different release agents are preferably selected for the templates made of different materials, the templates made of different materials are coated with paint and then assembled in a plane, and the templates made of different materials are fixed firmly to prevent deformation and expansion. The plate seam needs to be glued, the root needs to adopt the inside and outside limit position of the positioning rib, and then the back adopts the fixed shaping of main joist.
And reinforcing and supporting after the integral radian of the integrated template is held and pinched by utilizing the customized arc-shaped secondary keel. And (4) according to the acceptance standard requirement of the clear water wall template, checking the perpendicularity and the flatness of the template in parallel, and checking the torque and the plate seam gap size of a support system fastener. The construction errors of two sides need to be inspected, the two sides are formed as much as possible, particularly, the quality control of the flatness and the verticality of the outer water-facing surface needs to be carried out, the parallel inspection needs to be carried out, and the mutual inspection, the special inspection and the cross inspection need to be carried out before the vertical mold is concealed.
Before concrete is poured, a trial mix list and a finished product mix list of a concrete factory need to be checked, the addition amount of the admixture is strictly controlled, the root is wetted and treated by slurry connection in advance, and root rot, honeycombing, pitted surface and holes are prevented.
Professional concrete vibrators need to be assigned to pour at a proper ambient temperature, and the upper part needs to be well moisturized, maintained and covered.
After the concrete is poured, the test blocks under the same conditions reach the form removal strength, and then the form removal can be organized, and the broken component fillet is forbidden due to the careful wing wings during the form removal.
And (3) polishing the joints, namely repairing concrete plant-graded mortar if fine bubbles, pitted surfaces and the like exist, filling holes with concrete plant-graded fine stone concrete, removing loose layers of honeycombs, repairing, maintaining and polishing the honeycombs by using the plant materials, and then forming, wherein the above treatment measures need to be synchronously performed with color difference control.
1.2 visualization of BIM design of open seam and split bolt holes
The wall body is designed with vertical open seams, the space is 2400mm, the seam width is 20mm, the upper part and the lower part need to be vertical, and the arrangement of split bolt holes needs to be attractive.
And (3) establishing an open seam and split bolt hole arrangement effect diagram by using a BIM technology, correcting the design of the template, reporting a first party, supervising, designing, examining and approving, and taking the result as a construction and acceptance basis.
1.3 clear water concrete pumping and template assembling technology
The integral requirements on the fair-faced concrete are free from color difference and consistent in color. Although the structural appearances of the upper part and the lower part of a building are different, the concrete proportions are different, and the physical colors of the joint parts are consistent, so that a concrete supplier is required to eliminate color difference through multiple proportion tests, in the construction process of determining the suitable curved-surface fair-faced concrete, large bubbles cannot exist on the molding surface of a template, and the air entraining agent is required to be added to the common pumping concrete so as to facilitate the pumping of the concrete.
After the curved surface fair-faced concrete formwork is blanked, a large formwork is assembled in a formwork manufacturing room and then hoisted to a working surface for installation, however, after construction in a plurality of construction sections, because the corresponding construction section formwork needs to be protected layer by layer, the large formwork cannot be hoisted to the working surface for installation at one time, and also needs to be bulked, after blanking in the manufacturing room, the bulk formwork can be installed and reinforced after the surface of the structure is cleaned, and the construction obstacle with other working surfaces can be overcome in the process of construction, so that the progress of the whole engineering can be promoted.
Use of BIM technique and measuring robot
2.1 building visualization
Visualization is 'three-dimensional dynamic materialization'. According to the construction drawing, the BIM technology is used for three-dimensional modeling, and the sections of all angles of a building can be displayed on a computer, and the external shape and the internal structure can also be displayed. The BIM technology provides a visual idea, and construction drawings are displayed in front of constructors in a three-dimensional graph of a three-dimensional real object graph before construction.
2.2 Pre-construction coordination
Through the establishment of the three-dimensional model, problems which can occur in the implementation process of the project can be anticipated and solved before construction. The BIM building information model can coordinate collision problems of each specialty at the early stage of building construction to form coordination data and information for each specialty to solve at the early stage of construction, and resource waste and construction delay in the construction process are avoided.
2.3 computer match mould and on-the-spot setting-out of bare concrete wall
And (3) carrying out three-dimensional modeling by using a BIM technology, determining the three-dimensional geometric dimension and the detailed three-dimensional coordinates of the building model, and then introducing the three-dimensional geometric dimension and the detailed three-dimensional coordinates into the measuring robot. The BIM technology is used for accurate lofting, the actual size is calculated according to a computer, a large sample is played on a flat ground by a measuring robot through relative coordinates, the total arc length of a cross section and the accurate position of an axis are ensured, then pre-assembly is carried out on the ground, and finally on-site paying-off is carried out on a working face through an automatic total station with high accuracy.
The inner side space of part of equipment rooms is narrow, the prism-free function of the measuring robot can be used for determining the control position of the main axis, the templates are lifted and transported on the working face by using a tower crane for assembly, and the measurement and calibration of the flatness and the verticality are carried out.
2.4 construction lofting is accurate and quick
The radial arc part has high accuracy requirement and more lofting points, the automatic total station can accurately loft each working face by randomly selecting one point, a reference forward-looking point for random lofting is preferably arranged on any one point of a straight line taking the radial arc as the circle center of the arc inner extension and serves as a forward-looking control point of the inner-section arc and the outer-section arc, the problems that the input data of the common total station is slow and the deviation is easy to occur are solved, generally, the radial arc part can be finished within 2 hours of five or sixty points, and the efficiency is greatly improved.
3. Local hydraulic lifting mould construction technology
The template supporting system with the wall body being 5.10m in layer height belongs to subsection project with high risk, a special construction scheme for the template needs to be compiled, structural mechanics calculation is needed, and calculation books and reports are attached to technical responsible personnel of enterprises, and the template supporting system can be implemented after master supervision, examination and approval. The system can locally adopt a large modeling and wood modeling integrated system, the structural modeling is considered to be a gradually-changed curved surface, the combined partial large template system can also be planned to use a traditional customized slip form according to the radian of the curved surface, and a lifting platform system can also be locally planned, so that the turnover of templates at the construction operation section and the cost of one-time investment are greatly considered, and the overall economic benefit of a project is improved. Meanwhile, the platform system to be adopted is convenient for improving the safety of operators in concrete pouring construction.
Claims (3)
1. A construction process of a gradient curved surface bare concrete wall based on a BIM technology is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps: (1) a clear water concrete matching method and concrete matching, vibration forming, repairing and maintaining procedures; (2) BIM design visualization of open seam and split bolt holes; (3) clear water concrete pumping and template splicing technology;
wherein: the clear water concrete matching method and the concrete matching, vibrating and forming, repairing and maintaining processes are as follows:
a. the wall body is designed to be in a space arc shape, a radial arc shape is taken as a gradual change curved surface, a steel mould, an aluminum mould and a wood mould are matched and combined in a construction scheme, a local wood mould is embedded between the steel mould and the aluminum mould, the defect of arc-shaped special-shaped film forming of a single template is overcome, and meanwhile, modeling, lofting and matching control are carried out by adopting a BIM (building information modeling) technology, so that the comprehensive management of modularization is strictly enhanced in construction;
b. deepening template arrangement and bolt hole arrangement by using a BIM (building information modeling) mass model according to template modulus and impression effect;
c. spreading out a three-dimensional drawing in computer software, typesetting the drawing according to an arc-shaped wood die, a plane steel die or an aluminum die, numbering and marking the drawing with an actual size;
d. according to the marked size, lofting and positioning of bolt holes are carried out on the whole template;
e. cutting the wood mould accurately, marking a finished product, and suggesting that related slurry leakage prevention measures are adopted at bolt holes formed in the wood mould, the steel mould or the aluminum mould so as to ensure the impression quality after concrete pouring;
f. different release agents are preferably selected for the templates made of different materials, the templates made of different materials are coated and then subjected to plane assembly, and the templates made of different materials are firmly fixed to prevent deformation and expansion; the plate seams need to be glued, the root parts need to adopt the positioning ribs to limit the positions inside and outside, and then the back surfaces are fixedly formed by adopting the main keels;
g. and reinforcing and supporting after the integral radian of the integrated template is held and pinched by utilizing the customized arc-shaped secondary keel. According to the inspection and acceptance standard requirements of the clear water wall template, checking the perpendicularity and the flatness of the template in parallel, and checking the torque of a support system fastener and the size of a plate seam gap; wherein, the construction errors of two sides need to be inspected, the two-side forming is realized as much as possible, particularly, the quality control of the flatness and the verticality of the outer water-facing surface needs to be carried out, and the mutual inspection, the special inspection and the cross inspection need to be carried out before the vertical mold is concealed;
h. before concrete is poured, a trial mix list and a finished product mix list of a concrete factory need to be checked, the addition amount of the admixture is strictly controlled, the root is wetted and treated by slurry connection in advance, and root rot, honeycombs, pitted surfaces and holes are prevented;
i. a professional concrete vibrator is assigned to pour at a proper environment temperature, and the upper part needs to be subjected to moisture preservation and maintenance work and covered;
j. after the concrete is poured, the test blocks under the same conditions reach the form removal strength, and then the form removal can be organized, and the broken component fillet is forbidden due to the careful wing wings during the form removal;
k. and (3) polishing the joints, namely repairing concrete plant-graded mortar if fine bubbles, pitted surfaces and the like exist, filling holes with concrete plant-graded fine stone concrete, removing loose layers of honeycombs, repairing, maintaining and polishing the honeycombs by using the plant materials, and then forming, wherein the above treatment measures need to be synchronously performed with color difference control.
2. The BIM technology-based construction process of the gradually-curved bare concrete wall body according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the BIM design of open seam and split bolt hole visual: the wall body is designed with vertical open joints, the upper part and the lower part of the wall body need to be vertical, and the arrangement of split bolt holes needs to be attractive; and (3) establishing a vertical effect diagram of open seam and split bolt hole arrangement by using a BIM technology, correcting the design of the template, and checking and approving the design as the basis of construction and acceptance.
3. The BIM technology-based construction process of the gradually-curved bare concrete wall body according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the bare concrete pumping and template splicing technology comprises the following steps: the integral requirements on the fair-faced concrete are no color difference and consistent in color, although the structural appearances of the upper part and the lower part of a building are different, the concrete proportion is different, and the physical colors of the joint parts are consistent, so that a concrete supplier is required to eliminate the color difference through multiple proportion tests, in the construction process of determining the suitable curved-surface fair-faced concrete, the forming surface of a template is required to be free of large bubbles, and the air entraining agent is required to be added to the common pumping concrete so as to be convenient for pumping the concrete;
after the curved surface fair-faced concrete template is blanked, a large template is assembled in a template manufacturing room and then lifted to a working surface for installation, however, after construction in a plurality of construction sections, because the corresponding construction section templates need to be protected layer by layer, the large template cannot be lifted to the working surface for installation at one time, and also needs to be bulked, after the bulk templates are blanked in the manufacturing room, installation and reinforcement can be carried out after the surfaces of tissues are cleaned, and construction obstacles with other working surfaces can be overcome in the process of construction, so that the progress of the whole engineering can be promoted.
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| CN111814245A (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2020-10-23 | 广东博智林机器人有限公司 | Ceiling joint layout acquisition method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
| CN112127503A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2020-12-25 | 青岛华骐林新型建材有限公司 | Mold, building component and manufacturing method thereof and construction method of curved outer wall |
| CN112127503B (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-01-28 | 青岛华骐林新型建材有限公司 | Mold, building component and manufacturing method thereof and construction method of curved outer wall |
| CN112921917A (en) * | 2021-01-26 | 2021-06-08 | 上海市水利工程设计研究院有限公司 | Special-shaped flow channel construction method based on engineering 3D printing technology |
| CN113358156A (en) * | 2021-06-09 | 2021-09-07 | 中建三局第三建设工程有限责任公司 | Construction method for positioning and detecting arc-shaped concrete member template based on BIM technology |
| CN113700287A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-11-26 | 中建八局发展建设有限公司 | Construction method and manufacturing process of curved surface clear water concrete seamless template |
| CN114753615A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2022-07-15 | 中国建筑第五工程局有限公司 | Construction method of double-curved-surface S-shaped fair-faced concrete wall |
| CN114856182A (en) * | 2022-04-02 | 2022-08-05 | 广东天凛高新科技有限公司 | Precise positioning device and method based on mold robot |
| CN114856182B (en) * | 2022-04-02 | 2024-04-19 | 广东天凛高新科技有限公司 | Accurate positioning device and method based on mold robot |
| CN117633994A (en) * | 2023-12-13 | 2024-03-01 | 中交第二航务工程局有限公司 | Concrete appearance performance prediction and optimization method based on big data |
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