CN1106727C - 在有时间选择性衰落时生成辅助信息的方法 - Google Patents

在有时间选择性衰落时生成辅助信息的方法 Download PDF

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CN1106727C
CN1106727C CN97197329A CN97197329A CN1106727C CN 1106727 C CN1106727 C CN 1106727C CN 97197329 A CN97197329 A CN 97197329A CN 97197329 A CN97197329 A CN 97197329A CN 1106727 C CN1106727 C CN 1106727C
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A·A·哈桑
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    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
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    • H04B7/26Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2643Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using time-division multiple access [TDMA]
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H04BTRANSMISSION
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    • H04B7/24Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
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    • H03M13/2906Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes using block codes
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    • H03M13/37Decoding methods or techniques, not specific to the particular type of coding provided for in groups H03M13/03 - H03M13/35
    • H03M13/3707Adaptive decoding and hybrid decoding, e.g. decoding methods or techniques providing more than one decoding algorithm for one code
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Abstract

一种方法和设备,用于对在一个衰落信道上传输的数字编码通信信号解码。按所揭示的实施例,在每个TDMA时隙,发送一序列测试比特,并计算一个数学距离(例如,一个Hamming或Euclidcan距离),以确定可靠性信息,该可靠性信息表明一个接收时隙内的比特或符号的可靠性。按另一种方式,可以将一个链接编码方案用于发送数字通信信号。可以利用内码和内部译码器的输出来生成可靠性信息。

Description

在有时间选择性衰落时生成辅助信息的方法
技术领域
本发明大致关于通信系统。更具体地,本发明关于通过在一个接收机中生成辅助(可靠性)信息解码一个衰落信道上传送的编码数字信息信号。
背景技术描述
在TDMA(时分多址)及其它通信系统中,瑞利衰落会引起显著问题。在衰落信道上进行可靠的通信要求有一个大的比特能量噪声比。已知在一个衰落信道上通信时,未编码比特误码率(BER)的减小与
Figure C9719732900042
成反比,而不是成指数减少。例如可见于WozenCraft等人的“prineiples of Communication Engineering”(John Wiley andSons(1965))。尽管使用二进制正交发送信号,对于一个无衰落的非同步信道,只需13.4dB的信号裕度,即可得到10-5这样一个期望的低误差率,但对一个衰落信道,则需要大约50dB的信号裕度。例如,可见于Viterbi等人的“Advances in coding and Modulation for NonCoherent Channels Affecttd by Fading,Partial-Band,andMultiple-Access Ineerference,”(AdVances in CommunicationsSystems,Vol.4,PP.279-308)。如在Stark的“Capacity and cutoffRatt of Noncoherent Fsk with Nonseleetive Rician Fading,”(IEEE Trans.Commun.,Vol.COM-33,PP.1036-44(Sept.1995))中所描述的,衰落还可使容量减少和信道截止速率降低。
为补偿由衰落所引起的信号及容量的损失,多数通信系统都采用了某种形式的误差校正编码。对于衰落信道,使用具有最佳选择编码率的分集(重复)码,可以恢复大多数由衰落引起的损失。例如,一个重复码方案可以将获得10-5这样的误差概率所需的信号裕度从50dB减小到大约22dB。在一个时间选择性衰落TDMA通信系统中,每个时隙传送多于一个数据符号。如果系统使用某些形式的编码,则希望得到关于在一个特定时隙内符号可靠性的信息,擦除不可靠符号,并使用误差-擦除校正解码。这种可靠性信息可以包括,例如,表明一个特定传输中误差个数的信息,用来对被传送信息解码的“软”信息,及其它类型的信息。这样,希望开发出实际的技术,以便在每个时隙中生成可靠性信息。
用于获取有关编码通信系统的一个信道的可靠性信息的最普通的技术大体分为两类:预检波技术和后检波技术。这类技术见于,例如,Pursley的“Packet Error Probabilities in Frequency-HopRadio Networks-Coping with statistical Dependence and Noisyside Information,”(IEEE Global Telecommum.Conf.Record,Vol.1,PP.165-70,(See.1986))。预检波技术通常较复杂,包括诸如能量检测或信道监测的方法,所以不希望使用。在后检波技术中,McEliece等人的“Channels with Block Interference,”(IEEETransaction on Inform.Theory Vol.IT-30,No.1(Jan.1984)中建议发送测试比特来学习信道。在Pursley的“Tradeoffs betweenside Informetion and Code-Rate in Slow-Frequeney Hop PaeketRadio Networks,”一文中(Conf.Record,IEEE Int’l.Conf.onCommunications(June 1987))中,将方法应用于跳频多址信道以检测在一个给定时隙中的一比特的出现。类似技术已被用于在有衰落的情况下,在一个跳频扩频通信系统中生成关于一个跳频的可靠性信息,见于Hassan的“Performance of a coded FHSS System inRayleigh Fading,”(1988年信息科学与系统会议记录。类似地,测试比特可被用于载波恢复和同步的目的。以上描述的所有这些方法都涉及对测试比特做“硬”判决,从而导致能量损耗。在一个常规硬判决的情况下,接收机对测试比特T做硬判决。如果在一个时隙中,大于一个门限值或百分数的测试比特是错误的,则判决器声明在该时隙中被传送的所有数据符号D都是“坏的”并擦除在该坏时隙中的所有符号。如果错误比特的个数小于门限值,则判决器声明在该时隙被传送的所有符号是正确的,并将相应的估测传送给解码器。在硬判决的情况下,所考虑的性能测量是比特误差概率,且门限值必须被选为使该概率最小化。我们希望的是有一个实用的相对简单的方法来减少产生可靠性信息时功率的损失。
发明概要
按本发明的示例实施例,在一个受时间选择性瑞利衰落的编码TDMA通信系统中,表明在一个时隙中被传送的数据的可靠性的辅助(可靠性)信息,是通过对解码测试比特执行软判决产生的。按第一种方法,接收机已知的被传送测试比特被包含在每个时隙中,接收机确定一个数学确定的距离,例如被传送的已知测试比特序列和相应的接收序列之间的欧氏(Euclidean)或汉明(Hamming)距离,以决定相应时序是可靠的或不可靠的。另外,在一个使用链接码的系统中,可以确定在一个时隙间隙期间的信道状态。按该实施例,使用内码来生成有关在一个信道上接收的数据的可靠性的信息。使用本发明技术,可以得到系统性能,尤其是关于信号-噪声比方面的显著增强。
图形概要
参照附图,阅读以下对最佳实施例的具体描述,可以更全面地理解本发明,其中相似的参考标记表明相似的部件,其中:
图1是一个用于传输编码数字通信信号的示例通信系统的方块图,其中可以使用本发明;
图2是包含在一个TDMA脉冲中的一个示例测试比特模式的示意图形;和
图3是一个可采用本发明方法的使用链接编码的示例通信系统的方块图。
最佳实施例描述
现参照图1,该图示出了一个用于传输编码数字通信信号的示例通信系统,其中可以实施本发明方法。该系统包括一个信道编码器10,用于对要被传送的数字数据比特或符号编码,一个调制器12,用于调制被编码的数据符号并通过一个传输信道14向接收机传送该符号,一个检测器16,用于在接收机检测/解调被传送的符号,一个解码器18,用于对被检测数据符号解码。编码,调制的符号,最好利用时分多址(TDMA)传送,其中,所述符号是以帧传送的,每帧包括多个时隙。在一个TDMA系统中,一个通信信道被定义为每个帧中的一个或多个时隙,它们被分配给一个通信发射机和接收机使用。每个时隙包含大量被编码的比特或符号。可以理解,本发明也可用于其它通信系统中。
按本发明的第一个实施例,通过发送一个已知模式的测试比特或符号,并利用软判决来对该测试比特解码,可以生成可靠性信息。图2示出了在一个时隙中被发送的示例模式的符号。这样一个模式可以在信道编码器10中编码,在调制器12中调制,并在传输信道14上传送。在每个时隙传送三类符号:信息符号,冗余符号,和一组已知的二进制测试符号T。信息符号和冗余符号共同被称为数据符号D。检测器16确定已知模式的被传送测试比特与所接收的测试比特间的数学确定的距离(例如,欧氏或汉明距离),并将该距离与一个门限值比较,根据比较结果,生成该时隙内数据符号的可靠性的一个指示。该可靠性指示可被用于向解码器指示包含在一个时隙内的数据比特是正确的或错误的。这样,使用了如发送和所接收的测试比特间的数学确定的距离量度,而不是使用硬判决格构修剪。如图2所示的,测试比特最好在每个时隙内交错。交错与去交错可以由合适的已知交错器和去交错器来执行(图1中未示出)。
除可靠性信息以外,由检测器16输出到解码器18的每个符号,是下列三种类型之一:一个正确符号,一个错误符号,或一个擦除(数据丢失)。解码器18最好对误差和擦除进行校正,并输出信息估计以转换为语音信号。若超出了某特定代码或代码段的误差-擦除校正能力,则解码器失败,且接收机输出从检测器16接收的矢量的信息符号,包括误差和擦除。
另外,可以并行使用两个解码器,并用一个选择器来挑选解码器之一的输出。按照这样一个实施例,一个解码器被用于误差-擦除校正,另一个只被用于校正误差。利用这样一种方案,当由于超出了代码的误差和擦除纠正能力,而使误差-擦除解码器解码失败时,选择误差校正解码器以输出正确的码字。若两个解码器都失败,则接收器最好输出所接收矢量的信息符号,包括误差和擦除。
按图3所示的另一个实施例,使用一个级联编码方案。即,两个编码器10a,b和两个解码器18a,b分别被用于在两个阶段执行编码和解码。第二(内)编码器10a还对由第一(外)编码器10b在每个时隙所编码的符号进一步编码。图3的级联编码方案最好将外码交错,且每个内码字都通过一个固定信道传输。如将要描述的,系统最好使用内码来检测和校正误差。在一个常规硬判决解码器中,内码校正e个错误并检测f个错误(e≤f)(如果etf<d1H),其中d1H是内码的最小汉明距离。在本发明的软判决解码方案中,内码从一个代码字校正所有在一个门限数学确定的距离Δ(例如,欧氏或汉明)内的所有代码字,否则,输出一个擦除。内解码器可被用于检测误差,校正误差,或用于以上两个目的。若内部解码器仅用于检测误差,则内码的每个错误符号都将使外部解码器生成一个擦除。为了校正既未被内码检测出,又未被校正的误差,外码最好也校正误差和擦除。外码最好是一个Reed-Solomon码,但应该认识到,也可使用其它合适的代码。
现在描述一个例子,其中,一个数据流包括一个分数α,它以速率γ1代码进行信道编码,和一个分数1-α,它以速率γ2代码进行编码。这样,有效的总速率γe是: γ e = 1 α γ 1 + 1 - α γ 2
可以认识到,直接使用这个公式,可以将该例扩展为一个多速率编码方案。数据流被假设为分配给TDMA系统中一个单个用户的一个时隙内的一帧。对TDMA系统中的一个半率编码器来说,可以容许一个1/0.7(6.5/4.5)或更小一些的带宽扩展因子;即γe=0.7。如果只要保护数据的一部分,则γ2=1且 γ 1 ≥ 7 α 3 + 7 α
若α=1/4,则可以使用一个代码率γ1≥0.37。这样,对于一个具有Reed-Solomon(15,11)外码和扩展Hamming(8,4)内码,能够校正一个误差并检测两个误差的一个级联编码系统来说,Reed-Solomon码率大约为0.74(0.37/0.5)。
这样一个方案可以这样实施。外部编码器10b用一个Reed-Solomon(15,11)外码来编码所有第四比特。该代码用4比特符号来作用Galois-Field GF(24)。每个外码符号又进一步由内部编码器10a利用一个扩展Hamming代码编码,它校正一个误差并检测两个误差。如果内部解码器18a检测到误差,则相应的Reed-Solomon符号被认为是不可靠的,且内部解码器18a将该不可靠信息通知外部解码器18b。外部解码器18b利用该软信息校正e个错误和γ个擦除,这样2e+γ≤4。一个合适的算法是包括Galois域计算的Berlekamp-Massey限定距离译码算法,见于,例如,Lin and Costello的“Error ControlCoding:Fundamentals and Applications”(Chapter 6,avaliablefrom prentice Hall Publishers)。可以认识到,也可使用其它解码算法。
内部译码器18a可由一个软判决或一个最大似然译码器来实现。
尽管以上所述包括许多细节和说明,但应该理解到,这些仅是为了解释的目的,并不能被认为是本发明的限制。对于对本技术有一般知识的人来说,在不脱离以下权利要求及其合法等效所定义的本发明的精神和范围的前提下,可以对本发明做许多修改。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于生成可靠性信息的方法,该可靠性信息表明在一个TDMA通信信道上传送的数据的可靠性,包括以下步骤:
在TDMA通信信道的每个时隙中传送一个测试比特序列的一个或多个比特,在该传送步骤之前,接收机已知该测试比特;
在接收机中,确定接收机已知的测试比特序列和由接收机接收的测试比特序列间的数学确定的距离;
将该数学确定的距离与门限比较;
根据该数学确定的距离与门限的比较,在接收机生成表明在TDMA通信信道上传送的数据的可靠性的可靠性信息,并生成被传送数据的信息估测。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中该数学确定的距离是一个欧氏距离。
3.如权利要求1的方法,其中该数学确定的距离是一个汉明距离。
4.如权利要求1的方法,还包括以下步骤:
在发送步骤之前,在每个时隙内将测试比特与信息符号交错;和
将可靠性信息与信息估测去交错。
5.如权利要求1的方法,还包括以下步骤:
在接收机生成一个序列,该序列包括正确符号,误差和擦除;并
在误差和擦除个数不超过一个门限值时,校正误差和擦除以生成信息估计,在误差和擦除个数超过门限值时,将该序列作为信息估测输出。
6.如权利要求1的方法,还包括以下步骤:
在接收机生成一个序列,该序列包括正确符号,误差和擦除;
在序列中包含擦除时,在第一解码器中校正误差及擦除,在已解码序列中不包含擦除,或在已超过第一解码器的误差和擦除校正能力时,在第二解码器校正误差。
7.一个通信系统,包括:
一个接收机;和
一个发射机,用于在一个TDMA通信信道的每个时隙内向接收机发送包含一个测试比特序列的一个或多个比特的TDMA通信信号,对于接收机,该测试比特是已知的;
其中,接收机确定接收机已知的测试比特序列与接收机接收的测试比特序列之间的数学确定的距离,将该数学确定的距离与门限相比较,根据该数学确定的距离与门限的比较,生成表明在TDMA通信信道上发送的数据的可靠性的可靠性信息,并生成TDMA通信信号的信息估测。
8.如权利要求7的系统,其中该数学确定的距离是一个欧氏距离。
9.如权利要求7的系统,其中该数学确定的距离是一个汉明距离。
10.如权利要求7的系统,还包括:
一个交错器,用于在信息符号被发送机发送之前,在TDMA通信信道的每个时隙内将测试比特与信息符号交错;和
一个去交错器,用于将可靠性信息与信息估测去交错。
11.如权利要求7的系统,其中接收机信息估计包括正确的数据符号,错误的数据符号和擦除,且其中,当错误和擦除的个数不超过一个门限值时,接收机校正错误的符号和擦除,以生成信息估测。
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