CN110686764A - Method for measuring asynchronous vibration frequency of constant-speed blade based on full-phase difference principle - Google Patents

Method for measuring asynchronous vibration frequency of constant-speed blade based on full-phase difference principle Download PDF

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CN110686764A
CN110686764A CN201910878305.5A CN201910878305A CN110686764A CN 110686764 A CN110686764 A CN 110686764A CN 201910878305 A CN201910878305 A CN 201910878305A CN 110686764 A CN110686764 A CN 110686764A
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blade
frequency
tip timing
asynchronous vibration
asynchronous
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段发阶
邓震宇
傅骁
牛广越
刘志博
程仲海
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Tianjin University
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    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01HMEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
    • G01H9/004Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors

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Abstract

The invention relates to a constant-speed blade asynchronous vibration frequency measurement method based on a full-phase difference principle, wherein two blade tip timing sensors are arranged at different positions of a casing of a rotary machine, the rotor of the rotary machine rotates for a circle, each blade tip timing sensor samples the arrival time of each blade once, and when the blade generates asynchronous vibration under a constant-speed undersampling condition, the sampling signal of each blade tip timing sensor is subjected to full-phase Fourier transform to obtain accurate asynchronous vibration difference frequency and an asynchronous vibration phase of the blade; the frequency measurement of the asynchronous vibration of the constant-speed blade is realized by carrying out differential calculation on the asynchronous vibration phases of the sampling signals of the two blade tip timing sensors.

Description

Method for measuring asynchronous vibration frequency of constant-speed blade based on full-phase difference principle
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of monitoring of rotating machinery states, and particularly relates to a method for measuring asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on a blade tip timing principle.
Background
Steam turbine, gas turbine and aeroengine are key equipments in petrochemical industry, energy power and aerospace field. In particular, the blades serve as core elements for such mechanical work, and the working state thereof directly affects the safe, stable, efficient and long-term operation of these critical devices. At present, a blade vibration measurement technology based on a blade tip timing principle is a typical non-contact measurement method, and the arrival time of a blade is measured through a sensor arranged on a casing, so that the measurement of parameters such as the vibration amplitude, the vibration frequency and the vibration phase of the blade is realized. Compared with the traditional off-line blade vibration detection method, the strain gauge method and other on-line detection methods, the blade tip timing technology can realize real-time non-contact on-line measurement of the vibration parameters of the full-scale blade, becomes the key point of research in the field of on-line measurement of the vibration parameters of the blade at home and abroad, and can provide visual and accurate data support for the requirements of pre-research test, state monitoring, fault diagnosis and the like of major rotating machinery.
On one hand, the blade is one of the core components of a large-scale rotating machine, the working environment is complex, the severe conditions of high temperature, high pressure, high flow rate and the like generally exist, and the external conditions generate complex periodic variable stress on the rotating blade. When the frequency of the external excitation force is equal to or close to a certain order resonance frequency of the blade, a fault such as blade crack or blade fracture caused by resonance may occur, and the rotating machine may be stopped or damaged. Taking an aircraft engine as an example, the mechanical failure caused by blade damage accounts for about 50% of the total number of various failures of the aircraft engine according to statistics, and it can be seen that the blade damage is a main cause of the failure of the aircraft engine. The method has the advantages that the vibration characteristics of the blades are researched, the vibration parameters of the blades are monitored on line in real time, and the method has very important significance in the aspects of dynamic behavior analysis, health state monitoring, fault diagnosis and prejudgment and the like of great rotating machinery such as steam turbines, flue gas turbines and aero-engines.
On the other hand, when the blade works, the blade is mainly forced to vibrate under the action of external periodically-changed exciting force, and the blade vibration can be divided into synchronous vibration and asynchronous vibration according to whether the blade vibration frequency and the rotor rotation frequency are in integral multiple relation. Synchronous vibration means that the vibration frequency of the blade is integral multiple of the rotation frequency of the rotor, asynchronous vibration means that the vibration frequency of the blade is not integral multiple of the rotation frequency of the rotor, and synchronous vibration or asynchronous vibration does not exist, and when the frequency of external excitation force is consistent with a certain order of resonance frequency of the blade, the blade is excited to resonate, so that the blade cracks, fractures and other faults are caused, and the safe operation of a major rotating machine is seriously influenced. Therefore, the measurement of the vibration frequency of the blade can directly judge whether the vibration of the blade is in a resonance danger area.
On the other hand, the blade vibration frequency is usually dozens of times to dozens of times of the rotor rotation frequency, and because the number of the sensors arranged on the casing is limited, the blade vibration signal obtained by sampling based on the blade tip timing principle belongs to an extremely undersampled signal under the condition that the rotor rotation frequency is constant. The existing method for measuring the asynchronous vibration frequency of the constant-speed blade based on the blade tip timing principle needs to utilize a plurality of blade tip timing sensors and a complex mathematical algorithm, so that the reliability of a measuring system is reduced and the measuring complexity is improved. The measurement of the asynchronous vibration frequency of the constant-speed blade needs to accurately obtain the asynchronous vibration difference frequency of the signal, and due to the fact that the discrete Fourier transform has the characteristics of periodicity and the like, the accurate asynchronous vibration difference frequency cannot be obtained in a frequency domain by directly performing the discrete Fourier transform on an undersampled signal, and further the asynchronous vibration frequency of the blade cannot be directly measured. The full-phase data preprocessing technology [1] ensures that the amplitude-frequency response and the phase-frequency response of a sampling signal in discrete Fourier transform have the characteristics of 'suppressing frequency spectrum leakage' and 'phase consistency' and the like through the period extension and weighted average of the sampling data.
[1] Wangwua, huangxiangdong digital signal full-phase spectrum analysis and filtering technology [ M ]. beijing: electronics industry publishers, 2009.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for measuring an asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on a full-phase differential principle, in which two blade tip timing sensors are used to respectively sample asynchronous vibration signals of the same blade, and the measurement of the asynchronous vibration frequency of the constant-speed blade is realized by a full-phase fourier transform and phase differential processing method. The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for measuring asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on a full-phase difference principle comprises the steps that two blade tip timing sensors are arranged at different positions of a casing of a rotating machine, a rotor of the rotating machine rotates for a circle, each blade tip timing sensor samples the arrival time of each blade once, and when the blade is subjected to asynchronous vibration under the constant speed condition, full-phase Fourier transform is carried out on sampling signals of each blade tip timing sensor to obtain accurate asynchronous vibration difference frequency and accurate asynchronous vibration phase of the blade; the frequency measurement of the asynchronous vibration of the constant-speed blade is realized by carrying out differential calculation on the asynchronous vibration phases of the sampling signals of the two blade tip timing sensors; the measuring method comprises the following steps:
(1) setting two blade tip timing sensors at different positions of a casing of the rotary machine by taking a rotating speed synchronous sensor of the rotary machine as a reference zero point, and respectively sampling the time of a blade reaching each blade tip timing sensor, wherein the sampling frequency of each blade tip timing sensor is equal to the rotating frequency of a rotor;
(2) the signals obtained by the tip timing sensor are extreme undersampled signals, and the asynchronous vibration frequency equation of the blade under the constant-speed undersampled condition is as follows: ω ═ M (M + M) ωs=Mωs+ΔωsIn the formula, omega is the asynchronous vibration frequency of the blade, M is the asynchronous vibration frequency doubling value of the blade and is a positive integer, M is the asynchronous vibration difference frequency coefficient of the blade and is a decimal between 0 and 1, and omegasFor the sampling angular frequency of the tip timing sensor, i.e. the rotor rotation angular frequency, Δ ωsThe angular frequency of the asynchronous vibration difference of the blade is taken as the angular frequency;
(3) taking a rotating speed synchronous sensor as a reference zero point, and for a certain blade, the time for the blade to reach different tip timing sensors is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205071540000021
where i is the tip timing sensor number, θiThe mounting arc angle of each blade tip timing sensor relative to the rotating speed synchronous sensor is shown, and n is the number of rotating turns of the rotor;
(4) the asynchronous vibration equation of the blade is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205071540000025
where a is the amplitude of the asynchronous vibration of the blade,
Figure BDA0002205071540000024
for the initial phase of the asynchronous vibration of the blade, the asynchronous vibration frequency omega of the blade and the time t for the blade to reach different blade tip timing sensorsiAnd (3) substituting an asynchronous blade vibration displacement equation, and converting the asynchronous blade vibration equation under the constant-speed undersampling condition into:
Figure BDA0002205071540000022
therefore, each blade tip timing sensor obtains the vibration angular frequency delta omega by samplingsThe signal is subjected to full-phase Fourier transform to obtain the asynchronous vibration difference angular frequency delta omega of the bladesThe asynchronous vibration phase of the blade corresponding to the sampling signal of each blade tip timing sensor
Figure BDA0002205071540000031
(5) The asynchronous vibration phases of the blades corresponding to the sampling signals of the two blade tip timing sensors are subjected to differential processing to obtain a phase difference
Figure BDA0002205071540000032
Further solving to obtain asynchronous vibration frequency multiplication value M of the blade, and comparing M with the obtained delta omegasSubstituting the asynchronous blade vibration frequency equation omega (M + M) omega under the constant-speed undersampling conditions=Mωs+ΔωsAnd the measurement of the asynchronous vibration frequency omega of the blade under the constant speed condition is realized.
Sampling frequency omega of the tip timing sensorsNamely, the rotation frequency of the rotor can be obtained by measuring through a rotation speed synchronous sensor, and the installation arc angle theta of each blade tip timing sensor relative to the rotation speed synchronous sensoriCan be obtained from design drawings.
The invention aims to provide a method for measuring the asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on the full-phase difference principle, which aims to overcome the defects of the prior art.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a structure of a measurement structure of asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on a full-phase difference principle
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating measurement of asynchronous vibration frequency of constant-speed blade based on full-phase differential principle
The reference numbers in the figures illustrate:
in fig. 1, 1 is a rotational speed synchronization sensor RT; 2, timing sensing TA of the blade tip; 3, a blade tip timing sensor TB; 4 is a casing; 5 is a blade; 6 is a signal processing system; 7 is an upper computer;
in fig. 2, 1 is a rotational speed synchronization sensor RT; 2, timing sensing TA of the blade tip; 3, a blade tip timing sensor TB; 4 is a casing; 5 is a blade; 8, installing an arc angle for a TA of a tip timing sensor; 9, a camber angle of a blade tip timing sensor TB is set; and 10 is the rotor rotation direction.
Detailed Description
The steps for making and operating the present invention are intended to be taken as illustrative of the invention, and not as the only form in which the present invention may be made and utilized, and other embodiments which achieve the same functions are also within the scope of the present invention, the preferred embodiments of which are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A structure for measuring the asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on a full-phase difference principle is shown in figure 1, a rotating speed synchronous sensor RT1 is used as a reference zero point, a blade tip timing sensor TA2 and a blade tip timing sensor TB3 are arranged at different positions of a casing 4, the time of each blade 5 reaching the two blade tip timing sensors is respectively sampled, and under the condition of a constant speed, the blade tip timing sensor TA2 and the blade tip timing sensor TB3 are used for each blade in one circle of rotation of a rotorThe arrival time of the sheet 5 can only be sampled once, so the sampling angular frequency ω of the tip timing sensor TA2 and the tip timing sensor TB3sEqual to the rotor rotation angle frequency and kept unchanged, and the sampling signal belongs to an extremely undersampled signal;
the tip timing sensor TA2 and the tip timing sensor TB3 adopt optical fiber bundle type structure tip timing sensors, 1 transmitting optical fiber is positioned in the center of the sensor, a plurality of receiving optical fibers surround the transmitting optical fiber, the laser emits laser through the transmitting optical fiber, when each blade 5 reaches the tip timing sensor TA2 and the tip timing sensor TB3, the receiving optical fiber can receive a reflected light signal of each blade 5 and transmit the signal to a photoelectric receiving element in the signal processing system 6, the photoelectric receiving element outputs a photocurrent signal, the photocurrent signal is amplified and filtered to generate a standard analog signal and is transmitted to the data acquisition and processing module, the signal processing system 6 transmits the processed digital signal to the upper computer 7, and the digital signal is calculated and displayed through software in the upper computer 7 to realize asynchronous vibration frequency measurement of the constant-speed blades;
the principle of measuring the asynchronous vibration frequency of the constant-speed blade based on the full-phase differential principle is shown in fig. 2, when the blade 5 generates asynchronous vibration, the asynchronous vibration frequency is usually ten times to several tens times of the rotation frequency of the rotor, and the asynchronous vibration frequency of the blade under the condition of constant speed and extreme undersampling is as follows:
ω=(M+m)ωs=Mωs+Δωs(1)
in the formula, omega is the asynchronous vibration frequency of the blade, M is the asynchronous vibration frequency multiplication value of the blade and is a positive integer, M is the asynchronous vibration difference frequency coefficient of the blade and is a decimal between 0 and 1, and omegasFor each blade tip timing sensor, i.e. the rotor rotation angular frequency, Δ ωsFor the asynchronous vibration difference angular frequency of the blade, the rotation direction 10 of the rotor is set to be clockwise, the synchronous speed sensor RT1 is used as a reference zero point, and the time when a certain blade 5 reaches the tip timing sensor TA2 and the tip timing sensor TB3 in sequence is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205071540000041
where i is the tip timing sensor number, t1For the time, t, of a certain blade 5 reaching the tip timing sensor TA22Is the time, θ, that the blade reaches the tip timing sensor TB31Installing an arc angle of 8 theta for TA2 tip timing sensor2An arc angle 9 is arranged for a blade tip timing sensor TB3, and n is the number of rotation turns of the rotor;
when the blade generates asynchronous vibration, the vibration equation is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205071540000042
wherein A is the amplitude of asynchronous vibration of a certain blade 5,
Figure BDA0002205071540000043
for the initial phase of the asynchronous vibration of the blade, the formula (1) and the formula (2) are taken into the formula (3), and the asynchronous vibration equation of the blade under the extreme undersampling condition is converted into:
Figure BDA0002205071540000044
wherein, it is provided with
Figure BDA0002205071540000051
The blade tip timing sensor TA2 and the blade tip timing sensor TB3 respectively correspond to the same blade asynchronous vibration difference angular frequency delta omega for the blade asynchronous vibration phase corresponding to the blade tip timing sensor sampling data, and the sampling data of the same blade 5sBecause the traditional discrete Fourier transform can not obtain the accurate asynchronous vibration angular frequency delta omega of the blade in the frequency domainsAnd asynchronous vibration phase of bladeTherefore, the asynchronous vibration angular frequency delta omega of the blade is obtained by utilizing the phase consistency characteristic of full-phase Fourier transformsAnd asynchronous vibration phase of blade
Figure BDA0002205071540000053
The sampling signals of the tip timing sensor TA2 and the tip timing sensor TB3 are subjected to N-point full-phase Fourier transform, and the formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205071540000054
the phase spectrum always corresponds to y after the sampling signal is subjected to full-phase Fourier transform according to the formula (5)i(0) Phase of
Figure BDA0002205071540000055
Has phase consistency, so that the accurate asynchronous vibration phase of the blade can be obtained through full-phase Fourier transform
Figure BDA0002205071540000056
And use
Figure BDA0002205071540000057
Accurate identification of blade asynchronous vibration angular frequency delta omega in amplitude spectrums
The blade asynchronous vibration phase obtained by full phase Fourier transform of the sampling data of the tip timing sensor TA2 and the tip timing sensor TB3 is subjected to differential processing, and the obtained phase difference is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205071540000058
the formula (6) only contains an unknown number M, the asynchronous vibration frequency multiplication value M of the blade can be obtained by solving the equation, and the obtained M and the measured delta omega are used for measuringsThe formula (1) is substituted, and the asynchronous vibration frequency omega of the blade under the constant speed condition can be solved;
the sampling frequency omega of the blade tip timing sensorsNamely, the rotor rotation frequency can be obtained by measuring a rotation speed synchronous sensor RT1, and the blade tip timing sensor TA2 installation arc angle 8 and the blade tip timing sensor TB3 installation arc angle 9 can be obtained by design drawings.

Claims (1)

1. A method for measuring asynchronous vibration frequency of a constant-speed blade based on a full-phase difference principle comprises the steps that two blade tip timing sensors are arranged at different positions of a casing of a rotary machine, a rotor of the rotary machine rotates for a circle, each blade tip timing sensor samples the arrival time of each blade once, and when the blade is subjected to asynchronous vibration under a constant-speed undersampling condition, full-phase Fourier transform is carried out on sampling signals of each blade tip timing sensor to obtain accurate asynchronous vibration difference frequency and accurate asynchronous vibration phase of the blade; the frequency measurement of the asynchronous vibration of the constant-speed blade is realized by carrying out differential calculation on the asynchronous vibration phases of the sampling signals of the two blade tip timing sensors. The measuring method comprises the following steps:
(1) setting two blade tip timing sensors at different positions of a casing of the rotary machine by taking a rotating speed synchronous sensor of the rotary machine as a reference zero point, and respectively sampling the time of a blade reaching each blade tip timing sensor, wherein the sampling frequency of each blade tip timing sensor is equal to the rotating frequency of a rotor;
(2) the signals obtained by the tip timing sensor are extreme undersampled signals, and the asynchronous vibration frequency equation of the blade under the constant-speed undersampled condition is as follows: ω ═ M (M + M) ωs=Mωs+ΔωsIn the formula, omega is the asynchronous vibration frequency of the blade, M is the asynchronous vibration frequency doubling value of the blade and is a positive integer, M is the asynchronous vibration difference frequency coefficient of the blade and is a decimal between 0 and 1, and omegasFor the sampling angular frequency of the tip timing sensor, i.e. the rotor rotation angular frequency, Δ ωsThe angular frequency of the asynchronous vibration difference of the blade is taken as the angular frequency;
(3) taking a rotating speed synchronous sensor as a reference zero point, and for a certain blade, the time for the blade to reach different tip timing sensors is as follows:
Figure FDA0002205071530000011
where i is the tip timing sensor number, θiThe mounting arc angle of each blade tip timing sensor relative to the rotating speed synchronous sensor is shown, and n is the number of rotating turns of the rotor;
(4) the asynchronous vibration equation of the blade is as follows:
Figure FDA0002205071530000012
where a is the amplitude of the asynchronous vibration of the blade,
Figure FDA0002205071530000013
for the initial phase of the asynchronous vibration of the blade, the asynchronous vibration frequency omega of the blade and the time t for the blade to reach different blade tip timing sensorsiAnd (3) substituting an asynchronous blade vibration displacement equation, and converting the asynchronous blade vibration equation under the constant-speed undersampling condition into:
Figure FDA0002205071530000014
therefore, each blade tip timing sensor obtains the vibration angular frequency delta omega by samplingsThe signal is subjected to full-phase Fourier transform to obtain the asynchronous vibration difference angular frequency delta omega of the bladesThe asynchronous vibration phase of the blade corresponding to the sampling signal of each blade tip timing sensor
Figure FDA0002205071530000015
(5) The asynchronous vibration phases of the blades corresponding to the sampling signals of the two blade tip timing sensors are subjected to differential processing to obtain a phase difference
Figure FDA0002205071530000021
Further solving to obtain asynchronous vibration frequency multiplication value M of the blade, and comparing M with the obtained delta omegasSubstituting the asynchronous blade vibration frequency equation omega (M + M) omega under the constant-speed undersampling conditions=Mωs+ΔωsAnd the measurement of the asynchronous vibration frequency omega of the blade under the constant speed condition is realized.
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CN111579060A (en) * 2020-06-28 2020-08-25 大连理工大学 High-precision rotating blade vibration measurement method based on blade tip timing technology
CN112179480A (en) * 2020-08-26 2021-01-05 西安交通大学 Method and system for identifying timing vibration parameters of harmonic superposition fitting blade tip and electronic equipment
CN112903271A (en) * 2021-01-22 2021-06-04 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 Non-contact asynchronous vibration parameter identification method for rotor blade
CN113504309A (en) * 2021-05-18 2021-10-15 西安交通大学 Blade detection method based on single blade end timing sensor
CN113533529A (en) * 2021-05-18 2021-10-22 西安交通大学 Method for extracting natural frequency difference between blades by single or uniformly distributed blade end timing sensor
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111413404A (en) * 2020-03-27 2020-07-14 天津大学 Blade crack online measurement method based on blade tip timing and support vector machine principle
CN111579060A (en) * 2020-06-28 2020-08-25 大连理工大学 High-precision rotating blade vibration measurement method based on blade tip timing technology
CN111579060B (en) * 2020-06-28 2021-09-24 大连理工大学 High-precision rotating blade vibration measurement method based on blade tip timing technology
CN112179480A (en) * 2020-08-26 2021-01-05 西安交通大学 Method and system for identifying timing vibration parameters of harmonic superposition fitting blade tip and electronic equipment
CN112903271A (en) * 2021-01-22 2021-06-04 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 Non-contact asynchronous vibration parameter identification method for rotor blade
CN113504309A (en) * 2021-05-18 2021-10-15 西安交通大学 Blade detection method based on single blade end timing sensor
CN113533529A (en) * 2021-05-18 2021-10-22 西安交通大学 Method for extracting natural frequency difference between blades by single or uniformly distributed blade end timing sensor
CN113533529B (en) * 2021-05-18 2022-10-28 西安交通大学 Method for extracting natural frequency difference between blades by single or uniformly distributed blade end timing sensor
CN114033732A (en) * 2021-11-10 2022-02-11 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 Rotor blade during operation twists reverse angle measurement system

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