CN110832580A - 重放攻击的检测 - Google Patents
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Abstract
为了在说话者识别系统中检测重放攻击,在所检测的磁场中辨识至少一个特征。然后确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放。如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定可能已经发生重放攻击。
Description
技术领域
本文所描述的实施方案涉及用于检测语音生物测定系统上的重放攻击的方法和设备。
背景技术
语音生物测定系统正在变得越来越广泛地使用。在这种系统中,用户通过在注册阶段期间提供他们的话音样本来训练系统。在随后的使用中,系统能够区别注册用户和未登记的说话者。语音生物测定系统原则上可以用来控制对各种服务和系统的访问。
恶意方试图使语音生物测定系统失效的一种方法是获取注册用户的话音的录音,然后试图回放该录音,以冒充注册用户且以获得对旨在限于注册用户的服务的访问。
这称为重放攻击或欺骗攻击。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种在说话者识别系统中检测重放攻击的方法。该方法包括:辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征;确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放;以及,如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定可能已经发生了重放攻击。
所述方法还包括:接收表示话音的音频信号,其中在与检测磁场大体上相同的时间接收所述音频信号;以及如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定所述音频信号可能是由所述重放攻击所导致的。
辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征的步骤可以包括:从磁力计接收信号;以及,对从磁力计所接收的信号执行离散傅里叶变换。
辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征的步骤可以包括:从磁力计接收信号;以及检测从磁力计所接收的信号的至少一个特征以2Hz-10Hz范围内的频率、以音节速率(syllabic rate)和/以发音速率(articulation rate)的调制。音节速率和/发音速率可以对应于用于话音的典型速率或用于该特定类型的话音或说话者的典型速率,或者可以通过分析与检测磁场的同时所检测的话音来确定音节速率和/发音速率。
所述方法可以包括确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语(predetermined spoken phrase)通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。
确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式可以包括:将所检测的磁场的变化模式与所存储的参考模式进行比较。
所存储的参考模式可以对应于由特定注册用户说出的预定话音短语,或者可以对应于由多个说话者说出的预定话音短语。
确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式可以包括:将所检测的磁场的变化模式传递至分类器,该分类器已经利用从预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放所获得的输入进行训练。
根据本发明的第二方法,提供了一种用于在说话者识别系统中检测重放攻击的系统,该系统被配置成:辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征;确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放;以及,如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定可能已经发生重放攻击。
所述系统还可以被配置成:接收表示话音的音频信号,其中在与检测磁场大体上同时地接收所述音频信号;以及,如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定所述音频信号可能是由所述重放攻击所导致的。
辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征可以包括:从磁力计接收信号;以及,对从磁力计所接收的信号执行离散傅里叶变换。
所述系统可以被配置用于通过如下方式辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征:从磁力计接收信号;以及检测从磁力计所接收的信号的至少一个特征以2Hz-10Hz范围内的频率的调制。
所述系统可以被配置用于通过如下方式辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征:从磁力计接收信号;以及检测从磁力计所接收的信号的至少一个特征以音节速率的调制。
所述系统可以被配置用于通过如下方式辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征:从磁力计接收信号;以及检测从磁力计所接收的信号的至少一个特征以发音频率的调制。
所述系统可以被配置用于确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。
所述系统可以被配置用于通过将所检测的磁场的变化模式与所存储的参考模式进行比较来确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。
所存储的参考模式可以对应于由特定注册用户说出的预定话音短语,或者可以对应于由多个说话者说出的预定话音短语。
所述系统可以被配置用于通过如下方式来确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式:将所检测的磁场的变化模式传递至分类器,该分类器已经利用从预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放所获得的输入进行训练。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种设备,该设备包括根据第二方面的系统。所述设备可以包括移动电话、音频播放器、视频播放器、移动计算平台、游戏设备、远程控制器设备、玩具、机器或者家庭自动化控制器或家用电器。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种计算机程序产品,该计算机程序产品包括计算机可读的有形介质,以及用于执行根据第一方面的方法的指令。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,该非暂时性计算机可读存储介质具有存储在其上的计算机可执行指令,当处理器电路系统执行该计算机可执行指令时,使处理器电路系统执行根据第一方面的方法。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种包括根据前一方面所述的非暂时性计算机可读存储介质的设备。所述设备包括移动电话、音频播放器、视频播放器、移动计算平台、游戏设备、远程控制器设备、玩具、机器或者家庭自动化控制器或家用电器。
附图说明
为了更好地理解本发明,且示出如何实施本发明,现在将参考附图,在附图中:
图1例示了智能手机;
图2是例示了智能手机的形式的示意图;
图3例示了正在执行重放攻击的第一种情形;
图4例示了正在执行重放攻击的第二种情形;
图5是话音处理系统的框图;
图6是例示了根据本发明的方法的流程图;
图7是用于实施一种方法的系统的框图;
图8是例示了图7的系统的第一元件的框图;
图9是例示了图7的第一元件的替代形式的框图;
图10是用于实施方法的一部分的系统的框图;
图11是用于实施方法的一部分的系统的框图;
图12是用于实施方法的一部分的系统的框图;
图13是例示了话音处理系统的框图;
图14是例示了在图13的系统中所执行的方法的流程图;以及
图15示出了图13的系统中的框的可能形式。
具体实施方式
下面的描述阐述了根据本公开内容的示例实施方案。对于本领域普通技术人员而言,其他示例实施方案和实施方式将是显而易见的。另外,本领域普通技术人员将认识到,可以代替下面讨论的实施方案或与下面讨论的实施方案相结合地应用各种等同技术,且所有这样的等同物应被认为是本公开内容所涵盖的。
图1例示了智能手机10,该智能手机10具有用于检测环境声音的麦克风12。在正常使用中,麦克风当然用于检测持有智能手机10的用户的话音。
图2是例示了智能手机10的形式的示意图。
具体地,图2示出了智能手机10的多个相互连接的部件。应理解,智能手机10实际上将包含许多其他部件,但是以下描述对于理解本发明是足够的。
因此,图2示出了上述麦克风12。在某些实施方案中,智能手机10设置有多个麦克风12、12a、12b等。
图2还示出了存储器14,该存储器14实际上可以被设置为单个部件或多个部件。存储器14被设置以存储数据和程序指令。
图2还示出了处理器16,同样该处理器16实际上可以被设置为单个部件或多个部件。例如,处理器16的一个部件可以是智能手机10的应用处理器。
图2还示出了收发器18,该收发器18被设置用于允许智能手机10与外部网络通信。例如,收发器18可以包括用于通过WiFi局域网或通过蜂窝网络建立互联网连接的电路系统。
图2还示出了音频处理电路系统20,用于根据需要对由麦克风12检测到的音频信号执行操作。例如,音频处理电路系统20可以对音频信号进行滤波或执行其他信号处理操作。
图2还示出了至少一个传感器22。在本发明的实施方案中,传感器是用于检测磁场的磁场传感器。例如,传感器22可以是霍尔效应传感器,能够提供磁场强度在三个正交方向上的单独测量。
在此实施方案中,智能手机10设置有语音生物测定功能和控制功能。因此,智能手机10能够响应于来自注册用户的话音命令(spoken command)执行多种功能。生物测定功能能够在来自注册用户的话音命令和由不同的人说出的相同命令之间进行区分。因此,本发明的某些实施方案涉及具有某种语音可操作性的智能手机或另一便携式电子设备(例如,平板或膝上型计算机、游戏控制台、家庭控制系统、家庭娱乐系统、车载娱乐系统、家用电器等,其中在旨在执行话音命令的设备中执行语音生物测定功能)的操作。某些其他实施方案涉及在智能手机或其他设备上执行语音生物测定功能的系统,如果语音生物测定功能能够确认说话者是注册用户,则该智能手机或其他设备将命令发送到单独的设备。
在一些实施方案中,虽然在位于靠近用户的智能手机10或其他设备上执行语音生物测定功能,但是使用收发器18将话音命令传输至远程话音识别系统,该远程语音识别系统确定话音命令的含义。例如,话音识别系统可以位于云计算环境中的一个或多个远程服务器上。然后,基于话音命令的含义的信号被返回至智能手机10或其他本地设备。
欺骗语音生物测定系统的一种尝试是以所谓的重放攻击或欺骗攻击的形式播放注册用户的语音的录音。
图3示出了正在执行重放攻击的情况的一个实施例。因此,在图3中,智能手机10设置有语音生物测定功能。在此实施例中,智能手机10至少暂时地被拥有另一智能手机30的攻击者占有。智能手机30已经被用于记录智能手机10的注册用户的语音。使智能手机30靠近智能手机10的麦克风入口12,且回放注册用户的语音的录音。如果语音生物测定系统不能够检测它检测到的注册用户的语音是录音,则攻击者将获得对仅能由注册用户访问的一项或多项服务的访问。
已知的是,由于尺寸限制,智能手机(诸如,智能手机30)通常设置有具有相对低质量的扬声器。因此,通过这样的扬声器回放的注册用户的语音的录音将与该用户的语音不是完美匹配,且该事实可用于辨识重放攻击。例如,扬声器可以具有某些频率特性,如果可以在由语音生物测定系统所接收的话音信号中检测到这些频率特性,则可以认为该话音信号是由重放攻击所导致的。
图4示出了正在执行重放攻击的情况的第二实施例,试图扰乱上述检测方法。因此,在图4中,智能手机10设置有语音生物测定功能。同样,在此实施例中,智能手机10至少暂时地被拥有另一智能手机40的攻击者占有。智能手机40已经被用于记录智能手机10的注册用户的语音。
在此实施例中,智能手机40被连接至高质量扬声器50。然后,使智能手机10的麦克风入口12靠近扬声器50定位,且通过扬声器50回放注册用户的语音的录音。与之前一样,如果语音生物测定系统不能够检测它检测到的注册用户的语音是录音,则攻击者将获得对仅能由注册用户访问的一项或多项服务的访问。
在此实施例中,扬声器50可以具有足够高的质量,以使得通过扬声器所回放的注册用户的语音的录音将不能与用户的语音可靠地区分开,因此话音信号的音频特征不能用于辨识重放攻击。
然而,应理解,许多扬声器(特别地,许多高质量的扬声器)是电磁扬声器,其中将电音频信号施加至位于永磁体的磁极之间的音圈,从而使线圈快速向后移动和向前移动。这种运动使附接至线圈的膜片向后移动和向前移动,从而产生声波。在此认识到,如果诸如智能手机10的设备在回放声音的同时靠近扬声器定位,则将存在对应的磁场的变化,这将能够被磁场传感器22检测到。
图5例示了话音处理系统60的一部分,该话音处理系统用于在诸如图2所示的智能手机10的设备中使用。具体地,图5示出了输入62,用于接收例如来自如图2所示的智能手机10中的一个或多个麦克风12的音频信号。
为了减少功率消耗,话音处理系统60以渐进方式操作。因此,音频信号被传递至语音活动检测(VAD)块64,该语音活动检测(VAD)块64确定所接收的音频信号何时包含人类语音。
当VAD块64确定所接收的音频信号包含人类话音时,它向关键字检测块66发送信号,以启动关键字检测块的操作。
当关键字检测块66激活时,关键字检测块66接收输入音频信号,且确定人类话音是否包含预定的触发短语。例如,智能手机可能具有触发短语“您好电话”,用户必须说出该触发短语来激活话音处理。
当关键字检测块66确定人类话音包含预定的触发短语时,关键字检测块66向说话者识别块68发送信号,以启动说话者识别块的操作。
当说话者识别块68被激活时,说话者识别块68接收输入音频信号,且确定该人类话音是否由该设备的注册用户说出。例如,一个智能手机可以仅具有一个或几个注册用户,所述一个或几个注册用户被授权向该设备发出语音命令,且说话者识别块68确定所检测的人类话音是否由该注册用户或者这些注册用户中的一个注册用户说出。
当说话者识别块68确定该人类话音是由该设备的注册用户说出时,说话者识别块68向话音处理块70发送信号,以启动该话音处理块的操作。话音处理块70可以与图5所示出的其他块位于同一设备中,或者也可以远程地位于云中。
当话音处理块70被激活时,话音处理块70接收输入音频信号,且确定所接收的话音的内容。例如,话音处理块70可以确定话音包含命令,且然后可以响应于该命令来控制该设备或一个单独的设备的操作的某些方面。
如上面参考图4所讨论的,对这样的系统的一种可能的攻击是攻击者可以回放注册用户说出预定的触发短语的录音。在没有任何用于检测这样的重放攻击的系统的情况下,攻击者可能能够发出通过话音处理系统60起作用的命令。
图6是例示了检测语音生物测定系统上的重放攻击的方法的流程图,且图7是例示了语音生物测定系统中的功能块的框图。具体地,图7例示了关键字检测块66中的功能块。
具体地,在图6的方法的步骤80中,在图7中所示出的关键字检测块66的输入100上接收音频信号。例如,在如图2所示出的设备中,在输入100上所接收的音频信号可以是由麦克风12所检测的音频信号,或者如果存在不止一个麦克风,则可以是由麦克风所检测的音频信号的总和。
同时,在图6的方法的步骤82中,在图7中所示出的系统的输入102上接收输入信号。输入102上所接收的输入信号接收自磁力计。例如,当在诸如智能收集或平板计算机的设备中执行该方法时,该设备通常将包括三轴磁力计,该三轴磁力计生成包含磁场强度在三个正交方向上的单独测量的输出信号。
在一些实施例中,接收自磁力计的输入信号被传递至磁性特征提取块104。例如,如果接收自磁力计的信号包含磁场强度在三个正交方向上的单独测量,则可以将这些测量组合,以提供磁场强度的单个测量。磁场强度的测量可以被认为是磁场强度在三个正交方向上的三个单独测量的平方和的平方根。
此外,该系统的目的是确定附近物体(例如,扬声器)所生成的任何磁场。为了获得关于此的最有用的信息,一种可能性是处理接收自磁力计的输入信号,以去除地球磁场的影响。例如,这可以通过形成磁场强度的平均值来实现,例如在几秒、几分钟或几小时的时段内,且从每个个体测量中减去该平均值以获得由人造源所生成的磁场的瞬时测量。
因此,在图6的方法的步骤82中,在从磁力计所检测的磁场中减去静磁场之后,剩下的是磁场的变化模式。如果这与在关键字检测块66的输入100上接收音频信号大体上同时发生,则认为磁场的变化模式与音频信号在某种程度上相关联。
然后,可以通过磁性特征提取块104获得关于磁场的变化模式的相关信息。
图8是例示了磁性特征提取块104的第一形式的框图。具体地,图8示出了磁力计信号可能地在经过预处理以去除地球磁场的影响且获得由人造源所生成的磁场的瞬时测量之后,被施加至离散傅里叶变换(DFT)块150中。DFT块150的输出然后可以可选地在归一化块152中被归一化。归一化包括修改信号的至少一个时刻。例如,第一时刻(均值)可以被设置为零,而第二时刻(即,标准偏差)可以被设置为1。
图9是例示了磁性特征提取块104的第二形式的框图,其中执行鲁棒哈希。鲁棒哈希本质上是一种有损压缩函数,用于为相似但没必要完全相同的文件提供相似的分数。具体地,图9示出的磁力计信号可能地在经过预处理以去除地球磁场的影响且获得由人造源所生成的磁场的瞬时测量之后,被施加至离散傅里叶变换(DFT)块160,该离散傅里叶变换(DFT)块160用于对磁力计信号进行滤波。DFT块160的输出传递至统计估计块162,该统计估计块162用于估计每频带的统计,且将这些传递至量化块164。
在这些实施例中,使用了离散傅里叶变换,但是也可以使用其他技术,诸如快速傅里叶变换(FFT)或离散余弦变换(DCT)。
如果检测到与音频信号相关联的磁场的变化模式,则该处理进入图6的方法的步骤84,在该步骤84中,确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。因此,在图7的系统中,所检测的磁场的变化模式被传递至确定块106。
该确定可以采取任何合适的形式。
图10是例示了确定块106的第一可能形式的框图。具体地,图8示出了所检测的磁场的变化模式(即,通过特征提取块104从磁力计信号所提取的特征)被传递至确定块106中的比较块120的第一输入。存储器122被连接至比较块120的第二输入。
存储器122可以存储参考模式,且此参考模式可以对应于当特定注册用户说出预定话音短语时的磁场的变化模式,或者此参考模式可以对应于当多个说话者说出预定话音短语时的磁场的平均变化模式。
图11是例示了确定块106的第二可能形式的框图。具体地,图11示出了所检测的磁场的变化模式被传递至确定块106中的分类器块130。分类器块130操作以确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的磁场的参考变化模式。
在这些实施例中,从磁力计信号中提取特征,且直接地或在分类器中将所述特征与参考模式进行比较。在其他实施例中,磁力计信号本身被传递至适当训练的分类器,以确定该信号是否包含指示磁场的变化模式指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式的特征。
为了避免对通过扬声器回放话音的许多实例来训练分类器130的需求,可以使用建模数据来训练分类器。
图12是示出了训练过程的框图。
接收自磁力计信号的信号通常将具有80-120Hz范围内的采样率。因此,如果该信号确实是由话音的回放所导致的,则它将表示该话音的严重欠采样型式。此外,由于磁力计的操作通常是诸如智能手机的设备中的低优先级任务,所以采样率可能不是恒定的。
因此,为了获得用于分类器的合适的训练数据,获得了当说出预定短语时代表施加至扬声器的电压的信号。
这些信号被依次输入至换能器模型140,该换能器模型140将施加至扬声器的电压映射至磁力计所感测的磁场。因此,换能器模型必须考虑似乎可能在欺骗攻击中所使用的不同类型的扬声器,且还必须考虑磁力计相对于扬声器的不同可能位置。
所得到的信号被施加至磁力计模型142,该磁力计模型142对磁力计的采样过程进行建模(即,磁力计可能执行欠采样、不规则采样或其他可能的采样技术的事实)。
这就提供了代表许多可能的磁力计信号的数据,所述磁力计信号能够通过扬声器回放预定短语且通过磁力计检测所得到的磁场的变化模式来获得。然后,可以将此所获得的数据用于训练分类器130。
如图11所示,经训练的分类器然后可以用于确定新检测到的磁场的变化模式是否可能是通过扬声器回放预定短语的结果。
如果在图6的方法的步骤84中确定所检测的磁场的变化模式指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式,则该过程进行至步骤86,在步骤86中确定所接收的音频信号可能与重放攻击相关联。
可以单独使用此确定来确定所接收的音频信号是重放攻击所导致的。替代地,该确定可以与其他因素结合,以做出关于所接收的音频信号是否由重放攻击所导致的决策。
在图7的系统中,关键字检测块66的输入100上所接收的音频信号被传递至音频处理块108。
在大多数情况下,关键字检测块66的音频处理块108确定音频信号是否包含预定触发短语,如果包含预定触发短语,则向图5的说话者识别块68发送信号,以启动说话者识别块的操作。
然而,如果确定块106(仅基于磁场的变化模式或部分地基于磁场的变化模式)确定所接收的音频信号可能是由图7所示出的重放攻击所导致的,则确定块106可以向音频处理块108发送信号,以防止音频处理块的操作。
因此,如果从磁场测量确定了音频信号可能是由重放攻击所导致的,则关键字检测块66不尝试检测预定触发短语的存在。
到目前为止,本文已经参照具体实施例描述了该方法,在该具体实施例中,确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式,且存在仅一个这样的预定短语,例如被注册用户用于激活设备的触发短语。然而,可能存在多个预定话音短语,且该方法可以测试所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与这些预定话音短语中的任何一个通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。如图11所示,在确定块106包括分类器的情况下,这需要用于分类器的更多的训练数据。
一般而言,该方法可以测试所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示人类话音的回放。
图13是例示了话音处理系统170的框图,图14是例示在系统中所执行的方法的流程图。
可以包含话音的音频信号被传递至话音处理块172。这可以采用任何合适的形式。例如,它可以是关键词检测块、说话者识别功能、话音识别块或任何其他功能。
磁力计信号可能地在经过预处理以去除地球磁场的影响且获得由人造源所生成的磁场的瞬时测量之后,被施加至磁特征提取模块174。
因此,在图180所示出的过程的步骤180中,辨识出所检测的磁场的至少一个特征。
磁性特征提取块174可以例如从磁力计信号提取梅尔频率倒谱系数(MFCC)。
替代地,图15示出了磁性特征提取块174的一种可能形式。这是通过寻找话音特性的特征来操作的,通常以音节速率或发音速率调制话音特性,该音节速率或发音速率例如可以在1-15Hz的范围内,更具体地在2-10Hz的范围内,通常为约4Hz。
在图15中,磁力计信号被滤波成多个频带。图15示出了此滤波由离散傅里叶变换(DFT)块190执行,但是替代地,可以使用滤波器组。
经滤波的信号被传递至块192,在块192中,通过对该信号求平方来将信号转换成能量。
然后,每个能量频带通过以合适的音节速率(例如,4Hz)为中心的通频带被传递至带通滤波器(BPF)块194。可以选择音节速率或发音速率,以对应于例如用于通用话音或用于特定类型的话音或说话者的典型速率。替代地,可以通过对话音的分析来确定音节速率或发音速率的值,该话音在检测磁场的同时被检测到(例如,在图13的话音处理块172中)。然后可以使用该速率来设置带通滤波器(BPF)块194的通频带。
然后可以例如用简单的阈值或用更高级的模式识别器(诸如,神经网络)来测量BPF输出处的调制能量。
在图13所示出的系统的块176中,以及在图14所示出的方法的步骤182中,然后确定所检测的磁场的至少一个所经辨识的特征是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放。这可以涉及确定磁力计信号以该音节速率的调制程度是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放。
如果确定磁力计信号以该音节速率的调制程度指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则在步骤184中确定重放攻击可能已经发生。在所述情况下,可以将任何合适的输出提供至用户。
在图13所示出的系统的情况下,由于假定输出可能是重放攻击的结果,所以输出可用于门控话音处理,使得不按计划处理所接收的音频信号。
因此,公开了可用于检测可以指示所接收的音频信号是重放攻击的结果的情况的方法和系统。
技术人员将认识到,上文所描述的装置和方法的一些方面可以被具体化为处理器控制代码,例如,在非易失性载体介质(诸如,磁盘、CD-ROM或DVD-ROM、编程存储器诸如只读存储器(固件))上,或在数据载体(诸如,光信号载体或电信号载体)上。本发明的许多应用实施方案将被实施在DSP(数字信号处理器)、ASIC(专用集成电路)或FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)上。因此,代码可以包括常规的程序代码或微代码,或例如用于设置或控制ASIC或FPGA的代码。代码还可以包括用于动态地配置可重新配置的装置(诸如,可重新编程的逻辑门阵列)的代码。类似地,代码可以包括用于硬件描述语言(诸如,Verilog TM或VHDL(超高速集成电路硬件描述语言))的代码。如技术人员将理解的,代码可以被分布在彼此通信的多个经耦合的部件之间。在适当的情况下,还可以使用在现场可(重新)编程的模拟阵列或类似设备上运行以配置模拟硬件的代码来实施所述实施方案。
注意,如本文中所使用的,术语模块应被用来指代可以至少部分地由专用硬件部件(诸如,自定义电路系统)实施的功能单元或块,和/或至少部分地由一个或多个软件处理器或在合适的通用处理器等上运行的适当的代码实施的功能单元或块。模块本身可以包括其他模块或功能单元。模块可以由不需要被协同定位且可以被设置在不同的集成电路上和/或在不同的处理器上运行的多个部件或子模块来提供。
实施方案可以在主机设备中实施,尤其是便携式主机设备和/或电池供电主机设备,诸如移动计算设备(例如,膝上型计算机或平板计算机)、游戏控制台、远程控制设备、家庭自动化控制器或家用电器(包括家用温度或光照控制系统)、玩具、机器(诸如,机器人)、音频播放器、视频播放器或移动电话(例如,智能手机)。
应注意,上文所提及的实施方案例示而非限制本发明,且在不脱离所附权利要求的范围的前提下,本领域技术人员将能够设计许多替代实施方案。“包括”一词不排除权利要求中所列出的元件或步骤之外的元件或步骤的存在,“一”或“一个”不排除多个,且单个特征或其他单元可以实现权利要求中所记载的几个单元的功能。权利要求中的任何附图标记或标注不应被解释为限制其范围。
Claims (22)
1.一种在说话者识别系统中检测重放攻击的方法,该方法包括:
辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征;
确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放;以及
如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定可能已经发生重放攻击,
其中,辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征的步骤包括:
从磁力计接收信号;以及
检测从磁力计所接收的信号的至少一个特征以2Hz-10Hz范围内的至少一个频率、话音音节速率、和/或发音速率中的一个或多个的调制。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:
接收表示话音的音频信号,其中在与检测磁场大体上同时接收所述音频信号;以及
如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定所述音频信号可能是由所述重放攻击所导致的。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征的步骤包括:
从磁力计接收信号;以及
对从磁力计所接收的信号执行离散傅里叶变换。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的方法,包括:确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式包括:
将所检测的磁场的变化模式与所存储的参考模式进行比较。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所存储的参考模式对应于由特定注册用户说出的预定话音短语。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所存储的参考模式对应于由多个说话者说出的预定话音短语。
8.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式包括:
将所检测的磁场的变化模式传递至分类器,该分类器已经利用从预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放所获得的输入进行训练。
9.一种用于在说话者识别系统中检测重放攻击的系统,该系统被配置用于:
辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征;
确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征是否指示话音通过扬声器的回放;以及
如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定可能已经发生重放攻击,
其中辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征的步骤包括:
从磁力计接收信号;以及
检测从磁力计所接收的信号的至少一个特征以2Hz-10 Hz范围内的至少一个频率、话音音节速率、和/或发音速率中的一个或多个的调制。
10.根据权利要求9所述的系统,还被配置用于:
接收表示话音的音频信号,其中在与检测磁场大体上同时接收所述音频信号;以及
如果确定所检测的磁场的至少一个经辨识的特征指示话音通过扬声器的回放,则确定所述音频信号可能是由所述重放攻击所导致的。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的系统,该系统被配置用于通过以下方式辨识所检测的磁场的至少一个特征:
从磁力计接收信号;以及
对从磁力计所接收的信号执行离散傅里叶变换。
12.根据权利要求9、10或11所述的系统,该系统被配置用于确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式。
13.根据权利要求12所述的系统,该系统被配置用于通过以下方式来确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式:
将所检测的磁场的变化模式与所存储的参考模式进行比较。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统,其中所存储的参考模式对应于由特定注册用户说出的预定话音短语。
15.根据权利要求13所述的系统,其中所存储的参考模式对应于由多个说话者说出的预定话音短语。
16.根据权利要求12所述的系统,该系统被配置用于通过以下方式来确定所检测的磁场的变化模式是否指示与预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放相关联的参考模式:
将所检测的磁场的变化模式传递至分类器,该分类器已经利用从预定话音短语通过扬声器的回放所获得的输入进行训练。
17.一种包括根据权利要求9-16中的任一项所述的系统的设备。
18.根据权利要求17所述的设备,其中所述设备包括移动电话、音频播放器、视频播放器、移动计算平台、游戏设备、远程控制器设备、玩具、机器或者家庭自动化控制器或家用电器。
19.一种计算机程序产品,该计算机程序产品包括计算机可读的有形介质,以及用于执行根据权利要求1至8中的任一项所述的方法的指令。
20.一种非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,该非暂时性计算机可读存储介质具有存储在其上的计算机可执行指令,当处理器电路系统执行该计算机可执行指令时,使处理器电路系统执行根据权利要求1至8中的任一项所述的方法。
21.一种包括根据权利要求20所述的非暂时性计算机可读存储介质的设备。
22.根据权利要求21所述的设备,其中所述设备包括移动电话、音频播放器、视频播放器、移动计算平台、游戏设备、远程控制器设备、玩具、机器或者家庭自动化控制器或家用电器。
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