CN110625535A - Enamel container manufacturing process and enamel container - Google Patents
Enamel container manufacturing process and enamel container Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110625535A CN110625535A CN201911022752.7A CN201911022752A CN110625535A CN 110625535 A CN110625535 A CN 110625535A CN 201911022752 A CN201911022752 A CN 201911022752A CN 110625535 A CN110625535 A CN 110625535A
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- Prior art keywords
- container
- enamel
- wall
- metal container
- powder
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/06—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for producing matt surfaces, e.g. on plastic materials, on glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/08—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for polishing surfaces, e.g. smoothing a surface by making use of liquid-borne abrasives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D5/00—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers
- C23D5/04—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers by dry methods
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/04—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying involving the use of an electrostatic field
- B05D1/06—Applying particulate materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2401/00—Form of the coating product, e.g. solution, water dispersion, powders or the like
- B05D2401/30—Form of the coating product, e.g. solution, water dispersion, powders or the like the coating being applied in other forms than involving eliminable solvent, diluent or dispersant
- B05D2401/32—Form of the coating product, e.g. solution, water dispersion, powders or the like the coating being applied in other forms than involving eliminable solvent, diluent or dispersant applied as powders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/22—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to internal surfaces, e.g. of tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C11/00—Selection of abrasive materials or additives for abrasive blasts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an enamel container manufacturing process and an enamel container, wherein the manufacturing process comprises the following steps: removing oil stains on the inner wall of the metal container; carrying out sand blasting treatment on the inner wall of the metal container; electrostatically spraying glaze powder on the inner wall of the metal container; and (4) placing the metal container into a sintering furnace for sintering. The enamel container manufactured by the enamel container manufacturing process has the advantages of uniform enamel layer thickness, smooth surface, no defects of scorching, porcelain explosion, powder accumulation and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of enamel manufacturing, in particular to an enamel container manufacturing process and an enamel container.
Background
An enamel container is an article formed by melting and solidifying an inorganic material on the surface of a base metal and firmly bonding the inorganic material to the metal, wherein the container comprises a bottom and a side wall surrounding the bottom, such as a cup or the like. The traditional enamel preparation process comprises the working procedures of glaze preparation, blank preparation, enameling, drying, sintering, inspection and the like. The glaze is prepared by mixing dry glaze powder such as silicate, boron oxide, aluminum oxide, alkali metal oxide and the like with water in advance to form glaze slip, and the enameling is to coat the glaze slip on the surface of a blank body. The defects of the prior art are as follows: (1) the glaze slip can not be uniformly coated on a blank body, so that the thickness of the enamel is not uniform; (2) the drying process occupies the operation time, and the production period is prolonged; (3) drying is sometimes insufficient and cracks are likely to occur during firing.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an enamel container manufacturing process, which comprises the following steps:
s1: removing oil stains on the inner wall of the metal container;
s2: carrying out sand blasting treatment on the inner wall of the metal container;
s3: electrostatically spraying glaze powder on the inner wall of the metal container;
s4: and (4) placing the metal container into a sintering furnace for sintering.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the enamel powder is coated in an electrostatic mode, the enamel is uniform in thickness and smooth in surface, the defects of porcelain explosion, powder accumulation and the like are avoided, and the production efficiency is improved by electrostatic glaze spraying; the drying procedure is cancelled, the quality of the enamel container is improved, and the process flow is shortened.
In some embodiments, in step S1, the oil stain on the inner wall of the metal container is removed by a heating method, wherein the heating temperature is 400-. The beneficial effect is that the oil stain can be removed cleanly and in an environment-friendly way.
In some embodiments, in step S2, the container body surface roughness Ra after sandblasting is not less than 2. The metal container has the beneficial effect of facilitating the adhesion of glaze powder on the inner wall of the metal container.
In some embodiments, 46-diamond grit is used for blasting, the air pressure of the blasting is not less than 0.6MPa, and the blasting time is 35-50 s. The beneficial effect is that the inner wall of the metal container can obtain proper surface roughness.
In some embodiments, the thickness of the glaze powder layer on the surface of the container is 100-.
In some embodiments, electrostatic spraying of the glaze powder is carried out using an electrostatic spray gun at a voltage of 30 to 60kV, a current of 20 to 30 microamperes, and an atomization gas pressure of 2 to 4 MPa. The powder coating device has the beneficial effects of high powder coating rate and uniform powder coating.
In some embodiments, the mouth of the metal container is facing upward and the electrostatic spray gun is tilted against the inner wall of the metal container, which rotates about its central axis. The glaze powder spraying device has the beneficial effects that the glaze powder is sent into the metal container by the compressed air, when the metal container rotates, the glaze powder carrying static charges can be adsorbed around the inner wall of the metal container, the glaze powder can completely cover the inner wall of the metal container, and the powder spraying efficiency is also improved.
In certain embodiments, the electrostatic spray gun oscillates in a vertical direction. The glaze powder spraying cone has the beneficial effects that the glaze powder spraying cone can scan the inner wall of the metal container, the powder feeding uniformity is improved, and the corner position where the side wall of the container is connected with the bottom of the container can also achieve higher powder feeding rate and powder feeding uniformity.
In certain embodiments, the firing temperature is 820 ± 10 ℃ and the chain speed is 2 m/min. The method has the beneficial effect of good sintering effect.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an enamel container produced by the process for manufacturing an enamel container. The enamel container has smooth surface and has no defects of scorching, porcelain explosion, powder accumulation and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an electrostatic dry powder spray system used in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an electrostatic dry powder spray system used in another embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 illustrates a point location for thickness measurement of an enamel container made according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a process for manufacturing an enamel container, referring to fig. 1, including the following steps:
s1: removing oil stains on the inner wall of the metal container;
s2: carrying out sand blasting treatment on the inner wall of the metal container;
s3: electrostatically spraying glaze powder on the inner wall of the metal container;
s4: and (4) placing the metal container into a sintering furnace for sintering.
The oil stain on the inner wall of the metal container is removed, so that on one hand, the oil stain on the inner wall of the metal container can be prevented from reducing the adsorption force of the glaze powder on the wall of the container, and on the other hand, the oil stain can be prevented from decomposing to form gas during firing to form pore defects or cause the glaze powder to fall off. In some embodiments, the inner wall of the metal container is degreased by heating. The container mouth of the metal container is placed upwards, and the metal container is heated to a certain temperature, so that the oil stain on the inner wall of the metal container is evaporated and decomposed. Specifically, in the process of heating the metal container to remove the oil stain, the heating temperature is 400-450 ℃, the heating time is at least 30min, and under the condition, the oil stain on the inner wall of the metal container can be removed completely. In certain alternative embodiments, the oil can be dissolved by using an organic solvent, which is capable of removing oil, although the method has low oil removal efficiency and the organic solvent causes environmental stress.
The purpose of the sand blasting is to increase the roughness of the inner wall of the metal container and improve the adhesion capacity of the glaze powder and the enamel on the inner wall of the metal container. In addition, the sand blasting can remove impurities on the inner wall. For example, the roughness Ra of the inner wall of the metal container after sandblasting is not less than 2. The inner wall with the roughness value is beneficial to the bonding between the glaze powder and the inner wall of the metal container. Specifically, 46-size carborundum is adopted for sand blasting, the air pressure of the sand blasting is not less than 0.6MPa, the sand blasting time is 35-50s, and under the conditions, the inner wall of the metal container can obtain proper surface roughness.
Electrostatic glaze spraying is realized by an electrostatic powder spraying system, referring to fig. 2, the electrostatic glaze spraying system comprises an electrostatic spray gun 1, a powder supply system 2 and a rotatable carrier 3. The electrostatic spray gun 1 and the powder supply system 2 may employ the prior art. For example, a high voltage generator is disposed in the electrostatic spray gun 1, a needle electrode electrically connected to the high voltage generator is disposed at an outlet of the electrostatic spray gun 1, and an auxiliary air inlet is disposed on the electrostatic spray gun 1. The powder supply system 2 is connected with the electrostatic spray gun 1 through a hose 5. The powder supply system 2 mainly comprises a powder barrel, a fluidized bed and a Venturi powder pump, air is blown into the powder barrel, powder in the powder barrel is fluidized through the fluidized bed, the fluidized powder is sucked by the Venturi powder pump to form powder air, and the powder air is conveyed into the electrostatic spray gun 1 through a hose 5. When the glaze powder atomizing device works, air is input from an auxiliary air inlet of the electrostatic spray gun 1 to atomize the glaze powder, the needle electrode is connected into a negative electrode, and the high-voltage generating device releases high voltage to discharge the needle electrode, so that the atomized glaze powder is charged with static electricity. The carrier 3 is used for fixing the metal container 4 and can drive the metal container 4 to rotate around the central axis of the metal container 4. The carrier 3 is made of conductive metal material, the metal container 4 and the carrier 3 are electrically connected, and the carrier 3 is grounded. The end of the metal container is grounded, so that an electric field is formed between the spray gun and the metal container, the glaze powder with electrostatic charge reaches the inner wall of the metal container 4 under the double pushing of the electric field force and the compressed air pressure, and is attracted on the inner wall of the metal container 4 by virtue of static electricity to form a uniform glaze powder layer. Preferably, the thickness of the glaze powder layer on the surface of the container is 100-150 μm.
In some embodiments, the electrostatic voltage of the electrostatic spray glaze powder is 30-60kV, the electrostatic current of the electrostatic spray glaze powder is 20-30 microamperes, and the spray gun atomization air pressure is 2-4 MPa. Glaze powder rebounding and edge pockmarking are easily caused when the electrostatic voltage is too high, and the powder applying rate is low when the voltage is too low. The powder coating is easy to generate discharge breakdown when the electrostatic current is too high, and the powder coating rate is low when the current is too low. The spray gun provided by the embodiment can ensure that the thickness of the glaze powder layer is uniform.
In some embodiments, the mouth of the metal container is facing upward and the electrostatic spray gun is tilted against the inner wall of the metal container, which rotates about its central axis. In the electrostatic glaze powder spraying process, the container mouth of the metal container faces upwards, the electrostatic spray gun is arranged above the metal container and obliquely faces the inner wall of the metal container, the glaze powder is conveyed into the metal container by compressed air, the glaze powder carrying electrostatic charges can be adsorbed around the inner wall of the metal container when the metal container rotates, the glaze powder can completely cover the inner wall of the metal container, and the powder coating efficiency is also improved.
Further, the electrostatic spray gun oscillates in the vertical direction. The electrostatic spray gun slowly swings clockwise or anticlockwise, so that the glaze powder sprayed by the electrostatic spray gun scans the inner wall of the metal container up and down. For example, in the embodiment shown in fig. 3, the electrostatic spray gun in the dotted line represents the initial position of the electrostatic spray gun, and the electrostatic spray gun in the solid line represents the position after the electrostatic spray gun swings. The powder-gas mixture sprayed from the spray gun is in a cone shape. In the radial direction of the spray cone, the distribution density of the glaze powder near the center of the spray cone is higher, and the distribution density of the glaze powder far away from the center of the spray cone is lower. For a container with a higher height, in order to ensure that glaze powder is uniformly coated, the spray gun swings, the spray cone scans the inner wall of the metal container, the powder coating uniformity is improved, and the corner position where the side wall of the container is connected with the bottom of the container can also achieve higher powder coating rate and powder coating uniformity.
In certain embodiments, the firing temperature is 820 ± 10 ℃ and the chain speed is 2 m/min. After the powder is sprayed and dried electrostatically, the metal container is hung on a sintering frame, and the process should be carried out by light weight and cannot damage the powder blank. The continuous tunnel furnace is adopted for sintering, and the metal container moves at the speed of 2 m/min, so that the glaze powder can be prevented from falling. The firing time in a continuous tunnel furnace is usually 6-7 min.
According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an enamel container made using the fabrication process of the present disclosure. The enamel container has the advantages of smooth surface, no defects of scorching, porcelain explosion, powder accumulation and the like.
Example 1
The metal container of this example is a stainless steel container having a height of 10cm and a cylindrical side wall. The stainless steel container was placed in a heating furnace and heated for 30min at 400 ℃. After the stainless steel is cooled, the inner wall of the stainless steel container is subjected to sand blasting treatment by 46 # carborundum, the air pressure of sand blasting is 0.6MPa, and the sand blasting time is 35 s. The roughness of the inner wall of the stainless steel container was measured to be Ra 2. The electrostatic glaze powder spraying process comprises the following steps:
s311: providing an enamel container electrostatic spraying glaze powder system, wherein the system comprises an electrostatic spray gun and a rotatable carrier;
s312: fixing the metal container on a carrier, electrically conducting the metal container and the carrier, and grounding the carrier;
s313: adjusting the inclination angle of the electrostatic spray gun to enable the outlet of the electrostatic spray gun to face the position close to the middle of the inner side wall of the metal container;
s314: the carrier is rotated at the rotating speed of 5 revolutions per minute, the electrostatic spray gun sprays glaze powder to the inner wall of the stainless steel, the voltage is 30kV, the current is 20 microamperes, and the air pressure of the spray gun is 2 MPa.
And (3) sintering the stainless steel container obtained by electrostatic glaze powder spraying in a high-temperature furnace at the sintering temperature of 820 +/-10 ℃ at the chain speed of 2 m/min to obtain the enamel container.
Selecting four positions of the enamel container, and measuring the thicknesses of enamel layers at the four positions, wherein the four positions are respectively a position A close to the upper end of the container wall, a position B in the middle of the container wall, a position C at the lower end of the container wall and a position D in the middle of the bottom of the container. The thickness of the enamel layer is calculated by subtracting the thickness of the metal vessel in the absence of enamel from the thickness of the enamel vessel. The thicknesses of the enamel layers at the four locations were 115 μm, 117 μm, 115 μm and 116 μm, respectively, which reflects the uniformity of the glazing of the enamel container of this example.
Example 2
The metal container of this example is a stainless steel container having a height of 20cm and a cylindrical side wall. The stainless steel container was placed in a heating furnace and heated for 30min at 450 ℃. After the stainless steel is cooled, the inner wall of the stainless steel container is subjected to sand blasting treatment by 46 # carborundum, wherein the air pressure of sand blasting is 1MPa, and the sand blasting time is 50 s. The roughness of the inner wall of the stainless steel container is detected to be Ra3.2. The electrostatic glaze powder spraying process comprises the following steps:
s321: providing an enamel container electrostatic spraying glaze powder system, wherein the system comprises an electrostatic spray gun and a rotatable carrier;
s322: fixing the metal container on a carrier, electrically conducting the metal container and the carrier, and grounding the carrier;
s323: adjusting the inclination angle of the electrostatic spray gun to enable the outlet of the electrostatic spray gun to face the vicinity of the upper part of the inner side wall of the metal container;
s324: rotating the carrier at the rotation speed of 5 revolutions per minute, spraying glaze powder to the inner wall of the stainless steel by an electrostatic spray gun, wherein the voltage is 60kV, the current is 30 microamperes, and the atomization air pressure is 4 MPa;
s325: and (3) swinging the electrostatic spray gun on a vertical plane at the swinging speed of 0.5 rpm, wherein the outlet of the electrostatic spray gun faces to the center of the bottom of the metal container when the electrostatic spray gun swings to the terminal point, and the electrostatic spray gun swings reversely again when the electrostatic spray gun swings to the terminal point, and the process is repeated.
And (3) sintering the stainless steel container obtained by electrostatic glaze powder spraying in a high-temperature furnace at the sintering temperature of 820 +/-10 ℃ at the chain speed of 2 m/min to obtain the enamel container.
Selecting four positions of the enamel container, and measuring the thicknesses of enamel layers at the four positions, wherein the four positions are respectively the position close to the upper end of the container wall, the position in the middle of the container wall, the position at the lower end of the container wall and the position in the middle of the bottom of the container. The thickness of the enamel layer is calculated by subtracting the thickness of the metal vessel, which is not enameled, from the thickness of the enamel vessel. The thicknesses of the enamel layers at the four locations were 136 μm, 135 μm, 136 μm and 137 μm, respectively, which reflects the uniformity of the glazing of the enamel container of this example.
What has been described above are merely some embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept thereof, and these changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The enamel container manufacturing process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: removing oil stains on the inner wall of the metal container;
s2: carrying out sand blasting treatment on the inner wall of the metal container;
s3: electrostatically spraying glaze powder on the inner wall of the metal container;
s4: and (4) placing the metal container into a sintering furnace for sintering.
2. The process for fabricating an enamel container according to claim 1 wherein in step S1, the inner wall of the metal container is degreased by heating at 400-450 ℃ for at least 30 min.
3. The process for manufacturing an enamel container according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the container body surface roughness Ra after blasting is not less than 2.
4. The process for making an enamel container according to claim 3 wherein the blasting is carried out using 46 grit blasting with an air pressure of 0.6MPa or more for 35 to 50 seconds.
5. The process for making an enamel container according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the glaze powder layer on the surface of the container is 100-150 μm.
6. The process for manufacturing an enamel container according to claim 1 wherein, in step S3, the electrostatic spraying of the glaze powder is carried out by an electrostatic spray gun, wherein the electrostatic spraying of the glaze powder is carried out at a voltage of 30 to 60kV, a current of 20 to 30 microamperes, and an atomizing pressure of 2 to 4 MPa.
7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the metallic container is rotated about its central axis with the mouth of the container facing upwardly and the electrostatic spray gun inclined against the inner wall of the metallic container.
8. The process according to claim 8, wherein the electrostatic spray gun oscillates in a vertical direction.
9. The process for making an enamel container according to claim 1 wherein the firing temperature is 820 ± 10 ℃ and the chain speed is 2 m/min.
10. An enamel container, characterised in that it is produced by a process for the manufacture of an enamel container according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911022752.7A CN110625535A (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2019-10-25 | Enamel container manufacturing process and enamel container |
| EP19835216.3A EP3839099A4 (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2019-10-28 | Manufacturing process for enamel container and enamel container |
| PCT/CN2019/113620 WO2021077445A1 (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2019-10-28 | Manufacturing process for enamel container and enamel container |
| KR1020217025461A KR20230002019A (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2019-10-28 | Manufacturing method of enamel container and enamel container |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911022752.7A CN110625535A (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2019-10-25 | Enamel container manufacturing process and enamel container |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110625535A true CN110625535A (en) | 2019-12-31 |
Family
ID=68977716
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911022752.7A Pending CN110625535A (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2019-10-25 | Enamel container manufacturing process and enamel container |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3839099A4 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20230002019A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN110625535A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2021077445A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113943938B (en) * | 2021-09-09 | 2023-10-27 | 杭州玺匠文化创意股份有限公司 | Manufacturing process of blue and white porcelain copper artwork |
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2019
- 2019-10-25 CN CN201911022752.7A patent/CN110625535A/en active Pending
- 2019-10-28 EP EP19835216.3A patent/EP3839099A4/en active Pending
- 2019-10-28 KR KR1020217025461A patent/KR20230002019A/en unknown
- 2019-10-28 WO PCT/CN2019/113620 patent/WO2021077445A1/en unknown
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| CN108714497A (en) * | 2018-05-02 | 2018-10-30 | 联德(广州)机械有限公司 | A kind of plane spray coating and spraying method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20230002019A (en) | 2023-01-05 |
| EP3839099A4 (en) | 2022-01-26 |
| WO2021077445A1 (en) | 2021-04-29 |
| EP3839099A1 (en) | 2021-06-23 |
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Application publication date: 20191231 |