CN110753717A - 获得用纤维素纸浆和添加剂纤维素纸浆增强的热塑性复合颗粒的方法 - Google Patents

获得用纤维素纸浆和添加剂纤维素纸浆增强的热塑性复合颗粒的方法 Download PDF

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CN110753717A
CN110753717A CN201780083386.9A CN201780083386A CN110753717A CN 110753717 A CN110753717 A CN 110753717A CN 201780083386 A CN201780083386 A CN 201780083386A CN 110753717 A CN110753717 A CN 110753717A
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cellulose pulp
masterbatch
cellulose
pulp
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CN110753717B (zh
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E·C·拉姆雷斯
M·R·D·席尔瓦
C·M·贝克尔
A·L·D·S·D·席尔瓦
V·奥利韦拉
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Suzano SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种获得用纤维素纸浆或添加剂纤维素纸浆、纤维素纤维和/或来自可再生资源的亲水性材料和/或天然资源材料增强的热塑性复合颗粒的方法,方法包括以下步骤:在粘合剂碾磨机和/或塑料团粒机和/或密实机中进行纤维素纸浆干燥加工,并制备色母粒,其包括干燥纸浆和热塑性材料的步骤,制备聚合物和纤维素纤维的组合物,碾磨产生的色母粒,干燥产物,挤出聚合物和色母粒,并注入所得材料。

Description

获得用纤维素纸浆和添加剂纤维素纸浆增强的热塑性复合颗 粒的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及纤维素纸浆或纤维和添加剂纤维素纸浆加工领域,并且特别涉及获得用纤维素纸浆和添加剂纤维素纸浆和/或来自可再生资源的亲水性材料和/或天然资源材料增强的热塑性复合颗粒的方法。
背景技术
几种木质纤维素材料用作热塑性复合物中的填料或增强剂,并且由于它们相对于其它无机或合成材料的优点,这些材料作为聚合物或陶瓷基中的填料或增强剂变得重要。同样,具有定制特性的增强聚合物复合物可以替代许多应用范围(例如建筑、汽车、家具和航空航天工业)中的传统材料,例如金属、塑料和木材。
纤维素纤维的一些固有优点列举如下:它们具有低密度,它们是从可再生资源获得,它们对机械具有低磨损;它们较低重量下具有相同性能,并且对于相同的重量更坚固(25-30%);它们具有较低的加工能量要求和较低的热膨胀系数;它们具有良好的机械性能,而且成本低,这表现出非常有吸引力的因素。出于这些原因,已经发现纤维素基复合物在建筑上的应用和汽车上的应用等。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种获得用纤维素纸浆和添加剂纤维素纸浆增强的热塑性复合颗粒的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)在粘合剂碾磨机和/或塑料团粒机和/或密实机中进行纤维素纸浆或纤维的干燥加工;
b)色母粒的制备,包括以下步骤:
b.1)以约10/90至90/10的比例的聚合物和纤维素纸浆,在混合室中,在约90至约300℃的温度范围内制备组合物;
b.2)碾磨生产的色母粒;和
b.3)在挤出机中使用两个重力进料器,每个产品一个,以10/90至90/10的比例挤出聚合物和色母粒,速度范围为10-400rpm,温度从大约90到大约300℃;
其中,在组合物的制备中,可首先将聚合物加入腔室中,并在其完全熔化后,逐渐向其中加入纤维素纤维或纸浆。
附图说明
通过参考附图和以下描述,可以更好地理解本发明的结构和操作以及其进一步的优点:
图1显示了根据材料类型选择的双螺杆型线。
图2显示了通过纤维和聚合物的强制进料生产的具有10%纤维的PP颗粒。
图3显示了再加工后具有10%纤维的PP颗粒。
图4显示了混合室中色母粒制造过程的“指纹”。
图5示出了在混合室(A)中掺入后和碾磨(B)后50/50PP/纤维素纸浆的色母粒。
图6显示了在混合室(A)中掺入后和碾磨(B)后50/50PE/纤维素纸浆的色母粒。
图7显示了PP/纤维素纸浆复合物:90/10(A)和70/30(B)。
图8示出了PE/纤维素纸浆复合物:90/10(A)和70/30(B)。
图9显示PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆的复合颗粒:90/10(A)和70/30(B)。
图10显示PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆复合颗粒:90/10(A)和70/30(B)。
图11显示PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆复合物(90/10)的MEV:(A)样本表面和(B)垂直于材料流的断裂区域。
图12示出了PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆复合物(70/30)的MEV:(A)样本表面和(B)垂直于材料流的断裂区域。
图13示出了PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆的复合物(90/10)的MEV:(A)样本表面和(B)垂直于材料流的断裂区域。
图14示出了PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆的复合物(70/30)的MEV:(A)样本表面和(B)垂直于材料流的断裂区域。
图15显示了复合物样本:(A)PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆70/30,(B)PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆90/10,(C)PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆70/30和(D)PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆90/10。
具体实施例
尽管本发明可以多种实施例实施,在附图和以下详细讨论中示出了优选实施例,并且应理解,本公开被视为本发明的原理的例证,并且不意图将本发明限制于本文所示和所述的内容。
本发明的优选实施例涉及获得用纤维素纸浆、和/或来自可再生资源的亲水性材料和/或天然资源材料增强的热塑性复合颗粒的过程,其中,该过程的步骤详述如下:
a)纤维素纸浆或添加剂纤维素纸浆加工
纸浆加工包括研磨纤维素纸浆,它是在粘合剂碾磨机、塑料团粒机和/或密实机(或者简称为塑料粘合机)中进行的。
该碾磨机通常用于回收塑料薄膜。粘合机由管组成,其中,电动马达提供动力,以在该管内旋转带刀的轴,以便剪切材料,并通过与其自身的刀和设备的壁的摩擦将其加热。在一些碾磨机中,管壁上也有叶片。
在纤维素纸浆的情况下,因为它不是热塑性材料,所以材料不会在粘合机内熔化。纤维素纸浆叶的研磨时间由粘合机引擎中存在的电流表控制。当叶变成纸浆时,电流表显示低值和恒定值。
b)色母粒制备
在某些情况下,在生产色母粒之前,将叶和热塑性材料在30至100℃下干燥1至48小时,以便从材料中除去水分。
使用辊式转子,在与混合室联接的Haake扭矩流变仪中以10/90至90/10比例的聚合物和纤维素纸浆制备组合物。混合室通常用于制备弹性体、热塑性塑料和复合物的中试规模的混合物和化合物。
用于在混合室中制备色母粒的温度范围为约90至约300℃。所用搅拌速度为约80rpm。最初,将聚合物加入到腔室中,并且在材料完全熔化之后,与扭矩变化一致地逐步添加纤维素纤维,以实现混合物的分散和一致性的清晰度。
在本发明的任选实施例中,至少一种增容剂可用于制备色母粒,其中,所述至少一种增容剂选自包括以下几者的群组:马来酸酐和添加剂,例如木质素、纳米纤维素等。
将生产的色母粒在刀式研磨机中碾磨。关于研磨时间,在工业碾磨机中,可以以约10至约50Kg/h研磨色母粒。值得一提的是,这种生产能力与碾磨机尺寸直接相关。
碾磨后,在先前使用的相同条件下,将材料再次在烘箱中干燥。
对于挤出过程,使用两个重力进料器在挤出机中进料聚合物和色母粒,速度范围为10-400rpm,温度为90-300℃。在整个挤出过程中,组合物90/10呈现出较大生产体积和稳定过程。组合物70/30提供了稳定过程,但与90/10组合物相比产量较低。
在一些测试中,通过添加至少一种用于制备色母粒的颜料,可以实现复合物的着色。
示例
可加工性测试
用于将纤维掺入聚合物中的设备是扭矩流变仪(Brabender),其上附接有双螺杆挤出机模块。根据材料类型选择图1中示出的双螺杆型线。
使用的温度曲线为185℃至210℃(料斗阵列)。
对于所有加工,将材料在烘箱中在70℃下干燥24小时,以在加工之前除去水分。
例1-进料和掺入测试
1.1使用进料器掺入
在第三加热区使用添加料斗,在第三加热区使用重力进料器,并与树脂嵌入料斗中,经由侧进料器进行纤维嵌入测试:
通过侧进料器掺入纤维:该加工不成功,因为与聚合物相比,纤维素纸浆的密度非常低。侧进料器没有足够的力将纸浆推入挤出机。
通过在挤出机的第三加热区的添加料斗掺入纤维:该加工不成功,这是由于使用侧进料器嵌入纤维所给出的相同原因。利用重力的纤维进料受阻,并且需要将进料强制进入料斗。
使用在挤出机的第三加热区的重力进料器掺入纤维:该加工不成功,因为进料器没有足够的力将纤维推向料斗。进料器未能保持恒定的剂量率。
纤维与聚合物一起掺入(强制进料)在第一料斗中:在该加工中,由于聚合物和纤维之间的密度不同,只有聚合物通过重力进料到挤出机中。尝试手动添加了两种组分,强制聚合物和纤维进料到料斗中。由此,可以加工材料,然而,由于进料是手动并且强制的,因此在该加工中不能实现对聚合物和纤维含量的精确控制。根据进料,挤出物质呈现或多或少的纤维含量,这可以通过颗粒之间的颜色差异观察到(图2)。在这种情况下,即使使用挤出机的低螺纹旋转(50rpm),挤出加工也不是稳定的。
根据在第一次加工测试中获得的结果,发现对经由强制进料生产的颗粒的再加工以获得一致性更好的材料是必要的。此外,应评估色母粒(浓缩)的使用,以获得更一致性更好的材料并更好地控制纤维/聚合物比例。
1.2再加工测试-将聚合物和纤维强制进料到第一挤出机加热区的添加料斗制成的复合物的再加工
在强制进料加工中获得的颗粒(如图2所示)在挤出机中再次被再加工。为了对这些复合物再加工,该过程比初始加工更稳定;但是,不可能使得过程保持不变,并且无法自动使用粉碎机。使用重力进料器进行添加而不强制进料。即便如此,也发现了与挤出机进料相关的问题,并且必须在加工步骤中使得进料器停止。挤出物质在通道中冷却,后来被粉碎。
挤出机中的加工速度为:漂白的纤维素纸浆的转速为80rpm,未漂白的纤维的转速为200rpm。将进料器调节至1.5Kg/h的速度。
图3显示了再加工后具有10%纤维的PP颗粒的图片。与图2相比,可以观察到材料具有更好的一致性。
例2-色母粒用途
2.1混合室中色母粒的配方
为了克服所有挤出机进料问题,通过使用联接的混合室模块,在Haake型扭矩流变仪中,制造由聚烯烃和纤维组成的(浓缩的或预分散的)色母粒。
以50/50质量比制备色母粒,然后,在刀式研磨机中碾磨。所获得的材料具有足够的密度用于挤出机进料。
色母粒制造过程的“指纹”如图4所示。在该加工开始时,PP被添加到混合室中,被混合到完全热塑性融合,这通过扭矩减少和稳定性来验证。从该加工的2分钟开始,将它们逐步添加到纤维素纤维中。混合过程在10到12分钟之间完成。
色母粒配方可见于表1和表2中:
表1-色母粒PP+纤维配方
图5显示了刚刚在混合室中加工和碾磨后的PP/纤维的色母粒。
表2-主PE+纤维
Figure BDA0002128433890000074
Figure BDA0002128433890000081
图6显示刚刚在混合室中加工和碾磨后的PE/纤维的色母粒。
2.2使用色母粒的复合物加工
最初,制造了90/10重量比的PP和PE的聚烯烃复合物和色母粒。对于该加工,使用两个重力进料器。首先,测试在第三添加区中添加色母粒;然而,即使在料斗颈部用水冷却后,色母粒在料斗口熔化,因此阻碍其进料到挤出机。
为了克服这个问题,解决方案是将聚合物和色母粒加入第一个添加料斗中,控制通过进料器的速度质量比,得到90/10热塑性复合物。该方法使得添加过程完全稳定,并且在整个加工中均匀挤出。重力进料器的添加速度在整个加工中保持恒定。色母粒中使用的纤维类型没有改变进料和剂量的加工参数。与其他经测试的加工相比,该加工还允许更高产出(以Kg/h计)。在挤出加工开始并且挤出物开始被粉碎之后,该加工保持稳定,直到在料斗中添加的所有原料都已经被加工。
为了获得70/30复合物,进料器速度设定为:进料纯PP的速度为2Kg/h,进料PP+纤维色母粒的速度为3Kg/h。在3Kg/h的速度下,由于色母粒密度,进料器不能保持进料速度恒定。作为避免该问题的方式,剂量比减少了一半。如90/10复合物中那样,离开阵列的材料流不是稳定的。挤出物破裂几次,挤出表面粗糙。作为避免这种缺陷的方式,可以将螺杆速度调节到更高值。然而,如前所述,对于材料离开挤出机的湍流,对于该组合物,加工速度应该低,即,低于120rpm。
对于PE复合物,挤出加工中的行为类似于PP复合物。对于70/30复合物,阵列出口处的材料流是恒定的,并且一旦粒化开始,该加工持续到所有原料都被消耗掉。
PP和PE的最佳剂量和加工条件详述如下。
90/10PP
进料器1速度(聚合物):2.4Kg/h
进料器2速度(色母粒):0.6Kg/h
螺杆转速:250rpm
粉碎机速度:13rpm/8.5rpm(手柄速度和切割速度)
70/30PP
进料器1速度(聚合物):1Kg/h
进料器2速度(色母粒):1.5Kg/h
螺杆转速:120rpm
粉碎机速度:13rpm/8.5rpm(手柄速度和切割速度)
90/10PE
进料器1速度(聚合物):2.4Kg/h
进料器2速度(色母粒):0.6Kg/h
螺杆转速:200rpm
粉碎机速度:13rpm/8.5rpm(手柄速度和切割速度)
70/30-PE
进料器1速度(聚合物):1.5Kg/h
进料器2速度(色母粒):2.25Kg/h
螺杆转速:140rpm
粉碎机速度:13rpm/8.5rpm(手柄速度和切割速度)
图7和8显示通过与色母粒加工获得的复合物。
因此,尽管仅示出了本发明的一些实施例,但是应该理解,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,本领域技术人员可以进行若干省略、替换和改变。所描述的实施例应该在所有方面都被认为仅是说明性的而非限制性的。
明确规定,以基本相同的方式执行相同功能的元件的所有组合以实现相同的结果都在本发明的范围内。在所述实施例中将一个元件替换为另一个也完全包含和考虑其中。
还应该理解,附图不一定按比例绘制,并且本质上仅是概念性的。因此,如所附权利要求的范围所示,该意图是有限的。
添加剂纤维素纸浆可采用等同过程。添加剂纤维素纸浆的一个例子是富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆。图9显示了通过与色母粒加工获得的富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆的复合物。
可用于使用所述过程获得复合物的纤维素的另一个实例是未漂白的纤维素纸浆。图10显示通过与色母粒加工获得的未漂白的纤维素纸浆的复合物。
实施例3-表征
3.1热变形温度(HDT)
表3给出了热变形温度评估的结果。结果显示,通过在复合物中插入纤维素纸浆,HDT增加。对于PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆70/30和PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆70/30的复合物,观察到热变形温度的最大程度增高。这种增高可能与以下事实有关:以更大比例存在的纤维素纤维可能导致分子之间更多数目的交织,从而限制了分子的移动性。
表3-热变形温度(HDT)
Figure BDA0002128433890000111
3.2流动指数(熔体流动指数)
根据ASTM D1238-步骤A,温度为230℃,10分钟测定和施加负荷为2.16kg下,进行流动指数分析,以评估材料的可加工性。该测定在DSM塑性体上进行。结果如表4所示。
表4-流动指数
Figure BDA0002128433890000112
Figure BDA0002128433890000121
MFI测定的结果表明,纸浆的插入和增加的纸浆含量降低了材料的流动指数,因此,改变了相对于纯聚合物的材料加工条件。在加工用于注射样本的材料期间,已经证实了这种改变条件的需要。
3.3形态分析
使用Jeol扫描电子显微镜(SEM)(型号JSM 6010LA),通过二次电子和100x放大率的图像采集模式下评估复合物的形态。图11和12分别显示了PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆(90/10)和PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆(70/30)的复合物的形态;图13和14分别是PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆(90/10)和PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆(70/30)的复合物的形态。图像显示复合物中存在散开纤维,并且不可能识别纸浆和聚合物基质的分离相。
3.4吸水性
根据ASTM D57 0标准进行吸水测试。在24h和168h浸泡后,将样本干燥称重。计算结果如表5所示。
表5-吸水性
Figure BDA0002128433890000131
浸泡24小时后,样本已经显示出吸水,并且在168小时后,吸水甚至更多。还可以注意到,纸浆含量的增加也是复合物吸水量增加的原因,并且这种行为是预期的,因为纸浆是比用作基质的热塑性材料更亲水的材料。聚丙烯是非极性烃,而纤维素纸浆提供通过氢键结合可与水相互作用的极性羟基。复合PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆90/10显示出与吸水性相关的更好性能。
3.5机械测定
根据标准ISO 527-2进行拉伸测定:使用用于机械测试的英斯特朗(Instron)通用机械进行,其载荷单元为5kN,微型伸长计,间隔速度为500mim min-1。结果如表6所示。
表6-复合物的拉伸强度
Figure BDA0002128433890000132
Figure BDA0002128433890000141
从表6中可以看出,弹性模量的值随着添加纤维素纤维而增大,除了PP/富含微纤化纤维素的纤维素纸浆90/10的复合物,其模量小于纯PP。复合物中使用的纤维比例的增大导致复合物模量成比例增加。复合PP/纤维素纸浆70/30是在所制备的复合物之间具有最大绝对值的复合物。
根据ISO标准178:2010、方法A进行弯曲测试(表7):其在Emic模型DL2000通用机械中进行,通过使用Trd 22测力传感器和Trd 15伸长计进行机械测试。
表7-弯曲测试
Figure BDA0002128433890000151
如在表7中所示的结果中可以注意到,通过添加纤维素纸浆制备的复合物显示出优于纯PP的结果,这证明纤维在聚合物基质中充当增强剂。纤维比的增大导致模量和最大弯曲应力的成比例增加。化合物PP/纤维素纸浆70/30在弯曲分析中也呈现出最高值。
根据ISO 180标准,方法A进行冲击强度测试:其使用CEAST冲击机和Notch Vs.在测试中具有1J冲击能量的落锤(Hammer carver),速度为3.460m/s。
表8显示了冲击测试结果。
表8-冲击强度
Figure BDA0002128433890000161
结果表明,纤维素纸浆有效地作为增强剂,因为纸浆插入后显著增加抗冲击性。另一方面,由于相较于不含增强剂的材料增强材料具有不均匀性,注意到,这些样本中的标准偏差更高。纤维比的增大导致复合物的抗冲击性增加。PP/未漂白的纤维素纸浆70/30复合物是在制备的复合物之间呈现最高抗冲击性的复合物。
3.8.标本的可视化分析
图15显示了用于表征复合物而制备的样本的图片。可以观察到这些复合物的优异的视觉上的一致性。

Claims (12)

1.一种获得用纤维素纸浆和添加剂纤维素纸浆增强的热塑性复合颗粒的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)在粘合剂碾磨机和/或塑料团粒机和/或密实机中进行纤维素纸浆或纤维或者添加剂纤维素纸浆的干燥加工;
b)色母粒的制备,包括以下步骤:
b.1)以约10/90至90/10的比例的聚合物和纤维素纤维或者添加剂纤维素纸浆,在混合室中,在约90至约300℃的温度范围内制备组合物;
b.2)碾磨生产的色母粒;和
b.3)在挤出机中使用两个重力进料器,每个产品一个,以10/90至90/10的比例挤出聚合物和色母粒,速度范围为10-400rpm,温度从大约90到大约300℃;
其中,在组合物的制备中,可首先将聚合物加入腔室中,并在其完全熔化后,逐渐向其中加入纤维素纤维。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,步骤b.1)的混合室能够与流变仪联接。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其特征在于,流变仪可以是Haake扭矩流变仪。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,方法还包括添加至少一种用于制备色母粒的增容剂。
5.根据权利要求3的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种增容剂选自包括以下几者的群组:马来酸酐、丙烯酸甲酯、具有金属离子的离聚物、过氧化物、硅烷、有机钛酸酯和添加剂,如木质素、纳米纤维素、来自可再生资源的聚合物等。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,方法还包括加入至少一种用于制备色母粒的颜料。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,方法还包括改性或功能化的纤维素纸浆或纤维。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b.2)中,使用刀式研磨机。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b.1)之前,方法还包括将纸浆或纤维和热塑性材料,在30至100℃下干燥1至48小时的步骤。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b.3)之前,方法还包括在30至100℃下将产物干燥1至48小时的步骤。
11.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b.4)之前,方法还包括在30至100℃下将所得材料干燥1至48小时的步骤。
12.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b.3)之后,方法还包括在90至300℃下将所得材料注入的步骤。
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