CN110698386B - 一种pH近红外荧光探针的制备和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明属于荧光探针技术领域,具体涉及基于花菁染料的pH近红外荧光探针的制备和应用。
背景技术
细胞内pH在许多细胞事件中起关键作用,包括细胞生长和凋亡,离子运输和体内稳态,钙调节,内吞作用和细胞粘附等等(Tang B,Yu F,Li P,et al.Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society,2009,131:3016-3023)。在正常的生理条件下,细胞外氢离子浓度保持在非常狭窄的范围内,微小的变化都将引起许多疾病(Lagadic-Gossmann D,Rissel M,Galisteo M,et al.British journal of pharmacology,1999,128:1673-1682.)。先前的证据表明,肿瘤的内部环境已被酸化(Schornack P A,Gillies RJ.Neoplasia,2003,5:135-145)。随着葡萄糖代谢的增加,癌症中H+的产生和排泄通常也会增加。与正常组织(pH 7.2-7.4)相比,在生理条件下,恶性肿瘤的细胞pH(pH 6.5-6.9)较低(Stubbs M,McSheehy P M J,Griffiths J R,et al.Molecular medicine today,2000,6:15-19;Van Sluis R,Bhujwalla Z M,Raghunand N,et al.Magnetic Resonance inMedicine:An Official Journal of the International Society for MagneticResonance in Medicine,1999,41:743-750)。因此,我们可以将pH看作有效的癌症生物标志物,将它视为早期发现癌症的突破口,这就迫切需要设计有效的方法去精确检测它。
荧光检测方法以其灵敏度高,操作简单,并且可以应用于生物成像等优点,受到了广泛的关注。近年来,有许多荧光探针被设计开发用来检测pH,比如:基于香豆素的探针(Dong B,Song X,Wang C,et al.Analytical chemistry,2016,88:4085-4091),基于半花菁的探针(Wu L,Wang Y,James T D,et al.Chemical communications,2018,54:5518-5521;)和基于芘的探针(Cao L,Zhao Z,Zhang T,et al.Chemical Communications,2015,51:17324-17327)。但是,这些探针具有较短的激发和发射波长(<550nm),导致过度的自发荧光和较浅的穿透深度,从而降低了探针的灵敏度,并阻碍了它们在生物系统中的应用。相比之下,近红外(NIR)荧光探针光损伤小,可以深入地渗透到组织中,从而最大程度地减少了背景荧光的干扰,对生物成像更有利。因此,设计并合成具有长波长发射的近红外荧光探针是非常有意义的。
花菁染料是一种近红外荧光染料。目前,基于花菁染料而设计出来的荧光探针已被用来检测Hg2+、NO、H2O2、和臭氧等等(Guo Z,Zhu W,Zhu M,et al.Chemistry-A EuropeanJournal,2010,16:14424-14432;Sasaki E,Kojima H,Nishimatsu H,et al.Journal ofthe American Chemical Society,2005,127:3684-3685;Yu F,Li P,Song P,etal.Chemical communications,2012,48:4980-4982;Xu K,Sun S,Li J,et al.ChemicalCommunications,2012,48:684-686)。但是,基于花菁染料被用来检测pH的探针非常少。因此,设计和合成一个基于花菁染料的近红外荧光探针用来检测pH,并用于区别正常细胞与癌细胞是非常有必要的。
发明内容
根据所提出的要求,本发明人对此进行了深入研究,在付出了大量创造性劳动后,提供了一种基于花菁染料的pH近红外荧光探针。
本发明的技术方案是,一种pH近红外荧光探针,其结构式如下:
一种pH近红外荧光探针的制备方法。步骤如下:
在100mL的圆底烧瓶中,将1当量的花菁CyCl和2~3当量的乙酸钠溶解到5~10mLN,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,氮气保护,搅拌10~14h后,停止反应,然后将反应混合物冷却至室温,用二氯甲烷萃取后,有机层用饱和食盐水洗涤。用无水硫酸钠干燥有机层,通过减压蒸馏除去溶剂,粗产品用体积比为100:1~20:1的CH2Cl2/CH3CH2OH洗脱剂进行柱层析,得到红色固体产物(产率52%),即为荧光探针。
本发明的有益效果是,一种pH近红外荧光探针的良好的光谱响应性能。首先,研究了该探针的荧光光谱性质,在中性条件下,荧光探针没有近红外(780nm)的荧光发射峰;在酸性条件下,在近红外区(780nm)出现了荧光发射峰,并且随着酸性条件的增强,探针分子的近红外荧光强度不断增加。因此该探针可以检测酸性条件下的pH。其次,研究了探针的紫外吸收光谱,在中性条件下,探针在560nm处有吸收带;随着酸性条件的增强,560nm处的吸收峰逐渐降低,在760nm附近出现新的吸收峰。接着,研究了探针的选择性,分别考察了探针与无机离子(K+,Ca2+,Na+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Cr3+,Hg2+,HCO3 -,F-,Br-,Ac-,SO4 2-,NO3 -.)在pH=5.0和pH=7.4环境下的荧光响应情况。结果发现,只有pH能引起荧光光谱的改变,其他无机离子对探针的荧光光谱没有明显的影响。此外,该荧光探针对pH的响应非常迅速。
一种pH近红外荧光探针的应用。在正常细胞中加入荧光探针,几乎观察不到荧光,这说明正常细胞中的pH呈中性。在癌细胞中加入荧光探针,可以观察到有较强的荧光产生,这说明癌细胞中的pH较低。这些结果说明荧光探针能区别正常细胞与癌细胞,这为早期检测癌症提供了一种可靠的手段。
附图说明
图1为荧光探针的合成路线。
图2为荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液下的紫外可见吸收光谱图。
横坐标为波长,纵坐标为吸光度。荧光探针的浓度均为5μM,SDS浓度为5mM,pH分别为:5.0,5.5,5.9,6.2,6.5,6.8,7.4。
图3为荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液下的荧光光谱图。
横坐标为波长,纵坐标为荧光强度。荧光探针的浓度均为5μM,SDS浓度为5mM,pH分别为:5.0,5.5,5.9,6.2,6.5,6.8,7.4。荧光激发波长为720nm。
图4为荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液下的荧光线性响应图。
荧光探针的浓度均为5μM,SDS浓度为5mM。荧光激发波长为720nm。
图5为荧光探针的选择性图。
荧光探针的浓度均为5μM,SDS浓度为5mM,其它分析物浓度均为100μM,分别为:1.Blank,2.K+,3.Ca2+,4.Na+,5.Mg2+,6.Fe2+,7.Fe3+,8.Cr3+,9.Hg2+,10.HCO3 -,11.F-,12.Br-,13.Ac-,14.SO4 2-,15.NO3 -.
图6为荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液下荧光强度随时间变化的关系曲线图。
图7为人结肠癌细胞毒性试验。横坐标为荧光探针的浓度,纵坐标为细胞的存活率。
图8为人结肠粘膜细胞毒性试验。横坐标为荧光探针的浓度,纵坐标为细胞的存活率。
图9荧光探针在正常细胞与癌细胞中的细胞成像图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明,但不限于此。
实施例1:
荧光探针的合成
合成路线如图1。在100mL的圆底烧瓶中,将1当量的花菁CyCl和2当量的乙酸钠溶解到8ml N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,氮气保护,搅拌12h后,停止反应,然后将反应混合物冷却至室温,用二氯甲烷萃取后,有机层用饱和食盐水洗涤。用无水硫酸钠干燥有机层,通过减压蒸馏除去溶剂,粗产品用体积比为100:1~20:1的CH2Cl2/CH3CH2OH洗脱剂进行柱层析,得到红色固体产物(产率52%),即为荧光探针。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,ppm):δ8.33(d,J=12.8Hz,2H),8.04(d,J=8.8Hz,2H),7.80(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.76(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.47(t,J=7.6Hz,2H),7.25-7.28(m,2H),7.07(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),5.51(d,J=13.2Hz,2H),3.82-3.85(m,4H),2.63-2.66(m,4H),2.00(s,12H),1.93-1.87(m,2H),1.33(t,J=6.8Hz,6H).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3,ppm):δ186.28,163.9,141.1,132.9,130.0,130.0,129.5,129.1,126.8,126.3,122.5,121.9,109.0,91.9,48.6,37.2,29.7,28.0,25.9,22.8,11.5.MS(TOF):591.4.
实施例2:
荧光探针,SDS溶液和不同pH溶液配制
探针溶液的制备:称取一定量探针溶解在二甲基亚砜中,配成4×10-4M的探针溶液。SDS溶液的配制:称取一定量十二烷基硫酸钠溶解在纯水中,配成4×10-1M的SDS溶液。不同pH缓冲溶液的配制:称取一定量的NaCl,KCl,Na2HPO4和NaH2PO4溶解在纯水中,通过pH计测定,来配制不同pH缓冲溶液。
实施例3:
荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液中的紫外可见吸收光谱的测定
图2为荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液中紫外可见吸收光谱图,荧光探针的浓度为5μM,SDS溶液的浓度为5mM,pH的大小依次为5.0,5.5,5.9,6.2,6.5,6.8,7.4。紫外可见吸收光谱测定用的仪器为安捷伦Cary60紫外可见分光光度计。从图2中可以看出,随着pH的降低,探针在560nm处的吸收峰逐渐降低,在760nm处的吸收峰逐渐增高。
实施例4:
荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液中的荧光光谱的测定
图3为荧光探针在不同pH缓冲液中的荧光光谱,荧光探针的浓度为5μM,SDS溶液的浓度为5mM,pH的大小依次为5.0,5.5,5.9,6.2,6.5,6.8,7.4。激发波长固定为720nm,发射波长范围为750~840nm。狭缝宽度为5.0nm/5.0nm,所用的荧光测定仪器为日立F4600荧光分光光度计。从图3可以看出,随着pH降低,在近红外区(780nm)逐渐出现了荧光发射峰,并且其荧光强度不断增加。这是因为拉-推π-共轭体系在这种花菁染料中形成。因此该探针可以检测酸性条件下pH。图4为探针在不同pH缓冲液下的线性响应图,可以发现荧光强度和不同的pH呈线性关系。
实施例5:
荧光探针对pH测定的选择性
图5为荧光探针对pH测定的选择性图。考察在浓度为5μM的荧光探针溶液中加入SDS(5mM)及其100μM无机离子(K+,Ca2+,Na+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Cr3+,Hg2+,HCO3 -,F-,Br-,Ac-,SO4 2-,NO3 -.)在pH=5.0和pH=7.4环境下的荧光响应情况。从图5中可以看出,只有pH能引起荧光光谱的改变,其他无机离子对探针的荧光光谱没有明显的影响。这些结果表明,荧光探针对pH有较好的选择性。
实施例6:
荧光探针与pH作用的响应时间的测定
我们研究了荧光探针对pH的响应时间,其结果如图6。从图中可以看出,该探针对pH的响应时间非常短,这能够满足在实际样品中进行实时监测的要求。从图6我们还可以看出,荧光强度达到最大值后,在之后的时间里,荧光强度不再发生变化,这表明此荧光探针光稳定性较好。
实施例7:
荧光探针在活细胞中的应用
首先,我们做了细胞毒性试验,如图7和图8所示。当加入0~50μM探针,人结肠癌细胞和人结肠粘膜细胞的细胞成活率均在90%以上。这可以说明,该荧光探针毒性较小。然后,我们研究荧光探针在活细胞中的应用,选择人结肠癌细胞HCT116和人正常结直肠粘膜细胞FHC进行共聚焦显微成像,结果如图9所示。分别在两种细胞中加入荧光探针,可以发现,在正常细胞中几乎观察不到荧光,而在癌细胞中可以观察到有较强的荧光产生,这说明癌细胞中的pH较正常细胞中的pH低。这些结果说明荧光探针能区别正常细胞与癌细胞,这为早期检测癌症提供了一种可靠的手段。
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