CN110582480A - 治疗化合物和方法 - Google Patents
治疗化合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110582480A CN110582480A CN201880026027.4A CN201880026027A CN110582480A CN 110582480 A CN110582480 A CN 110582480A CN 201880026027 A CN201880026027 A CN 201880026027A CN 110582480 A CN110582480 A CN 110582480A
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Classifications
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
- C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
- C07C323/52—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
- C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
- C07C49/703—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups
- C07C49/723—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups polycyclic
- C07C49/727—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system
- C07C49/733—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing hydroxy groups polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system having two rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
- C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C233/45—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups
- C07C233/46—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C233/51—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to an acyclic carbon atom of a carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
- C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C233/02—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals
- C07C233/11—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
- C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
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- C07C233/17—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C233/22—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to an acyclic carbon atom of a carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
- C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C233/45—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups
- C07C233/46—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C233/47—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a hydrogen atom or to a carbon atom of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
- C07C235/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C235/32—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C235/34—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C46/00—Preparation of quinones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
- C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
- C07C49/613—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring polycyclic
- C07C49/617—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system
- C07C49/623—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system having two rings
- C07C49/637—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring polycyclic a keto group being part of a condensed ring system having two rings the condensed ring system containing ten carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
- C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
- C07C49/753—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
- C07C49/755—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups a keto group being part of a condensed ring system with two or three rings, at least one ring being a six-membered aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Abstract
本发明涉及式(I)化合物及其制备方法。还描述了包含式(I)化合物的药物组合物及其在治疗或预防与线粒体功能障碍相关的病症中的用途。式(I)
Description
技术领域
本发明一般性涉及用于调节线粒体活性的化合物。本发明还涉及这些化合物在治疗与线粒体功能障碍有关的疾病和病症中的用途。
背景技术
本说明书中作者所引用的出版物的书目细节在说明书末尾按字母顺序收录。
本说明书中对任何先前出版物(或从其衍生的信息)或任何已知事项的引用不是,也不应被视为确认或承认或任何形式的提示先前出版物(或从其衍生的信息)或已知事项构成本说明书所涉及的奋斗领域中的公知常识的一部分。
线粒体是细胞质细胞器,其执行多种细胞代谢功能。线粒体的主要功能是通过氧化磷酸化以三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的形式产生能量。ATP充当细胞中的能量“货币”或能量载体,并且真核细胞从线粒体进行的生化过程中获得其大部分ATP。线粒体还在信号传导、细胞分化和细胞死亡调节中起主要作用。由线粒体进行的生化过程包括柠檬酸循环(也称为克雷布斯循环,其从氧化的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)产生还原的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH+H+))和氧化磷酸化(在此期间NADH+H+被氧化回NAD+)。人们越来越认识到线粒体与一系列疾病和病症有关。
线粒体功能障碍,即典型线粒体功能的降低或损害,可能由遗传或环境因素或其组合引起。线粒体功能障碍被认为促进各种疾病状态,并且是许多遗传性疾病的标志。据估计,多达1/100的新生儿在其一生中会受到线粒体疾病的影响。此外,认为线粒体功能障碍可能是许多常见疾病和健康状况的潜在病理生理学的一部分,包括但不限于神经退行性疾病、糖尿病、癌症、失明、耳聋、心脏病、肝病、肾病、胃肠道疾病、中风、癫痫发作(seizure)、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、自闭症、双相情感障碍、精神分裂症、抑郁症、哮喘、慢性疲劳、肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers,MERRF)、线粒体肌病、脑肌病、乳酸中毒、利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(leber's hereditary opticneuropathy,LHON)、显性视神经萎缩(DOA)、利氏综合征(Leigh syndrome)、卡恩斯-塞尔综合征(Kearns-Sayre syndrome,KSS)、弗里德希氏的共济失调(Friedreich's ataxia,FRDA)、心肌病、脑肌病、肾小管酸中毒、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、亨廷顿病和发育性广泛性疾病(developmental pervasive disorders)。
确认可以恢复或增强线粒体功能的疗法具有广泛应用的潜力。迄今为止,上述适应症的治疗方法通常针对缓解症状和/或治疗继发性或相关病症而不是解决潜在的线粒体功能障碍。苯醌(艾地苯醌)于2015年被欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency)批准用于治疗一种年轻男性中线粒体功能障碍引起的视力丧失(利伯氏遗传性视神经病变,LHON)。然而,艾地苯醌表现出非常差的生物利用度,并且在施用后在肝脏中经历过多的首过代谢。
需要用于治疗与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症的改进的和特异性的疗法。
发明内容
本发明提供式(I)化合物及其药物组合物。在一个实施方案中,式(I)化合物可用于调节线粒体活性。在另一个实施方案中,式(I)化合物可用于增强线粒体功能。在另一个实施方案中,式(I)化合物可用于恢复线粒体功能。在另一个实施方案中,式(I)化合物可用于保护免受线粒体功能障碍。
提出本文可行的式(I)化合物及其药物组合物可用于预防和/或治疗与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症。
在一个或多个方面,提供了式(I)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中
R1、R2、R3和R4各自独立地选自H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C2-C6烯基、任选取代的C2-C6炔基、任选取代的C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、任选取代的C1-C6烷基卤素、任选取代的C1-C6硫代烷基、-SR、-NRR’、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
R5选自H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C2-C6烯基、任选取代的C2-C6炔基、任选取代的C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、任选取代的C1-C6烷基卤素、任选取代的C1-C6硫代烷基、-SR、-NRR’、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
L为二价连接子,其选自一个键、任选取代的C1-C20亚烷基、任选取代的C1-C20亚烯基、任选取代的C1-C20亚炔基;
Y不存在或为二价连接子,其选自任选取代的C3-C6亚环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12亚芳基、任选取代的C2-C12亚杂芳基、-C(O)-NR-、-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-O-、-C(O)-OR-、-C(O)-O-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-、-C(CX3)-NR-、-CRR’X-NR-、-NR-C(O)-NR’-、-O-C(O)O-、-C=N-O-、-SO2-NR-、-(CH2)x-NR-、-(CH2)y-S-(CH2)z-、-(CH2)y-O-(CH2)z-,其中y和z各自独立地为选自0、1、2、3和4的整数;
R6选自H、-COOR、-OR、-NRR’、-SR、任选取代的C1-C20烷基、任选取代的C2-C20烯基、任选取代的C2-C20炔基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基或任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C1-C6烷醇氨基、任选取代的氨基酸、任选取代的二肽、任选取代的三肽和任选的取代多肽,
或Y和R6一起形成选自以下基团:
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;和
-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10,
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数,
R和R’独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,和
X为卤素。
在其他方面,提供了式(Ia)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R5选自H和任选取代的C1-C6烷基,
L为任选取代的C1-C20亚烷基,
Y为二价连接子,其选自任选取代的-C(O)-NR-、-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-O-、-C(O)-、-(CH2)y-S-(CH2)z-、-(CH2)y-O-(CH2)z-,其中y和z各自为独立地选自0、1、2、3和4的整数;
R6选自H、-COOR、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基、任选取代的C1-C6烷醇氨基、任选取代的氨基酸,
或Y和R6一起形成选自以下的基团
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数;
R和R’独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基。
在另一方面,提供了式(Ib)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R5选自H和甲基,
R6选自H、-COOR、-OH、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
R为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;
每次出现的R13独立地选自H、任选取代的苯基、任选取代的苄基,
n为选自1、2、3、4和5的整数,和
m为选自0、1、2和3的整数。
本文还教导了制备式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物的方法。这些方法有利地提供了以相对较少的化学步骤和/或高纯度快速组装式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物。
本文进一步考虑了一种治疗哺乳动物受试者的方法,其包括施用如本文定义的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。如上所述,认为本文可行的式(I)化合物及其药物组合物可用于预防和/或治疗与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是原发性线粒体疾病,包括但不限于利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)、显性视神经萎缩(DOA)、利氏综合征、弗里德希氏共济失调、线粒体肌病、脑肌病、乳酸性酸中毒、中风样症状(MELAS)、肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)、肌神经源性胃肠性脑肌病(myoneurogenic gastrointestinalencephalomyopathy,MNGIE)、卡恩斯-塞尔综合征、CoQ.10缺乏症、或线粒体复合体缺乏症、神经病变、共济失调、视网膜色素变性、和上睑下垂(NARP)。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的神经退行性疾病或神经肌肉疾病,包括但不限于脊髓小脑性共济失调、共济失调性毛细血管扩张症、共济失调性动眼神经失用症1和2(AOA1和2)、癫痫发作、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、运动神经元病(MND)、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、中风/再灌注损伤、或痴呆、杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD)、贝克尔肌营养不良症(BMD)、肢带肌营养不良症(LGMD)、X连锁扩张型心肌病(XLDCM)、泛酸激酶相关的神经变性(PKAN)、脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、多发性硬化症和原发进展型多发性硬化症(PP-MS)、库格尔贝格-韦兰德病(Kugelberg-Welanderdisease)、和韦德尼希-霍夫曼病(Werdnig-Hoffmann disease)、糖尿病和耳聋(DAD)。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的代谢性病症,包括但不限于沃尔弗拉姆综合征(Wolfram syndrome)、非酒精性肝病(即NAFLD、NASH、肝硬化)、衰老相关的身体衰退、肥胖、超重、糖尿病、II型糖尿病、糖尿病视网膜病变和代谢综合征。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的精神疾病,包括但不限于精神分裂症、重度抑郁症、双相情感障碍、癫痫、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和昼夜节律紊乱。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体相关的炎性病症,包括但不限于溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、克罗恩病(CD)、关节炎、银屑病或类风湿性关节炎、偏头痛、干眼综合征、葡萄膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、术后炎症和急性肾损伤。本发明还可用作减少获得的效果(effect of gaining)的手段。因此,存在靶向线粒体功能障碍的治疗和美容方面。
在一个实施方案中,所述疾病和病症由药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍引起。例如,对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的因子包括由抗病毒剂、抗癌剂、抗生素、CNS药物、高血压药、蒽环类药物、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、麻醉剂、β受体阻滞剂、抗心律失常药、抗糖尿病药、抗炎药或其他药剂引起的药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍。
对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗病毒剂的示例包括阿巴卡韦、去羟肌苷、恩曲他滨、恩替卡韦、恩曲他滨、拉米夫定、奈韦拉平、替比夫定、替诺福韦、替拉那韦(tipranavir)、司他夫定、扎西他滨和齐多夫定。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗癌剂的示例包括三氧化二砷、西妥昔单抗、达卡巴嗪、地尼白介素(denileukin diftitox)、氟他胺、吉妥珠单抗、甲氨蝶呤、米托蒽醌、喷司他丁和他莫昔芬。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗生素的示例包括抗霉素A、异烟肼、氯霉素、乙胺丁醇、庆大霉素、酮康唑、利奈唑胺、链脲佐菌素、链霉素、妥布霉素、四环素和曲伐沙星。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的CNS药物的示例包括阿米替林、安非他明、阿托西汀、氯丙嗪、可卡因、丹曲林、地昔帕明、双丙戊酸、氟哌利多、非尔氨酯、氟非那嗪、丙咪嗪、甲基苯丙胺、纳曲酮、奈法唑酮、培高利特和丙戊酸。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的高血压药物的示例包括波生坦。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的蒽环类药物的示例包括柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星和伊达比星。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)的示例包括阿司匹林、塞来昔布、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、非诺洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、萘普生、萘丁美酮、噁丙嗪、吡罗昔康、双水杨酯、舒林酸、硫利达嗪和托美汀。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的麻醉剂的示例包括布比卡因和异氟烷。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的β-阻断剂的示例包括阿替洛尔。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗心律失常药的示例包括胺碘酮、双异丙吡胺、多非利特和伊布利特。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗糖尿病药的示例包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗炎药的示例包括泼尼松龙、地塞米松、氢化可的松和三苯甲酮(triamcilone)。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的其他药剂的示例包括氯碘羟喹、氰化物、六氯酚、鱼藤酮和他汀类。
在一个实施方案中,所述哺乳动物是人。
本文进一步教导的是一种药物组合物,其包含如本文定义的式(I)化合物和一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂。还可行的是一种化妆品组合物,其包含如本文定义的式(I)化合物和一种或多种化妆品学可接受的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂。
本文进一步教导的是如本文所定义的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备用于治疗需要治疗的哺乳动物受试者的药物中的用途。在一个相关实施方案中,本文可行的是如本文所定义的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗需要治疗的哺乳动物受试者的用途。在另一个实施方案中,本文可行的如本文所定义的式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于哺乳动物的美容处理以改善衰老影响的用途。在一个实施方案中,所述哺乳动物是人。
附图说明
图1:式(I)化合物(10μM)在10μM体外对抗鱼藤酮毒性的细胞保护作用。式(I)的代表性示例UTA23、UTA37、UTA62、UTA74、UTA77;对照物质是萘醌部分已被取代为苯醌或质体醌的衍生物。
图2:式(I)化合物(10μM)在体外对抗鱼藤酮毒性的细胞保护作用。与艾地苯醌(虚线,~65%活力)相比,23种化合物(白色圆圈)显示出显著改善的细胞保护活性。在仅暴露于鱼藤酮的细胞中,活力从100%(黑色虚线,100%活力)下降至低于30%(虚线,<30%活力)。
图3:用对抗鱼藤酮毒性的式(I)化合物(10μM)处理后的体外ATP水平比较。在鱼藤酮存在下,与艾地苯醌(虚线,~80%活力)相比,7种化合物(白色圆圈)显著增加细胞ATP水平。在仅暴露于鱼藤酮的细胞中,活力从100%(黑色虚线,100%活力)下降至低于30%(虚线,<30%活力)。所有化合物均在10μM测试。
图4:在肝细胞中与艾地苯醌相比,代表性的式(I)化合物(10μM)的体外毒性。对于代表性化合物,在14天的时间内在HepG2细胞中使用集落形成测定法评估长期毒性。代表性化合物表现出与艾地苯醌相似的体外毒性。
图5:代表性的式(I)化合物在利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)小鼠模型中的功效。在C57BL/6小鼠模型中通过在左眼中注射鱼藤酮(5μM)诱导LHON(参见Heitz,F.D等人(2012).PLoS One.,7(9),e45182)。与艾地苯醌对照相比,用代表性化合物的处理导致体内视力保护增加。在观察期内以200mg/kg施用代表性化合物(UTA 37和UTA 77)和艾地苯醌。用代表性化合物UTA37和UTA77观察到统计学上显著的视敏度保护,但在该浓度用艾地苯醌没有观察到该保护(在图5中标记为R)。
图6:在用代表性的式(I)化合物处理后的糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠模型中的血糖反应。在第4周,Long Evans大鼠植入链脲佐菌素(STZ)(125mg/kg)渗透压泵,之后随着时间推移血糖水平迅速升高。在第14周,每天一次用代表性的式(I)化合物(UTA37 4.6mg/ml;UTA77 7.36mg/ml)、艾地苯醌(标记为#1;10mg/ml)或载体对照施用滴眼剂。对于未处理的眼睛,n=23只眼睛/组(第1-14周);对于#01处理的眼睛,n=10只眼睛/组(第14-18周&n=7只眼睛/组第18-20周);对于UTA37和UTA77,分别为n=4只眼睛/组和7只眼睛/组(从第14-20周);对于载体处理,n=2只眼睛/组。
图7:用代表性的式(I)化合物处理后的糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠模型中的视敏度。在19周的时间内使用Long Evans大鼠的左眼和右眼的视动反应测量视敏度。链脲佐菌素(STZ)的施用(第4周)在第9周时显著损伤反射性头部运动。在第14周,每天一次用代表性的式(I)化合物(UTA37 4.6mg/ml;UTA77 7.36mg/ml)、艾地苯醌(#1;10mg/ml)或载体对照施用滴眼剂。对于未处理的眼睛,n=23只眼睛/组(第1-14周);对于艾地苯醌(#1)处理的眼睛,n=10只眼睛/组(第14-18周&n=7只眼睛/组第18-19周);对于UTA37和UTA77,分别为n=4只眼睛/组和7只眼睛/组(从第14-19周);对于载体对照处理,n=2只眼睛/组。误差带=SEM。
图8-11:用代表性的式(I)化合物(UTA77)处理后的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型;图8:体重减轻;图9:粪便硬度;图10:血便;图11:疾病活动指数。通过在7天内施用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)在小鼠中化学诱导结肠炎。UTA77用食品粉末配制(200mg/kg体重),其在7天的时间内每天口服施用一次。
具体实施方式
在整个说明书中,除非上下文另有要求,否则词语“包含(comprise)”或诸如“包含(comprises)”或“包含(comprising)”的变体将被理解为意指包括一个所述元素或整数或方法步骤或一组元素或整数或方法步骤,但不排除任何其他元素或整数或方法步骤或一组元素或整数或方法步骤。
如说明书中所使用的,单数形式“一(a)”,“一(an)”和“该(the)”包括复数方面,除非上下文另有明确说明。因此,例如,提及的“一种生物调节剂”包括单一生物调节剂,以及两种或更多种生物调节剂;提及的“一种试剂”包括单一试剂,以及两种或多种试剂;提及的“本公开”包括本公开所教导的单个和多个方面;等等。本文教导和可行的方面包括在术语“发明”中。在本发明的范围内,所有这些方面都是可行的。本文考虑的任何变体和衍生物都包括在本发明的“形式”中。
本发明一般性涉及调节线粒体活性的式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物。在一个实施方案中,式(I)化合物可用于增强线粒体功能。在另一个实施方案中,式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物可用于恢复线粒体功能障碍。
此外,本发明涉及以相对较少的化学步骤和/或高纯度制备式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物的方法。
如本文所用,术语“线粒体(mitochondrion)”和“线粒体(mitochondria)”是指进行多种细胞代谢功能的细胞质细胞器。线粒体的主要功能是通过氧化磷酸化以三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的形式产生能量。线粒体在细胞凋亡或程序性细胞死亡过程中也起着重要作用。另外,线粒体有助于维持细胞内适当水平的钙离子。在某些细胞类型中,例如肝细胞,线粒体有助于氨的解毒。在其他情况下,线粒体有助于血液成分以及激素(如睾酮和雌激素)的产生。
如本文所用,术语“线粒体功能障碍”是指健康细胞、组织和器官中典型线粒体功能的降低或损害。线粒体功能障碍已经涉及多种疾病和病症。在一些情况下,线粒体功能障碍和相关疾病可能是由线粒体DNA中的或编码线粒体组分的核基因中的获得性或遗传性突变引起。在其他情况下,线粒体功能障碍可能是由于不利的环境因素,例如药物使用或感染引起。应当理解,如本文所用,术语“线粒体疾病”和“线粒体病症”和相关术语可互换使用,并且涵盖与线粒体功能障碍相关的获得性或遗传性病症以及与由于不利的环境因素引起的线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病或病症,除非另有说明。
本文提及的“调节(modulate)”或“调节(modulation)”延伸至并涵盖抑制和/或促进相互作用。调节可以包括但不限于正常化和增强。
本文提及的生物标志物的“正常化(normalization)”或“正常化(normalize)”生物标志物指的是将生物标志物的水平从病理学值改变为正常值,其中能量生物标志物的正常值可以是i)健康人或受试者中的生物标志物的水平,或ii)减轻人或受试者中的一种或多种不良症状的能量生物标志物的水平。也就是说,使在疾病状态下抑制的生物标志物正常化意味着将生物标志物的水平增加至正常(健康)值或增加至缓解不良症状的值;使在疾病状态中升高的能量生物标志物正常化意味着将能量生物标志物的水平降低至正常(健康)值或降低至缓解不良症状的值。
本文提及的生物标志物的“增强(enhancement)”或“增强(enhance)”生物标志物是指将一种或多种生物标志物的水平改变为远离正常值或增强前的值,以实现有益或期望的效果。例如,在对受试者施加显著能量需求的情况下,可能需要将该受试者中的ATP水平增加至高于该受试者中ATP的正常水平的水平。增强也可能在患有疾病或病状(例如线粒体疾病)的受试者中具有有益效果,因为使生物标志物正常化可能无法实现对受试者的最佳结果;在这种情况下,增强一种或多种生物标志物可能是有益的,例如,高于正常水平的ATP或低于正常水平的乳酸(乳酸盐)可能对这样的受试者有益。
术语“氨基酸”在本文中以其最广泛的含义使用,并且可以指具有氨基和羧酸基团的化合物。合并入本发明肽中的氨基酸可以是成蛋白性(proteogenic)或天然存在的氨基酸的D-或L-形式,或可以是非成蛋白性(non-proteogenic)或非天然存在的氨基酸的D-或L-形式。如本文所提及的,该术语延伸至合成的氨基酸及其类似物,包括盐、异构体、互变异构体、酯和N-甲基化氨基酸。
如本文所用的术语“氨基酸侧链”是指与α碳连接的基团,例如,在下面表示为R基团:
表1中显示了天然存在的成蛋白性氨基酸以及它们的三字母和一个字母代码。使用大写字母或首字母大写表示L氨基酸,而使用小写字母表示D氨基酸。
表1:常规氨基酸的代码
非天然或非成蛋白性氨基酸的示例包括但不限于使用鸟氨酸、正亮氨酸、4-氨基丁酸、4-氨基-3-羟基-5-苯基戊酸、6-氨基己酸、叔丁基甘氨酸、正缬氨酸、苯基甘氨酸、肌氨酸、4-氨基-3-羟基-6-甲基庚酸和2-噻吩基丙氨酸。本文考虑的合适的非成蛋白性或非天然存在的氨基酸的示例显示在表2中。
表2:非常规氨基酸
本文所用的术语“二肽”和“三肽”分别指包含两个和三个氨基酸残基或其衍生物的肽。
术语“多肽”和“肽”在本文中可互换使用,是指氨基酸残基的聚合物。该术语适用于其中一个或多个氨基酸残基是相应天然存在的氨基酸的人工化学类似物的氨基酸聚合物,以及天然存在的氨基酸聚合物。
本文中单独或组合使用的术语“烷基”是指直链或支链饱和烃基。术语“C1-12烷基”是指含有1至12个碳原子的这种基团,“低级烷基”是指含有1至6个碳原子的C1-6烷基,例如甲基(“Me”)、乙基(“Et”)、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基等。
术语“环烷基”是指非芳族、饱和的非芳香碳环。例如,术语“C4-9环烷基”是指具有4至9个碳原子的这种基团。示例包括环丁基、环戊基和环己基。
术语“烯基”是指含有一个或多个双键的直链或支链烃。例如,术语“C2-12烯基”是指含有2至12个碳原子的这种基团。烯基的示例包括烯丙基、异戊二烯基、香叶基、1-甲基乙烯基、丁烯基、异丁烯基、1,3-丁二烯基、3-甲基-2-丁烯基、1,3-丁二烯基、1,4-戊二烯基、1-戊烯基、1-己烯基、3-己烯基、1,3-己二烯基、1,4-己二烯基和1,3,5-己三烯基。
术语“环烯基”是指具有单个环或多个稠环和至少一个内部不饱和度的环状烯基,优选含有4至11个碳原子。合适的环烯基的示例包括,例如,环丁-2-烯基、环戊-3-烯基、环己-4-烯基、环辛-3-烯基、茚基等。
术语“炔基”是指含有一个或多个三键,优选一个或两个三键的直链或支链烃。例如,术语“C2-12炔基”是指含有2至12个碳原子的这种基团。示例包括2-丙炔基和2-或3-丁炔基。
单独或组合使用的术语“烷氧基”是指通过氧键(-O-)共价结合的直链或支链烷基,术语“C1-6烷氧基”和“低级烷氧基”是指含有1至6个碳原子的这种基团,如甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、丁氧基、叔丁氧基等。
术语“烷醇氨基”和“氨基醇”在最广泛的意义上可互换使用,是指具有氨基(-NH2、-NHR和-NR2)和醇或羟基(-OH)的化合物。在一个优选的实施方案中,式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案可以包含一种或多种β-氨基醇。根据本发明的β-氨基醇可以衍生自天然存在的和/或非常规的氨基酸,因此可以包含“氨基酸侧链”,例如,表示为下面的R基团:
术语“芳基”是指碳环(非杂环)芳环或环系。芳环可以是单环或双环系统。芳环或环系通常由5至10个碳原子组成。合适的芳基的示例包括但不限于苯基、联苯基、萘基、四氢萘基等。
芳基包括苯基、萘基、茚基、薁基、芴基或蒽基。
术语“杂芳基”是指单价芳香碳环基团,优选在环内具有2至10个碳原子和1至4个选自氧、氮和硫的杂原子。优选地,杂原子是氮。这种杂芳基可具有单环(例如吡啶基、吡咯基或呋喃基)或多个稠合环(例如,吲嗪基、苯并噻吩基或苯并呋喃基)。
术语“杂环基”是指具有单环或多个稠环的单价饱和或不饱和基团,优选在环内具有1至8个碳原子和1至4个选自氮、硫、氧、硒或磷的杂原子。
5-元单环杂环基和杂芳基的示例包括呋喃基、噻吩基、吡咯基、H-吡咯基、吡咯啉基、吡咯烷基、噁唑基、噁二唑基(包括1,2,3和1,2,4-噁二唑基)、噻唑基、异噁唑基、呋吖基(furazanyl)、异噻唑基、吡唑基、吡唑啉基、吡唑烷基、咪唑基、咪唑啉基、三唑基(包括1,2,3-和1,3,4-三唑基)、四唑基、噻二唑基(包括1,2,3-和1,3,4-噻二唑基)。
6-元单环杂环基和杂芳基的示例包括吡啶基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、吡喃基、吡嗪基、哌啶基、1,4-二氧六环基、吗啉基、1,4-二噻烷基(1,4-dithianyl)、硫代吗啉基、哌嗪基、1,3,5-三噻烷基和三嗪基。
8、9和10元双环杂环基和杂芳基的示例包括1H噻吩并[2,3-c]吡唑基、噻吩并[2,3-b]呋喃基、吲哚基、异吲哚基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、苯并噁唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并异噁唑基、苯并异噻唑基、苯并咪唑基、吲唑基、异喹啉基、喹啉基、喹喔啉基、尿嘧啶基、嘌呤基、噌啉基、酞嗪基、喹唑啉基、喹喔啉基、苯并三嗪基、萘啶基、蝶啶基等。
术语“卤代”和“卤素”是指氟、氯、溴和碘基团。
术语“卤代烷基”是指烷基上的一个或多个氢原子被卤素替代。值得注意的例子是-CF3或-CF2H。
术语“芳氧基”是指如前所述的芳基,其通过氧键(-O-)与母体结构连接。一个值得注意的例子是苯氧基。类似地,术语“杂芳氧基”是指如前所述的杂芳基,其通过氧基与母体结构连接。一个值得注意的例子是4、6或7-苯并[b]呋喃氧基。
术语“酰基”是指基团HC(O)-、烷基-C(O)-、环烷基-C(O)-、芳基-C(O)-、杂芳基-C(O)-和杂环基-C(O)-,其中烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基和杂环基如本文所述。
术语“氧酰基”是指基团HOC(O)-、烷基-OC(O)-、环烷基-OC(O)-、芳基-OC(O)-、杂芳基-OC(O)-和杂环基-OC(O)-,其中烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基和杂环基如本文所述。
术语“酰氨基”是指基团-NR"C(O)R",其中每个R"独立地为氢、烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基和杂环基,其中烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基和杂环基中的每个如本文所述。
术语“亚烷基”是指直链或支链的二价烷基,优选具有1-20个碳原子,更优选1-6个碳原子。这种亚烷基的示例包括亚甲基(-CH2-)、亚乙基(-CH2CH2-)和亚丙基异构体(例如-CH2CH2CH2-和-CH(CH3)CH2-)等。
术语“亚烯基”是指含有一个或多个双键的直链或支链二价烯基,优选具有2至20个碳原子。这种亚烯基的示例包括亚乙烯基(-CH=CH-)、亚丙烯基、亚戊二烯基(prenenylene)、亚香叶烯基(geranenylene)及其异构体。
术语“氨磺酰基”是指基团-S(O)2NR"R",其中每个R"独立地为氢、烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基和杂环基,其中烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基和杂环基中的每个如本文所述。
术语“任选取代的”是指基团可包括一个或多个取代基。该基团上的一个或多个氢原子可以被独立地选自以下的取代基替代:卤素(例如卤代烷基,例如-CF3或-CF2H)、C1-6烷基、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、-(CH2)vC3-7环烷基、-(CH2)vC4-7环烯基、-(CH2)v芳基、-(CH2)v杂环基、-(CH2)v杂芳基、-C6H4S(O)qC1-6烷基、-C(Ph)3、-CN、-OR、-O-(CH2)1-6-R、-O-(CH2)1-6-OR、-OC(O)R、-C(O)R、-C(O)OR、-OC(O)NR'R"、NR'R"、-NO2、-NRC(O)R'、-NRC(O)NR'R"、-NRC(S)NR'R"、-NRS(O)2R'、-NRC(O)OR'、-C(NR)NR'R"、-C(=NOR')R、-C(=NOH)NR'R"、-C(O)NR'R"、-C(=NCN)-NR'R"、-C(=NR)NR'R"、-C(=NR')SR"、-NR'C(=NCN)SR"、-CONRSO2R'、-C(S)NR'R"、-S(O)qR、-SO2NR'R"、-SO2NRC(O)R'、-OS(O)2R、-PO(OR)2和-NO2;
其中v是0-6,q是0-2,并且每个R、R'和R"独立地选自H、C1-6烷基、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、C3-7环烷基、C4-7环烯基,芳基、杂环基、杂芳基、C1-6烷基芳基、C1-6烷基杂芳基和C1-6烷基杂环基,其中烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、环烯基、芳基、杂环基、杂芳基、C1-6烷基芳基、C1-6烷基杂芳基、或C1-6烷基杂环基可任选地被一至六个相同或不同的选自以下的基团取代:卤素、羟基、低级烷基、低级烷氧基、-CO2H、CF3、CN、苯基、NH2和-NO2;或当R'和R"与相同的氮原子连接时,它们可以与其所连接的原子一起形成5至7元的含氮杂环。
在一个实施方案中,任选的取代基可以选自:卤素(特别是Cl、Br或F)、C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、C1-6卤代烷基(特别是-CF3)、C1-6卤代烷氧基(如-OCF3)、-OH、苯基、苄基、苯氧基、苄氧基、苯甲酰基、甲硅烷基、-NH2、NHC1-4烷基、-N(C1-4烷基)2、-CN、-NO2、巯基、-P=O(OH)(NH2)、-S(O)2NH2、-S(O)2NHC1-4烷基、-S(O)2N(C1-4烷基)2、C1-6烷基羰基、C1-6烷氧基羰基、CO2H、-S(O)R"'(其中R"'为低级烷基或环烷基)和-S(O)2R"'(其中R"'为低级烷基、环烷基或OH)。
除非另外定义且仅关于非芳香碳环或杂环化合物的环原子,代替上述任选的取代基或除了上述任选的取代基之外,这些化合物的环原子也可任选地被一个或两个=O基团取代。
当任选的取代基为或含有烷基、烯基、炔基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基或杂环基时,该基团本身可以任选地被一至六个相同或不同的选自以下的取代基取代:卤素、C1-6烷基、C1-6烷氧基、C2-6烯基、C2-6炔基、C1-6卤代烷基(特别是-CF3)、C1-6卤代烷氧基(如-OCF3)、-OH、苯基、苄基、苯氧基、苄氧基、苯甲酰基、-NH2、NHC1-4烷基、-N(C1-4烷基)2、-CN、-NO2、巯基、-P=O(OH)(NH2)、-S(O)2NH2、-S(O)2NHC1-4烷基、-S(O)2N(C1-4烷基)2、C1-6烷基羰基、C1-6烷氧基羰基、CO2H、-S(O)R"'(其中R"'为低级烷基或环烷基)和-S(O)2R"'(其中R"'为低级烷基、环烷基或OH)。
如上所述,在一个方面,提供了式(I)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中
R1、R2、R3和R4各自独立地选自H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C2-C6烯基、任选取代的C2-C6炔基、任选取代的C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、任选取代的C1-C6烷基卤素、任选取代的C1-C6硫代烷基、-SR、-NRR’、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
R5选自H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C2-C6烯基、任选取代的C2-C6炔基、任选取代的C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、任选取代的C1-C6烷基卤素、任选取代的C1-C6硫代烷基、-SR、-NRR’、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
L为二价连接子,其选自一个键、任选取代的C1-C20亚烷基、任选取代的C1-C20亚烯基、任选取代的C1-C20亚炔基;
Y不存在或为二价连接子,其选自任选取代的C3-C6亚环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12亚芳基、任选取代的C2-C12亚杂芳基、-C(O)-NR-、-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-O-、-C(O)-OR-、-C(O)-O-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-、-C(CX3)-NR-、-CRR’X-NR-、-NR-C(O)-NR’-、-O-C(O)O-、-C=N-O-、-SO2-NR-、-(CH2)x-NR-、-(CH2)y-S-(CH2)z-、-(CH2)y-O-(CH2)z-,其中y和z各自独立地为选自0、1、2、3和4的整数;
R6选自H、-COOR、-OR、-NRR’、-SR、任选取代的C1-C20烷基、任选取代的C2-C20烯基、任选取代的C2-C20炔基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基或任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C1-C6烷醇氨基、任选取代的氨基酸、任选取代的二肽、任选取代的三肽和任选的取代多肽,
或Y和R6一起形成以下基团
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;和
-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10,
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数;
R和R’独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,和
X为卤素。
在另一方面,提供了式(Ia)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R5选自H和任选取代的C1-C6烷基,
L为任选取代的C1-C20亚烷基,
Y为二价连接子,其选自任选取代的-C(O)-NR-、-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-O-、-C(O)-、-(CH2)y-S-(CH2)z-、-(CH2)y-O-(CH2)z-,其中y和z各自为独立地选自0、1、2、3和4的整数;
R6选自H、-COOR、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基、任选取代的C1-C6烷醇氨基、任选取代的氨基酸,
或Y和R6一起形成选自以下的基团
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数;
R和R’独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基。
在另一方面,提供了式(Ib)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R5选自H和甲基,
R6选自H、-COOR、-OH、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
R为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;
每次出现的R13独立地选自H、任选取代的苯基、和任选取代的苄基,
n为选自1、2、3、4和5的整数,和
m为选自0、1、2和3的整数。
在一个实施方案中,L为任何合适的二价连接子基团。在一个实施方案中,L为一个键。在其他实施方案中,L为二价连接子基团,其选自任选取代的C1-C20亚烷基、任选取代的C1-C20亚烯基、任选取代的C1-C20亚炔基。在一个优选的实施方案中,L为C2亚烷基。在另一个优选的实施方案中,L为C3亚烷基。在另一个优选的实施方案中,L为C4亚烷基。在另一个优选的实施方案中,L为C5亚烷基。在另一个优选的实施方案中,L为C10亚烷基。
在一个实施方案中,Y不存在或为任何合适的二价连接子基团。在一个实施方案中,Y不存在。在另一个实施方案中,Y为二价连接子基团,其选自任选取代的C3-C6亚环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12亚芳基、任选取代的C2-C12亚杂芳基、-C(O)-NR-、-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-O-、-C(O)-OR-、-C(O)-O-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-、-C(CX3)-NR-、-CRR’X-NR-、-NR-C(O)-NR’-、-O-C(O)O-、-C=N-O-、-SO2-NR-、-(CH2)x-NR-、-(CH2)y-S-(CH2)z-、-(CH2)y-O-(CH2)z-,其中y和z为各自独立地选自0、1、2、3和4的整数;R和R'独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,且X为卤素。在另一个优选的实施方案中,Y为-C(O)-NH-。在另一个优选的实施方案中,Y为-C(O)-。在进一步优选的实施方案中,Y为-S-。在进一步优选的实施方案中,Y为-S-(CH2)2-。在另一个优选的实施方案中,Y为-O-。在另一个优选的实施方案中,Y为-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-。在另一个优选的实施方案中,Y为-C(O)-NH-(CH2)2-。
在一个实施方案中,R1、R2、R3和R4独立地选自H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C2-C6烯基、任选取代的C2-C6炔基、任选取代的C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、任选取代的C1-C6烷基卤素、任选取代的C1-C6硫代烷基、-SR、-NRR'、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基;其中R和R'独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基。在一个优选的实施方案中,R1、R2、R3和R4中的一个或多个为H。在另一个优选的实施方案中,R1为H。在另一个优选的实施方案中,R2为H。在另一个优选的实施方案中,R3为H。在另一个优选的实施方案中,R4为H。
在一个实施方案中,R5选自H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C2-C6烯基、任选取代的C2-C6炔基、任选取代的C1-C6烷氧基、卤素、任选取代的C1-C6烷基卤素、任选取代的C1-C6硫代烷基、-SR、-NRR'、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基;其中R和R'独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基。在一个优选的实施方案中,R5为H。在另一个优选的实施方案中,R5是甲基。
在一个实施方案中,R6选自H、-OR、-C(O)OR、C(O)NR、-NRR’、-SR、任选取代的C1-C20烷基、任选取代的C2-C20烯基、任选取代的C2-C20炔基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基或任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C1-C6烷醇氨基、任选取代的氨基酸、任选取代的二肽、任选取代的三肽、和任选的取代的多肽,其中R和R'独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基、任选取代的C3-C7环烷基、任选取代的C2-C12杂环基、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、和任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基。在一个优选的实施方案中,R6为H。在其他优选的实施方案中,R6是任选取代的C5-C12芳基。在其他优选的实施方案中,R6为任选取代的C6芳基。在进一步优选的实施方案中,R6为被一个或多个烷氧基取代的C5-C12芳基。在其他优选的实施方案中,R6为被一个或多个甲氧基取代的C5-C12芳基。在进一步优选的实施方案中,R6为被两个甲氧基取代的C6芳基。在进一步优选的实施方案中,R6为3,4-二甲氧基苯基。在其他优选的实施方案中,R6为衍生自氨基酸的基团。在其他优选的实施方案中,R6为衍生自氨基醇的基团。在进一步优选的实施方案中,R6为衍生自苯基丙氨酸的基团。
在其他实施方案中,Y和R6可以一起形成下式基团:
a)-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10
b)-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
c)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;或
d)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数。在一些实施方案中,R7为H。在一些实施方案中,R8为H。在一些实施方案中,R11为H。在一些实施方案中,R12为H。在一些实施方案中,R10选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基和叔丁基。在一些实施方案中,w为0至10的整数。在一些实施方案中,w为1。在一些实施方案中,w为2。在一些实施方案中,w为3。在一些实施方案中,R9为H或氨基酸侧链或其选自以下的衍生物 在一些实施方案中,Y和R6一起形成式-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10的基团,其中R7、R8和R10为H,R9为且w为1。
关于本文公开的式(I)化合物,考虑以下(i)至(viii)中的任何一种或多种的组合:
(i)R1为H;
(ii)R2为H;
(iii)R3为H;
(iv)R4为H;
(v)R5为H;或
R5是甲基;
(vi)L为一个键,或
L为C2亚烷基;或
L为C3亚烷基;或
L为C4亚烷基;或
L为C5亚烷基;或
L为C10亚烷基;
(vii)Y不存在;或
Y为-C(O)-NH-;或
Y为-C(O)-NH-(CH2)y-;或
Y为-C(O)-NH-(CH2)2-;或
Y为-C(O)-O-;或
Y为-C(O)-;或
Y为-S-;或
Y为-S-(CH2)2-;或
Y-O-;
(viii)R6为H;或
R6为-COOH;或
R6为-苯基;或
R6为-3,4-二甲氧基苯基;或
R6为杂芳基;或
R6为氨基酸或其衍生物;或
R6为氨基醇或其衍生物;或
Y和R6一起形成下式基团
a)-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10
b)-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
c)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;或
d)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10,
其中R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12和w如前所定义。代表性的式(I)化合物包括:
表3:代表性的式(I)化合物
式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案的盐优选是药学上可接受的,但应理解,非药学上可接受的盐也落入本发明的范围,因为这些可用作制备药学上可接受的盐的中间体。只要化合物是用于抗衰老目的,盐也可以是化妆品可接受的。
应理解,式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案及其盐可以药学上可接受的衍生物的形式存在。术语“药学上可接受的衍生物”包括式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物或其盐的药学上可接受的酯、前药、溶剂化物和水合物。药学上可接受的衍生物可包括任何药学上可接受的水合物或任何其他化合物或前药,其在施用于受试者后能够(直接或间接)提供式(I)化合物或其活性代谢物或残余物。
药学上可接受的盐包括酸加成盐、碱加成盐、和季胺盐和吡啶鎓盐。酸加成盐是由本发明化合物和药学上可接受的无机或有机酸形成,所述酸包括但不限于盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、甲磺酸、甲苯磺酸、苯磺酸、乙酸、丙酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、丙二酸、富马酸、马来酸、乳酸、水杨酸、氨基磺酸或酒石酸。季胺和吡啶鎓的反离子包括氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、硫酸盐、磷酸盐、甲磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乙酸盐、丙二酸盐、富马酸盐、氨基磺酸盐和酒石酸盐。碱加成盐包括但不限于盐,例如钠、钾、钙、锂、镁、铵和烷基铵盐。另外,碱性含氮基团可以用诸如以下试剂季铵化:低级烷基卤化物如甲基、乙基、丙基和丁基氯化物、溴化物和碘化物;二烷基硫酸酯如二甲基和二乙基硫酸酯;和其他试剂。盐可以以已知的方式制备,例如通过在合适的溶剂存在下用合适的酸或碱处理化合物。
式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案可以是结晶形式和/或作为溶剂化物(例如水合物),并且两种形式都在本发明的范围内。术语“溶剂化物”是由溶质和溶剂形成的可变化学计量的络合物。这些溶剂不应干扰溶质的生物活性。举例来说,溶剂可以是水、乙醇或乙酸。溶剂化方法通常是本领域已知的。
术语“前药”以其最广泛的含义使用,并且涵盖体内转化为本发明化合物的那些衍生物。这些衍生物是本领域技术人员容易想到的,并且包括例如其中游离羟基转化为酯衍生物或环氮原子转化为N-氧化物的化合物。酯衍生物的示例包括烷基酯、磷酸酯和由氨基酸,优选缬氨酸形成的那些。作为式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案的前药的任何化合物都在本发明的范围和精神内。
术语“药学上可接受的酯”包括式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案的生物学上可接受的酯,例如磺酸、膦酸和羧酸衍生物。
因此,在本发明的另一个方面,提供了本发明化合物或其盐的前药或药学上可接受的酯。
应理解,本发明化合物具有至少一个不对称中心,因此能够以多于一种立体异构形式存在。本发明分别延伸至这些形式中的每一种及其混合物,包括外消旋体。可以通过色谱方法或使用拆分试剂常规地分离异构体。或者,可以使用手性中间体通过不对称合成制备单独的异构体。当化合物具有至少一个碳-碳双键时,其可以以Z-和E-形式存在,其中式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案的所有异构形式包括在本发明中。
本发明还包括可能的盐或药学上可接受的衍生物,例如本发明上述实施方案的药学上可接受的酯、溶剂化物和/或前药。
在本发明的另一个方面,提供了一种药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的一种或多种前述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,包括其药学上可接受的衍生物,和任选的药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂。本发明的又一方面是一种化妆品组合物,其包含美容有效量的一种或多种前述化合物或其药学上或化妆品上可接受的盐,包括其药学上可接受的衍生物,和任选的药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂。化妆品制剂可用于改善衰老的效果,并且可被称为抗衰老制剂。
术语“组合物”旨在包括活性成分与包封材料作为载体的制剂,以得到其中活性成分(有或没有其他载体)被载体包围的胶囊。
药物组合物或制剂包括适合口服、直肠、鼻内、局部(包括口腔和舌下)、眼内、阴道或肠胃外(包括肌肉内、皮下和静脉内)施用的那些或适于通过吸入或吹入施用的形式。
因此,式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案可以与常规佐剂、载体或稀释剂一起置于药物组合物和其单位剂型的形式中,这些形式可以用作固体,例如片剂或填充的胶囊,或液体,例如溶液、悬浮液、乳液、酏剂或填充有它们的胶囊,全部用于口服,以栓剂的形式用于直肠施用,或以无菌注射溶液的形式用于肠胃外(包括皮下)使用。
这种药物组合物及其单位剂型可包含常规比例的常规成分,含或不含其他活性化合物或成分,并且这种单位剂型可含有与待使用的预期日剂量范围相当的任何合适有效量的活性成分。因此,每片含有十(10)毫克活性成分或更广泛地0.1至一百(100)毫克的制剂是合适的代表性单位剂型。
式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案可以多种口服、局部、眼内和肠胃外剂型施用。对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,以下剂型可包含式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐作为活性成分。
为了由式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案制备药物组合物,药学上可接受的载体可以是固体或液体。固体形式制剂包括粉末、片剂、丸剂、胶囊、扁囊剂、栓剂、可分散颗粒剂。固体载体可以是一种或多种物质,其也可以作为稀释剂、调味剂、增溶剂、润滑剂、悬浮剂、粘合剂、防腐剂、片剂崩解剂或包封材料。
在粉末中,载体是细碎的固体,其与细碎的活性组分混合。
在片剂中,将活性组分与具有必要结合能力的载体以合适的比例混合,并压制成所需的形状和大小。
粉末和片剂优选含有5%或10%至约70%的活性化合物。合适的载体是碳酸镁、硬脂酸镁、滑石、糖、乳糖、果胶、糊精、淀粉、明胶、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、低熔点蜡、可可脂等。术语“制剂”旨在包括活性化合物的制剂,其具有包封材料作为载体提供胶囊,其中活性组分(有或没有载体)被载体包围,因此载体与活性成分结合。同样,包括扁囊剂和锭剂。片剂、粉剂、胶囊剂、丸剂、扁囊剂和锭剂可以用作适于口服施用的固体形式。
为了制备栓剂,首先熔化低熔点蜡,例如脂肪酸甘油酯或可可脂的混合物,并通过搅拌将活性组分均匀地分散在其中。然后将熔融的均匀混合物倒入适当大小的模具中,使其冷却,由此固化。
适合于阴道施用的制剂可以作为阴道栓剂、棉塞、乳膏剂、凝胶剂、糊剂、泡沫剂或喷雾剂存在,除活性成分外还含有本领域已知的适当载体。
液体形式制剂包括溶液、悬浮液和乳液,例如水或水-丙二醇溶液。例如,肠胃外注射液体制剂可以被配制成聚乙二醇水溶液中的溶液。
无菌液体形式的组合物包括无菌溶液、悬浮液、乳液、糖浆、酏剂或无菌眼溶液。活性成分可以溶解或悬浮在药学上可接受的载体中,例如无菌水、无菌有机溶剂或两者的混合物。
因此,可以配制式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案用于肠胃外施用(例如通过注射,例如推注或连续输注),并且可以在安瓿、预填充注射器、小体积输注中的单位剂量形式存在或在具有添加的防腐剂的多剂量容器中存在。该组合物可以采取例如悬浮液、溶液或油性或水性载体中的乳液的形式,并且可以含有配制剂,例如悬浮剂、稳定剂和/或分散剂。或者,活性成分可以是粉末形式,其通过无菌分离无菌固体或通过从溶液中冷冻干燥获得,使用前用合适的载体例如无菌、无热原的水构建。
适合口服使用的水溶液可以通过将活性组分溶解在水中并根据需要加入合适的着色剂、调味剂、稳定剂和增稠剂来制备。
适于口服使用的水性悬浮液可以通过将细碎的活性组分用粘性材料如天然或合成树胶、树脂、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠或其它熟知的悬浮剂分散在水中来制备。
还包括固体形式的制剂,其旨在使用前不久被转化为用于口服施用的液体形式制剂。这种液体形式包括溶液、悬浮液和乳液。除了活性组分之外,这些制剂还可含有着色剂、调味剂、稳定剂、缓冲剂、人造和天然甜味剂、分散剂、增稠剂、增溶剂等。
对于表皮局部施用,可将根据本发明的化合物配制成软膏、乳膏或洗剂,或配制成透皮贴剂。软膏和乳膏可以例如用水性或油性基质配制,并加入合适的增稠剂和/或胶凝剂。洗剂可以用水性或油性基质配制,并且通常还含有一种或多种乳化剂、稳定剂、分散剂、悬浮剂、增稠剂或着色剂。
适于在口腔中局部施用的制剂包括在调味基质中含有活性剂的锭剂,所述调味基质通常是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶或黄蓍胶;在惰性基质中含有活性成分的锭剂,所述惰性基质如明胶和甘油或蔗糖和阿拉伯胶;和含在合适的液体载体中有活性成分的漱口水。
通过常规手段,例如用滴管、移液管或喷雾器将溶液或悬浮液直接施用于鼻腔。制剂可以单剂量或多剂量形式提供。在滴管或移液管的后者情况下,这可以通过患者施用适当的预定体积的溶液或悬浮液来实现。在喷雾的情况下,这可以例如通过计量雾化喷雾泵来实现。为了改善鼻腔递送和保留,可以用环糊精包封式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物,或者与预期增强鼻粘膜中的递送和保留的其他药剂一起配制。
对呼吸道的施用也可以通过气溶胶制剂实现,其中活性成分以加压包装提供,所述加压包装具有合适的推进剂,例如氯氟烃(CFC),例如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷或二氯四氟乙烷、二氧化碳或其他合适的气体。气溶胶可方便地还含有表面活性剂,例如卵磷脂。可以通过提供计量阀来控制药物剂量。
可选地,活性成分可以以干粉的形式提供,例如在合适的粉末基质中的化合物的粉末混合物,所述粉末基质例如乳糖、淀粉、淀粉衍生物如羟丙基甲基纤维素和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)。方便地,粉末载体将在鼻腔中形成凝胶。粉末组合物可以以单位剂量形式存在,例如在例如明胶的胶囊或药筒中,或泡罩包装中,经其粉末可以通过吸入器施用。
在旨在用于呼吸道施用的制剂,包括鼻内制剂中,化合物通常具有小的粒径,例如约5-10微米或更小。这种粒径可通过本领域已知的方法获得,例如通过微粉化。
对于眼部施用,根据本发明的化合物可以配制成无菌眼部溶液或眼部递送装置(例如促进立即释放、定时释放或持续释放的隐形眼镜等)。对于眼部施用,组合物优选为眼科组合物的形式。眼科组合物优选配制成滴眼剂制剂并填充在合适的容器中以便于对眼睛施用,例如装有合适移液管的滴管。优选地,使用纯净水,组合物是无菌的和水基的。除了本发明的化合物之外,眼科组合物可以含有下列中的一种或多种:表面活性剂;增稠剂;抗氧化剂;乙醇和其他赋形剂,例如等渗剂、缓冲剂、防腐剂和/或pH控制剂。眼科组合物的pH理想地在4至8的范围内。
当需要时,可以使用适于持续释放活性成分的制剂。此外,制剂可以是适于化妆品用途的形式,以改善衰老的作用。
药物制剂优选为单位剂型。在这种形式中,制剂被细分为含有适量活性成分的单位剂量。单位剂型可以是包装的制剂,该包装含有离散量的制剂,例如包装的片剂、胶囊和小瓶或安瓿中的粉末。此外,单位剂型可以是胶囊、片剂、扁囊剂或锭剂本身,或者它可以是适当数量的任何这些包装形式。
本发明还包括在不存在载体的情况下的式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案,其中化合物为单位剂型。
取决于化合物活性和待治疗的疾病,待施用的式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案的量可以为约10mg至2000mg/天。
用于鼻内施用的液体或粉末,用于口服施用的片剂或胶囊和用于静脉内施用的液体是优选的组合物。
式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案的药物制剂可以与一种或多种其他活性剂在联合治疗中共同施用。例如,活性化合物的药物制剂可以与一种或多种用于治疗与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病或病症的其他药剂共同施用(例如,分开、同时或依次)。例如,本发明化合物的药物制剂可以与其他线粒体保护剂或抗氧化剂化合物或调节能量代谢的组分如细胞呼吸的前体或产物共同施用。在一些实施方案中,提供了进一步包含抗糖尿病剂作为另外的活性剂的药物组合物。
此外,活性化合物的药物制剂可以共同施用(例如,分开、同时或依次)治疗、预防、改善或减少药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍。例如,活性化合物的药物制剂可以与对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的其他活性剂共同施用,以治疗、预防、改善或减少由此导致的药物或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的其他活性剂的示例包括抗病毒剂、抗癌剂、抗生素、CNS药物、高血压药、蒽环类药物、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、麻醉剂、β受体阻滞剂、抗心律失常药、抗糖尿病药、抗炎药或其他药剂。因此,设想可以与施用其他活性剂一起共同施用式(I)化合物的药物制剂以治疗、预防、改善或减少对线粒体活性或功能的负面影响。
对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗病毒剂的示例包括阿巴卡韦、去羟肌苷、恩曲他滨、恩替卡韦、恩曲他滨、拉米夫定、奈韦拉平、替比夫定、替诺福韦、替拉那韦、司他夫定、扎西他滨和齐多夫定。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗癌剂的示例包括三氧化二砷、西妥昔单抗、达卡巴嗪、地尼白介素、氟他胺、吉妥珠单抗、甲氨蝶呤、米托蒽醌、喷司他丁和他莫昔芬。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗生素的示例包括抗霉素A、异烟肼、氯霉素、乙胺丁醇、庆大霉素、酮康唑、利奈唑胺、链脲佐菌素、链霉素、妥布霉素、四环素和曲伐沙星。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的CNS药物的示例包括阿米替林、安非他明、阿托西汀、氯丙嗪、可卡因、丹曲林、地昔帕明、双丙戊酸、氟哌利多、非尔氨酯、氟哌嗪、丙咪嗪、甲基苯丙胺、纳曲酮、奈法唑酮、培高利特和丙戊酸。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的高血压药物的示例包括波生坦。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的蒽环类药物的示例包括柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星和伊达比星。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)的示例包括阿司匹林、塞来昔布、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、乙哚乙酸、非诺洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、萘普生、萘丁美酮、噁丙嗪、吡罗昔康、双水杨酯、舒林酸、硫利达嗪和托美汀。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的麻醉剂的示例包括布比卡因和异氟烷。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的β-阻断剂的示例包括阿替洛尔。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗心律失常药的示例包括胺碘酮、双异丙吡胺、多非利特和伊布利特。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗糖尿病药的示例包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗炎药的示例包括泼尼松龙、地塞米松、氢化可的松和三苯甲酮。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的其他药剂的示例包括氯碘羟喹、氰化物、六氯酚、鱼藤酮和他汀类。举例来说,设想可以与施用其他活性剂一起共同施用式(I)化合物的药物制剂以治疗、预防、改善或减少对线粒体活性或功能的负面影响。
术语“治疗有效量”是指当施用于需要这种治疗的受试者(例如哺乳动物,包括人)时,足以实现如上定义的治疗的量。治疗有效量将根据受试者和所治疗的疾病状态,病痛的严重程度和施用方式而变化,并且可以由本领域普通技术人员常规地确定。
如本文所用的术语“治疗”涵盖动物,优选哺乳动物,更优选人的病症或疾病的任何治疗,并且包括:(i)预防在受试者中发生疾病或病症,所述受试者可能易患这种疾病,但尚未被诊断为患有此疾病;(ii)抑制疾病或病症,即阻止其发展;(iii)缓解疾病或病症,即引起消退。术语“治疗”还包括美容处理,其包括非治疗的美容处理以改善衰老的影响。
本文可行的是一种治疗哺乳动物受试者的方法,其包括施用如本文定义的式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或组合物。据认为,本文可行的式(I)化合物及其药物组合物可用于预防和/或治疗与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是原发性线粒体疾病,包括但不限于利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)、显性视神经萎缩(DOA)、利氏综合征、弗里德希氏共济失调、线粒体肌病、脑肌病、乳酸性酸中毒、中风样症状(MELAS)、肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)、肌神经源性胃肠性脑肌病(MNGIE)、卡恩斯-塞尔综合征、CoQ.10缺乏症、或线粒体复合体缺乏症、神经病变、共济失调、视网膜色素变性、和上睑下垂(NARP)。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的神经退行性疾病或神经肌肉疾病,包括但不限于脊髓小脑性共济失调、共济失调性毛细血管扩张症、共济失调性动眼神经失用症1和2(AOA1和2)、癫痫发作、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、运动神经元病(MND)、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、中风/再灌注损伤、或痴呆、杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD)、贝克尔肌营养不良症(BMD)、肢带肌营养不良症(LGMD)、X连锁扩张型心肌病(XLDCM)、泛酸激酶相关的神经变性(PKAN)、脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、多发性硬化症和原发进展型多发性硬化症(PP-MS)、库格尔贝格-韦兰德病、和韦德尼希-霍夫曼病、糖尿病和耳聋(DAD)。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的代谢紊乱,包括但不限于沃尔弗拉姆综合征、非酒精性肝病(即NAFLD、NASH、肝硬化)、衰老相关的身体衰退、肥胖、超重、糖尿病、II型糖尿病、糖尿病视网膜病变和代谢综合征。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的精神疾病,包括但不限于精神分裂症、重度抑郁症、双相情感障碍、癫痫、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和昼夜节律紊乱。
在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病和病症是与线粒体功能障碍相关的炎性病症,包括但不限于溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、克罗恩病(CD)、关节炎、银屑病或类风湿性关节炎、偏头痛、干眼综合征、葡萄膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、术后炎症和急性肾损伤。在一个实施方案中,与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病或病症是衰老的影响。因此,提出本文所述的化合物通过改善线粒体功能障碍而具有抗衰老作用。
在一个实施方案中,疾病和病症由药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍引起。例如,对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的因子包括由抗病毒剂、抗癌剂、抗生素、CNS药物、高血压药、蒽环类药物、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、麻醉剂、β受体阻滞剂、抗心律失常药、抗糖尿病药、抗炎药或其他药剂引起的药物或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍。
对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗病毒剂的示例包括阿巴卡韦、去羟肌苷、恩曲他滨、恩替卡韦、恩曲他滨、拉米夫定、奈韦拉平、替比夫定、替诺福韦、替拉那韦、司他夫定、扎西他滨和齐多夫定。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗癌剂的示例包括三氧化二砷、西妥昔单抗、达卡巴嗪、地尼白介素、氟他胺、吉妥珠单抗、甲氨蝶呤、米托蒽醌、喷司他丁和他莫昔芬。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗生素的示例包括抗霉素A、异烟肼、氯霉素、乙胺丁醇、庆大霉素、酮康唑、利奈唑胺、链脲佐菌素、链霉素、妥布霉素、四环素和曲伐沙星。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的CNS药物的示例包括阿米替林、安非他明、阿莫西汀、氯丙嗪、可卡因、丹曲林、地昔帕明、双丙戊酸、氟哌利多、非尔氨酯、氟哌嗪、丙咪嗪、甲基苯丙胺、纳曲酮、奈法唑酮、培高利特和丙戊酸。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的高血压药物的示例包括波生坦。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的蒽环类药物的示例包括柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星和伊达比星。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)的示例包括阿司匹林、塞来昔布、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、乙哚乙酸、非诺洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、萘普生、萘丁美酮、噁丙嗪、吡罗昔康、双水杨酯、舒林酸、硫利达嗪和托美汀。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的麻醉剂的示例包括布比卡因和异氟烷。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的β-阻断剂的示例包括阿替洛尔。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗心律失常药的示例包括胺碘酮、双异丙吡胺、多非利特和伊布利特。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗糖尿病药的示例包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的抗炎药的示例包括泼尼松龙、地塞米松、氢化可的松和三苯甲酮。对线粒体活性或功能具有负面影响的其他药剂的示例包括氯碘羟喹、氰化物、六氯酚、鱼藤酮和他汀类。
在一个实施方案中,哺乳动物是人。
如本文所用的术语“预防(preventing)”和“预防(prophylaxis)”是指预先施用药物以避免或预先防止疾病或病症的一种或多种症状的出现。医学领域的普通技术人员认识到术语“预防”不是绝对术语。在医学领域中,应理解是指预防性施用药物以基本上减少病症的可能性或严重性或病症的症状,这是本公开内容中意图所在。如本领域的标准文本中所使用的,医师案头参考(Physician’s Desk Reference),关于病症或疾病的术语“预防(prevent)”、“预防(preventing)”和“预防(prevention)”,是指在疾病或病症本身完全显现之前避免疾病或病症的起因、影响、症状或进展。这也适用于改善衰老的影响,以减少衰老的直接影响。
关于式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物、组合物或制剂或上文提及的实施方案,术语“施用(administer)”、“施用(administering)”或“施用(administration)”是指将化合物引入需要治疗的动物系统。当本发明化合物与一种或多种其它活性剂组合提供时,“施用”及其变体各自应理解为包括同时和/或顺序引入化合物和其它活性剂。
式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案也可用于研究应用,例如体外、体内或离体实验,以调节在实验系统中的一种或多种生物标志物。这种实验系统可以是细胞样品、组织样品、细胞组分或细胞组分的混合物、部分器官、整个器官或生物体。这种研究应用可以包括但不限于,在存在/不存在一种或多种本发明化合物的情况下,用作测定试剂,阐明生物化学途径,或评估其他试剂对实验系统的代谢状态的影响。
另外,式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提到的实施方案可用于生物化学测试或测定。这种测试可包括将一种或多种式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案与来自受试者的组织或细胞样品一起孵育,以评估受试者对施用所述一种或多种化合物的潜在应答(受试者特定子集的应答),或以确定式(I)或式(Ia)化合物或上文提到的实施方案中的哪种在特定受试者或受试者子集中产生最佳效果。因此,本文可行的是一种用于鉴定式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案调节一种或多种生物标志物的活性的测定或筛选,该测定包括以下步骤:i)从一种受试者或一组受试者中获得细胞样品或组织样品,其中可以测定一种或多种生物标志物的调节;ii)将一种或多种本发明化合物施用至细胞样品或组织样品;和3)与施用一种或多种化合物之前的生物标志物的状态相比,在施用一种或多种化合物之后,定量化合物对一种或多种生物标志物的调节的影响。
本文进一步可行的是一种用于鉴定式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案调节一种或多种生物标志物的活性的测定或筛选,该测定包括以下步骤:i)从一个受试者或一组受试者中获得细胞样品或组织样品,其中可以测定一种或多种生物标志物的调节;ii)将至少两种本发明化合物施用至细胞样品或组织样品;iii)与施用至少两种化合物之前的生物标志物的状态相比,在施用至少两种化合物之后,定量化合物对一种或多种生物标志物的调节的影响,和iv)基于步骤iii)中确定的调节量,选择用于治疗、抑制或调节的化合物。
在一个实施方案中,所述生物标志物是趋化因子、细胞因子、生长因子或趋化剂。在鉴定式(I)、式(Ia)和式(Ib)化合物或上文提及的实施方案调节一种或多种生物标志物活性的方法中,可以基于一种或多种物理化学、药代动力学、生物学、和/或生理学特性选择化合物。此类性质的示例包括但不限于结合亲和力、选择性、毒性、功效、稳定性、亲脂性和/或活性,例如激动、拮抗和/或抑制。
可以通过任何适当的手段检测与生物标志物的相互作用,例如核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)、等温滴定量热法(ITC)、动态光散射(DLS)、表面等离子体共振(SPR)、双极化干涉测量(DPI)、微尺度热泳(MST)、凝胶阻滞、滤光片延迟、亲和共电泳、生物发光共振能量转移(BRET)测定、荧光共振能量转移(FRET)测定、荧光偏振(FP)测定、闪烁迫近分析法或固定到生物芯片或其他表面(包括那些与质谱检测相偶联的表面)。
后者可以通过首先将化合物固定到芯片然后添加样品来完成。可选地,可将给定的生物标志物固定在芯片上并用于筛选化合物与其结合的能力。
当然,存在任何数量的其他测定,其可用于筛选式(I)、式(Ia)或式(Ib)化合物与生物标志物之间的相互作用。另一种测定是过滤结合测定。在该测定中,用能够提供可识别信号的报道分子(例如荧光染料)标记化合物或生物标记物之一,并且允许两种分子在溶液中相互作用。然后使所得的混合物通过能够阻滞组分之一(例如化合物或生物标记物)的过滤器。
不同的化合物将与不同的生物调节剂相互作用,或者不同的调节剂将与不同的化合物相互作用或两者都可以。此外,不同的化合物可以与不同的生物调节剂受体链相互作用。因此,另一种测定涉及使用携带固定化趋化因子的亲和柱。然后使化合物通过柱子并测定化合物阻滞的存在。盐梯度适当地用于洗脱结合的化合物。
本发明考虑的测定的其他示例包括功能测定,例如全细胞测定。这种功能测定可以比结合测定提供关于测试化合物的效果更有用的信息。
如本文所用,表述“药学上可接受的盐”是指给定化合物的盐,其中所述盐适合作为药物施用。例如,这些盐可以通过酸或碱分别与氨基或羧基反应形成。
药学上可接受的碱加成盐可以由无机碱和有机碱制备。衍生自无机碱的盐包括但不限于钠、钾、锂、铵、钙和镁盐。衍生自有机碱的盐包括但不限于伯、仲和叔胺,取代的胺包括天然存在的取代的胺,和环胺,包括异丙胺、三甲胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、三丙胺、乙醇胺、2-二甲基氨基乙醇、氨丁三醇、赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、咖啡因、普鲁卡因、海巴明(hydrabamine)、胆碱、甜菜碱、乙二胺、葡糖胺、N-烷基葡糖胺、可可碱、嘌呤、哌嗪、哌啶和N-乙基哌啶的盐。还应理解,其它羧酸衍生物也是有用的,例如羧酸酰胺,包括羧酰胺、低级烷基羧酰胺、二(低级烷基)羧酰胺等。
药学上可接受的酸加成盐可以由无机酸和有机酸制备。盐衍生自无机酸包括盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等。盐衍生自有机酸包括乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、丙酮酸、草酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、水杨酸等。
术语“保护基团”是指当与化合物的一个或多个羟基、巯基、氨基或羧基结合时防止在这些基团上发生反应的任何基团,并且可以通过常规化学或酶促步骤除去保护基以重建羟基、巯基、氨基或羧基。所用的特定可除去的封闭基团并不重要,优选的可除去的羟基封端基团包括常规的取代基,如烯丙基、苄基、乙酰基、氯乙酰基、硫代苄基、亚苄基(benzylidine)、苯甲酰基(phenacyl)、叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基和任何其他可以化学引入至羟基官能团且随后在与产品性质相容的温和条件下通过化学或酶促方法选择性地除去的基团。保护基团更详细地公开在Greene和Wuts(1991),“Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis”第2版,John Wiley and Sons,N.Y。
可除去的氨基封闭基团的示例包括常规取代基,例如叔丁氧基羰基(t-BOC)、苄氧基羰基(CBZ)、芴基甲氧基羰基(FMOC)、烯丙氧基羰基(ALOC)等,其可通过与产品的性质相容的常规条件除去。
可除去的醇封闭基团的示例包括常规的取代基,例如醚(包括甲基醚、叔丁基醚、甲硅烷基醚、甲氧基甲基醚(MOM)、烯丙基醚、苄基醚)和酯类如乙酸酯(AcO-)和苯甲酸酯,其可以通过与产品性质相容的常规条件除去。
可除去的羰基或酸封闭基团的示例包括常规取代基,例如酯,包括甲酯、叔丁酯、苄酯,其可以通过与产物性质相容的常规条件除去。
“选择性”或“特异性”通常是配体对不同受体的结合偏好的量度和/或不同配体对受体的结合偏好的量度。配体对于其靶受体相对于另一种受体的选择性由Kd(即每种配体-受体复合物的解离常数)各自的值的比例给出,或者在Kd下面观察到生物学效应的情况,选择性由各EC50值(即产生与两种不同受体相互作用的配体的最大响应的50%的浓度)的比例给出。
实施例
一般合成方案和描述
为方便起见,使用众所周知的缩写表示许多化学部分,包括但不限于甲基(Me)、乙基(Et)、正丙基(nPr)、异丙基(iPr)、正丁基(nBu)、叔丁基(tBu)、正己基(nHex)、环己基(cHex)、苯基(Ph)、甲氧基(MeO)、乙氧基(EtO)、三甲基甲硅烷基(TMS)、叔丁氧基羰基(Boc)和乙酰基(Ac)。
为方便起见,使用众所周知的缩写表示许多化合物,包括但不限于甲醇(MeOH)、乙醇(EtOH)、乙醚(Et2O)、乙酸乙酯(EtOAc)、三乙胺(TEA)、二氯甲烷(氯化亚甲基,DCM)、三氟乙酸(TFA)、三氟乙醇(TFE)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、硫酸钠(Na2SO4)、四氢呋喃(THF)、间氯过氧苯甲酸(mCPBA)、六甲基二硅氮烷钠盐(NaHMDS)、O-(7-氮杂苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N′,N′-四甲基脲六氟磷酸盐(HATU)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、硫酸镁(MgSO4)、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)、叔丁醇(t-BuOH)、1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDCl.HCl)、四正丁基氟化铵(TBAF)、四正丁基溴化铵(TBAB)、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基(TBDMS)、1-羟基苯并三唑(HOBt)、反式-二氯双(三苯基膦)钯(II)(PdCl2(PPh3)2)、四(三苯基膦)钯(0)(Pd(PPh3)4)、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0)(Pd2(dba)3)、三叔丁基鏻四氟硼酸盐(t-Bu3PH.BF4)、4,5-双(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽(Xantphos)、三苯基膦(PPh3)、偶氮二羧酸二异丙酯(DIAD)、氯铬酸吡啶鎓(PCC)、硼烷二甲基硫醚(BMS)、异丙醇钛(TiOiPr4)、三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠(NaBH(OAc)3)、氰基硼氢化钠(NaBH3(CN))、硼氢化钠(NaBH4)、氯化铵(NH4Cl)、氯仿(CHCl3)、二氧化锰(MnO2)、碳酸钾(K2CO3)、1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)、叠氮化钠(NaN3)、亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)和二碳酸二叔丁酯(Boc2O)。
通用程序A:醌酸合成;银介导的自由基脱羧
将羧酸(2当量)加入到甲萘醌(1当量)的CH3CN/H2O(3:1)溶液中,并将混合物加热至75℃。向该溶液中加入AgNO3(0.1当量),然后在10分钟内缓慢加入H2O(5mL)中的(NH4)2S2O8(2.5当量)。将所得混合物再搅拌2小时。将混合物冷却至室温,用二氯甲烷萃取,有机萃取液用H2O洗涤。将有机层用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在减压下除去溶剂,得到粗产物,将其通过快速色谱法(硅胶)纯化。
通用程序B:醌酰胺偶联
在N2气氛下将醌酸(1当量)加入无水二氯甲烷(5-10ml)中并冷却至0℃。连续加入胺(1当量)、二甲基氨基吡啶(DMAP,0.1当量)、三乙胺(Et3N,2.5当量)和偶联剂(1.4当量),将反应混合物缓慢升温至室温,然后放置过夜。用H2O(20mL)淬灭反应,并用饱和KHSO4溶液、饱和NaHCO3溶液和H2O洗涤有机层。用MgSO4干燥有机层,过滤,减压除去溶剂,得到粗产物,将其通过快速色谱法(硅胶)纯化,得到纯的类似物。
通用程序C:叔丁酯脱保护方法
将叔丁基酯加入至二氯甲烷(5.0mL)中的10%TFA,将反应混合物于室温搅拌过夜,然后减压除去溶剂。获得粗产物并将其通过快速色谱法(硅胶)纯化,得到纯的类似物。
代表性实施例
如通用程序A、B和/或C中所述产生式(I)化合物的代表性实施例。
实施例1:2-(10-羟基癸基)-3-甲基-1,4-萘醌(UTA#2)
根据通用程序A,由甲萘醌(201mg,1.17mmol)和11-羟基十一烷酸(467mg,2.30mmol)制备UTA#2,并通过快速色谱法(40%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化产物,得到浅黄色固体的UTA#2,19%产率(168mg,0.511mmol),熔点74-75℃。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,300MHz):1.24–1.57(m,16H),2.17(s,3H),2.61(t,J=7.0Hz,2H),3.62(t,J=6.6Hz,2H),7.65–7.69(m,2H),8.04–8.07(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,75MHz):12.8,25.8,27.2,28.9,29.5,29.6,29.7,30.1,32.9,63.2,126.3,126.4132.3,132.4,133.4,133.5,143.3,147.7,184.9,185.5(一个碳重叠);HRMS:ForC21H28O3,预测为328.20384,实测为328.20383;MS m/z(EI+):328(M+,62),310(5),211(10),187(100),174(12)158(18);IR V最大:3525,2917,2848,1658,1618,1593,1459,1738,1327,1297,717
实施例2:4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘-2-基)-丁酸(UTA#23)
根据通用程序A,由甲萘醌(1.953g,11.34mmol)和戊二酸(3.041g,23.01mmol)制备UTA#23,并将其通过快速色谱法(硅胶,100%CH2Cl2,然后100%乙酸乙酯)纯化,得到黄色固体状的UTA#23,40%产率(1.169g,4.525mmol),熔点74-78℃。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.82(五重峰,J=7.6Hz,2H),2.20(s,3H),2.46(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.69(t,J=7.9Hz,2H),7.66–7.69(m,2H),8.04-8.06(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.84,23.57,26.41,33.89,126.43,126.50,132.24,132.28,133.61,133.62,144.15,146.27,179.39,184.77,185.36;IR V最大:3064,2938,2359,2340,1706,1699,1695,1658,1616,1595,1412,1379,1325,1295,1260,717,692,66
实施例3:25-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)戊酸(UTA#67)
根据通用程序A,由甲萘醌(2.1636g,12.566mmol)和己二酸(3.7242g,25.484mmol)制备UTA#67,并通过快速色谱法(100%二氯甲烷,然后100%乙酸乙酯)纯化产物,得到结晶黄色固体状的UTA#67,78%产率(2.6528g,9.7422mmol),熔点66-70℃。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.49–1.57(m,2H),1.70–1.77(m,2H),2.17(s,3H),2.40(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.64(t,J=7.9Hz,2H),7.66–7.68(m,2H),8.03–8.05(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.7,24.9,26.7,28.1,33.8,126.3,126.4,132.20,132.21,133.4,133.5,143.5,146.8,179.6,184.7,185.3;IR V最大:2939,1705,1658,1618,1595,1379,1327,1294,1261,715
实施例4:4-(1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酸(UTA#59)
根据通用程序A,由萘醌(1.9989g,12.64mmol)和戊二酸(0.8354mg,6.323mmol)制备UTA#59,并通过Reveleris(注册商标)X2自动快速色谱系统纯化产物(洗脱液:己烷中的0-80%乙酸乙酯梯度,柱:Reveleris(注册商标)硅胶24g,流速:18mL/分钟),得到棕色固体状的UTA#59,42%产率(0.6546g,2.680mmol),熔点120-122℃。
1H NMRδ(CD3OD,400MHz):1.90(五重峰,J=7.6Hz,2H),2.39(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.62(td,J=7.6,1.1Hz,2H),6.85(t,J=1.2Hz,1H),7.78–7.80(m,2H),8.02–8.04(m,1H),8.07–8.10(m,1H);13C NMRδ(CD3OD,100MHz):24.4,30.0,34.3,126.8,127.4,133.4,133.7,134.8,134.9,136.0,152.4,186.1,186.3(一个碳缺失或重叠);IR V最大:2956,1699,1660,1620,1953,1417,1327,1303,1265,1143,783,661
实施例5:(R)-甲基-2(4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰氨基)-3-苯基丙酸酯(UTA#35)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(107.7mg,0.4170mmol)和(R)-苯丙氨酸甲酯(90.4mg,0.4193mmol)制备UTA#35。通过Reveleris(注册商标)X2自动快速色谱系统(洗脱液:梯度100%己烷-100%乙酸乙酯,柱:Reveleris(注册商标)硅胶4g,流速:18mL/分钟)纯化产物,得到黄色油状的UTA#35,29%产率(51.3mg,0.1223mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.80(五重峰,J=8.2Hz,2H),2.20(s,3H),2.29(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.65(t,J=7.9,2H),3.15(qd,J=14.0,6.0Hz,2H),3.74(s,3H),6.11(d,J=7.8,1H),4.92(q,J=6.1Hz,1H),7.12–7.14(m,2H),7.24–7.31(m,3H),7.70–7.72(m,2H),8.07–8.10(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.9,24.3,26.4,23.9,38.1,52.5,53.2,126.4,126.5,127.3 128.7(2个碳),129.4(2个碳),132.2,132.3,133.5,133.6,136.1,144.2,146.4,172.0,172.3,184.9,185.3;HRMS:For C25H25N1O5,预测为419.17327,实测为419.17403;MS m/z(EI+):419(M+,45),241(100),197(50),162(100),120(45);IR V最大:3371,3293,2951,1745,1652,1596,1538,1436,1378,1329,1295,1215,717
实施例6:(S)-叔丁基-2-(4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰氨基)-3-苯基丙酸酯(UTA#36)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(504.2mg,1.9522mmol)和L-苯丙氨酸叔丁酯.HCl(489.4mg,1.90223mmol)制备UTA#36,并通过快速色谱法纯化产物(40%乙酸乙酯/己烷),得到黄色油状的UTA#36,36%产率(317.3mg,0.6875mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.40(s,9H),1.78(五重峰,J=7.8Hz,2H),2.17(s,3H),2.27(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),2.62(t,J=8.0Hz,2H),3.04–3.13(m,2H),4.77(q,J=6.2Hz,1H),6.09(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.14–7.27(m,5H),7.66–7.69(m,2H),8.04–8.07(m,2H)
13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.8,24.3,26.3,28.0(3个碳),36.1,38.2,53.5,82.4,126.3,126.4,127.0,128.4(2个碳),129.5(2个碳),132.21,132.26,133.4,133.5,136.3,144.0,146.4,170.9,171.8,184.8,185.3;[α]D 20:+36.24°(c 0.91,CHCl3);IR V最大:3420,2978,1732,1658,1595,1525,1367,1329,1294,1257,1226,1155,700
实施例7:(S)-叔丁基-1-(4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰基)吡咯烷-2-羧酸酯(UTA#42)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(196.9mg,0.7623mmol)和L-脯氨酸叔丁酯.HCl(139.5mg,0.6716mmol)制备UTA#42,并通过快速色谱法(60%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化产物,得到黄色油状的UTA#42,53%产率(145.8mg,0.3543mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.44(s,9H),1.82–1.88(m,2H),1.90–1.96(m,2H),2.04–2.13(m,2H),2.21(s,3H),2.36–2.48(m,2H),2.67–2.71(m,2H),3.47–3.52(m,1H),3.59–3.64(m,1H),4.37(dd,J=8.5,3.9Hz,1H),7.66–7.68(m,2H),8.03–8.07(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.8,23.7,24.7,26.5,28.0(3个碳),29.3,34.1,47.1,59.5,81.2,126.2(2个碳),132.23,132.26,133.3(2个碳),144.0,146.7,171.0,171.6,184.7,185.3;[α]D 20:+48.70°(c 0.97,CHCl3);IR V最大:2976,2935,1735,1654,1618,1595,1456,1425,1367,1294,1153,719
实施例8:N-(2-(1H-吲哚-3-基)乙基)-4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰胺(UTA#73)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(193.9mg,0.7507mmol)和色胺(123.5mg,0.7708mmol)制备UTA#73,并通过快速色谱法(80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化产物,得到棕色粘性油状的UTA#73,42%产率(127.3mg,0.3178mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.77(五重峰,J=7.6Hz,2H),2.14(s,3H),2.22(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),2.59(t,J=7.9Hz,2H),2.97(t,J=6.8Hz,2H),3.61(q,J=6.2Hz,2H),6.13(t,J=5.2Hz,1H),7.01(bs,1H),7.04–7.08(m,1H),7.11–7.15(m,1H),7.32(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.56(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.64–7.67(m,2H),7.99–8.04(m,2H),8.69(bs,1H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.7,24.3,25.2,26.3,36.1,39.9,111.4,112.7,118.6,119.3,122.0,122.2,126.2(2个碳),127.3,132.02,132.09,133.42,133.47,136.4,143.9,146.2,172.6,184.8,185.1;IR V最大:3392,3294,2935,1705,1653,1595,1527,1458,1332,1296,740,715
实施例9:N-(4-羟基苯乙基)-4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰胺(UTA#74)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(235.6mg,0.9122mmol)和酪胺(119.0mg,0.8675mmol)制备UTA#74,并通过快速色谱法(80%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化产物,得到黄色固体状的UTA#74,33%产率(108.9mg,0.2885mmol),熔点116-118℃。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.76(五重峰,J=7.5Hz,2H),2.12(s,3H),2.24(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.56–2.60(m,2H),2.71(t,J=7.0Hz,2H),3.47(q,J=6.4Hz,2H),6.22(t,J=5.5Hz,1H),6.75(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),6.96(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.62–7.65(m,2H),7.97–8.00(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.7,24.4,16.3,34.7,36.1,41.1,115.7(2个碳),126.3(2个碳),129.8(2个碳),129.9,132.0,132.1,133.53,133.59,144.2,146.2,155.3,173.1,185.0,185.2;IR V最大:3365,3306,2935,1654,1616,1595,1541,1516,1375,1330,1296,715
实施例10:N-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙基)-4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰胺(UTA#77)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(187.5mg,0.7260mmol)和3,4-二甲氧基苯基乙胺(146.6mg,0.8088mmol)制备UTA#77,并通过快速色谱法(90%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化产物,得到淡橙色结晶固体状的UTA#77,38%产率(117.0mg,0.2776mmol),熔点105-108℃。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.77(五重峰,J=7.7Hz,2H),2.16(S,3H),2.22(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.60(t,J=8.0Hz,2H),2.74(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),3.48(q,J=6.5Hz,2H),3.79(s,3H),3.81(s,3H),5.94(t,J=5.6Hz,1H),6.68–6.76(m,3H),7.63–7.66(m,2H),7.98–8.02(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.7,24.3,26.3,35.2,36.1,40.7,55.8,55.9,111.4,111.9,120.7,126.25,126.29,131.4,132.0,132.1,133.4,133.5,144.0,146.2,147.7,149.0,172.3,184.8,185.1.;IR V最大:3377,3296,2935,2656,1595,1516,1462,1329,1294,1261,1236,1157,1141,1028,717
实施例12:(S)-N-(1-羟基-3-苯基丙烷-2-基)-4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰胺(UTA#62)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(133.5mg,5169mmol)和L-苯丙氨醇(76.4mg,0.5053mmol)制备UTA#62,并通过快速色谱法(100%乙酸乙酯)纯化产物,得到黄色/橙色油状的UTA#62,49%产率(97.7mg,0.2496mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.70–1.78(m,2H),2.15(s,3H),2.25(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.55(t,J=8.0Hz,2H),2.83–2.94(m,2H),3.03(bs,1H),3.59(dd,J=11.2,5.4Hz,1H),3.71(dd,J=11.2,3.8Hz,1H),4.21–4.29(m,1H),6.31(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.15–7.27(m,5H),7.64–7.69(m,2H),8.00–8.05(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.7,24.3,26.2,36.2,37.0,52.9,64.1,126.35,126.36,126.6,128.6(2个碳),129.2(2个碳),132.0,132.1,133.5,133.6,137.9,144.2,146.2,173.1,185.12,185.13;[α]D 20:-21.33°(c 1.57,CHCl3);IR V最大:3369,3296,2933,1658,1595,1539,1456,1377,1330,1296,1043,717,702
实施例13:(S)-2-(4-(2-(羟甲基)吡咯烷-1-基)-4-氧代丁基)-3-甲基-1,4-萘醌(UTA#61)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#23(116.8mg,0.4522mmol)和L-脯氨醇(159.1mg,0.7587mmol)制备UTA#61,并通过快速色谱法(100%乙酸乙酯)纯化产物,得到黄色油状的UTA#61,36%产率(49.8mg,1459mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.60(五重峰,J=6.2Hz,2H),1.82–2.02(m,6H),2.21(s,3H),2.39(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.67–2.72(m,2H),3.50–3.55(m,1H),3.66(dd,J=11.3,2.8Hz,1H),4.15–4.22(m,1H),7.66–7.68(m,2H),8.03–8.07(m,2H).;13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.8,23.6,24.5,26.4,28.3,34.6,48.1,61.2,67.3,126.33,126.37,132.1,132.2,133.4,133.5,144.1,146.6,173.6,184.9,185.3;[α]D 20:-35.12°(c 0.41,CHCl3);IR V最大:3367,2953,2877,1695,1654,1616,1595,1454,1329,1296,1047,732,719
实施例14:(S)-叔丁基2-(4-(1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰氨基)-3-苯基丙酸酯(UTA#116)
根据通用程序B,由UTA#59(29.5mg,0.1208mmol)和L-苯丙氨酸叔丁酯.HCl(34.8mg,0.1353mmol)制备UTA#116,并通过Reveleris(注册商标)X2自动快速色谱系统(洗脱液:梯度100%正己烷-80%乙酸乙酯,柱:硅胶4g,流速:18mL/分钟)纯化产物,得到棕色油状的UTA#116,20%产率(10.9mg,0.0243mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.43(s,9H),1.91(五重峰,J=7.6Hz,2H),2.29(td,J=7.5,2.9Hz,2H),2.56–2.60(m,2H),3.10–3.14(M,2H),4.76–4.81(M,1H),6.03(d,J=7.3Hz,1H),7.16-6 7.31(m,5H),7.74–7.76(m,2H),8.07–8.12(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):23.9,28.1(3个碳),29.1,35.8,38.2,53.5,82.5,126.2,126.7,127.1,128.5(2个碳),129.6(2个碳),132.2,132.3,133.7,133.8,135.3,136.3,150.9,170.9,172.5,185.1,185.2;[α]D 20:+38.46°(c 0.39,CHCl3);IR V最大:3309,2978,2931,1732,1662,1595,1525,1367,1301,1259,1153,700。UTA#116可任选地在3位(R5)处甲基化。
实施例15:(S)-2-(4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰氨基)-3-苯基丙酸(UTA#37)
使用通用程序C,通过UTA#36(317.3mg,0.6875mmol)的脱保护制备UTA#37。通过快速色谱法(5%甲醇/乙酸乙酯)纯化产物,得到棕色粘性油状的UTA#37,79%产率(219.6mg,0.5416mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.72–1.79(m,2H),2.14(s,3H),2.29(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.58(t,J=7.8Hz,2H),3.12(dd,J=14.0,7.0Hz,1H),3.26(dd,J=14.1,5.4Hz,1H),4.90(m,1H),6.54(d,J=7.7Hz,1H),7.17–7.28(m,5H),7.66–7.69(m,2H),8.02–8.05(m,2H),8.92(bs,1H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.8,24.2,26.2,35.8,37.3,53.4,126.4(2个碳),127.2,128.7(2个碳),129.4(2个碳),132.0,132.2,133.5,133.6,135.9,144.3,146.2,173.5,174.7,185.1,185.2;[α]D 20:+35.83°(c 0.24,CHCl3);IR V最大:3491,2931,1716,1660,1616,1595,1521,1456,1332,1296,1267,1217,702
实施例16:(S)-1-(4-(3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)丁酰基)吡咯烷-2-羧酸(UTA#43)
使用通用程序C,通过UTA#42(113.8mg,0.2766mmol)的脱保护制备UTA#43。通过快速色谱法(3%甲醇/乙酸乙酯)纯化产物,得到棕色粘性油状的UTA#43,65%产率(63.9mg,0.1798mmol)。
1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):1.82–1.90(m,2H),2.02–2.08(m,2H),2.21(s,3H),2.13–2.33(m,2H),2.45–2/50(m,2H),.68–2.72(m,2H),3.49–3.53(m,1H),3.60-3.63(m,1H),4.55–4.58(m,1H),7.53bs,1H),7.68–7.07(m,2H),8.04–8.08(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):12.8,23.3,24.8,26.4,28.0,34.1,47.8,59.7,126.34,126.38,132.1,132.2,133.51,133.56,144.2,146.3,173.4,173.9,184.8,185.3;[α]D 20:-65.80°(c 1.69,CHCl3);IR V最大:2976,2956,1732,1658,1616,1595,1456,1329,1294,1188,717
实施例17:3-((3-甲基-1,4-萘醌-2-基)硫基)丙酸(UTA#46)
将3-巯基丙酸(1.4mL,10.829mmol)加入至甲萘醌(535.8mg,3.1119mmol)的甲醇(50mL)和2-丙醇(40mL)的溶液中,并将反应混合物于室温搅拌24小时。减压除去溶剂,再溶解在二氯甲烷中,用10%硫酸铜溶液(2x 25mL)和H2O(3x 25mL)洗涤。有机层用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并在减压下除去溶剂,得到粗产物,将其通过快速色谱法(30%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化,得到红色固体油状的UTA#46,48%产率(387.4mg,1.4021mmol)。光谱数据与文献[9]报道一致。1H NMRδ(CDCl3,400MHz):2.34(s,3H),2.75(t,J=7.0Hz,2H),3.42(t,J=7.0Hz,2H),7.69–7.71(m,2H),8.06–8.09(m,2H);13C NMRδ(CDCl3,100MHz):15.4,28.9,35.4,126.7,126.9,132.1,132.9,133.5,133.8,145.8,147.6,176.2,181.3,182.2
药代动力学/生物学实施例
实施例18:急性ATP拯救测定(在线粒体功能受损的条件下)
线粒体病症的特征在于线粒体功能受损,其通常表现为ATP的较低线粒体合成。这种能量危机被视为细胞损伤和最终细胞死亡的主要原因。因此,改善与线粒体功能受损相关的异常能量状态对于使细胞和组织功能正常化是必要的。
将HepG2细胞以每孔5000个细胞的密度接种在96孔板中,并在含有0.3g/l葡萄糖、10%FBS和青霉素-链霉素-谷氨酰胺的DMEM中孵育24小时。在存在或不存在鱼藤酮(10μM)的情况下,在无葡萄糖的DMEM中用1μM醌处理细胞60分钟,使用来自荧光素酶对荧光素的ATP依赖性酶促氧化的发光来定量ATP水平。于室温(RT),在40μl体积(4mM EDTA,0.2%Triton X-100)中,在轨道振荡器上,将细胞以200rpm裂解5分钟。在96孔板中,100μl ATP测量缓冲液(25mM HEPES pH 7.25、300μM D-荧光素、5μg/ml萤火虫荧光素酶、75μMDTT、6.25mM MgCL2、625μM EDTA和1mg/ml BSA)与10μl裂解物合并以开始反应。使用多模式读板仪(Fluoroscan Ascent,Thermo Scientific)立即定量发光。使用商业BCA分析(ProteinDC;BioRad)将ATP水平标准化为蛋白质水平,并且将变化计算为相对于DMSO处理的对照细胞水平的百分比。数据表示为与未处理(无-鱼藤酮)对照相比的ATP%。数据代表平均值±S.D.,3个独立实验,每个实验有6个重复孔(n=6)。
代表性的式(I)化合物的ATP拯救程度如下表4所示。维生素K、甲萘醌和艾地苯醌用作比较对照。DMSO用作对照。
表4:ATP拯救测定
改变的线粒体功能(例如线粒体病症)可导致细胞ATP水平的消耗。如表4中突出显示的,代表性的式(I)化合物在线粒体功能受损的条件下显著地拯救ATP水平,而比较化合物维生素K和甲萘醌没有表现出作用或表现出轻微的作用。
实施例19:在线粒体抑制剂存在下拯救细胞活力
通过ATP产生的减少和活性氧物质的产生增加,线粒体功能障碍导致细胞存活显著降低。因此,如式(I)或式(Ia)化合物或上文提及的实施方案所见,改善的能量供应应该保护细胞对抗线粒体功能障碍的活力。
在线粒体毒素鱼藤酮的存在下定量萘醌对HepG2细胞的细胞保护作用。简而言之,在含有0.3g/l葡萄糖、10%FBS和青霉素-链霉素-谷氨酰胺的DMEM中,将HepG2细胞以5000个细胞/孔接种在96孔板中。在标准条件下孵育过夜后,用测试化合物(10μM)处理细胞2天,然后在Hank氏平衡盐溶液(HBSS)中在10μM测试化合物存在下用1μM鱼藤酮攻击细胞6小时。然后在HBSS中仅用10μM测试化合物再孵育18小时。为了测量细胞活力,将细胞用100μL PBS洗涤两次,然后,于室温(RT),在轨道振荡器上,使用40μL裂解溶液(4mM EDTA,0.2%TritonX-100)以200rpm裂解5分钟。然后,在白色96孔板中将10μL裂解物与90μL酶-底物混合物(如上所述)混合,并立即使用读板仪(Fluoroscan Ascent,Thermo Scientific)测量发光。数据表示为与未处理(无-鱼藤酮)对照相比的活力%。数据代表平均值±S.D.,3个独立实验,每个实验有6个重复孔(n=6)。
代表性的式(I)化合物对抗鱼藤酮攻击的细胞活力的保护程度如下表5所示。维生素K、甲萘醌和艾地苯醌用作比较对照。DMSO用作对照。
表5:细胞活力测定
化合物编号 | 活力[%] |
载体对照(仅DMSO) | 6.6 |
维生素K | 14.5 |
甲萘醌 | 64.0 |
艾地苯醌 | 66.2 |
37 | 100.3 |
43 | 92.7 |
46 | 80.5 |
54 | 98.7 |
61 | 100.7 |
62 | 93.1 |
72 | 90.7 |
73 | 86.2 |
74 | 91.7 |
77 | 95.9 |
80 | 87.6 |
81 | 83.8 |
88 | 91.8 |
89 | 85.2 |
91 | 82 |
95 | 86.1 |
97 | 84.8 |
115 | 80.8 |
117 | 80.3 |
如表5中突出显示的,在线粒体功能受损的条件下,特别是当与对比化合物甲萘醌和艾地苯醌相比时,代表性的式(I)化合物显著改善对细胞活力的保护。比较化合物维生素K没有表现出保护作用。
实施例20:在线粒体抑制剂存在下的细胞活力
在(10μM),体外进一步检查代表性的式(I)化合物响应鱼藤酮毒性的细胞保护作用。在与实施例19相似的条件下,在线粒体毒素鱼藤酮的存在下,在HepG2细胞中评估代表性化合物。用代表性的式(I)化合物(10μM)处理细胞2天,然后用10μM鱼藤酮攻击细胞。
如图1中突出显示的,在线粒体功能受损的条件下,代表性的式(I)化合物显著改善细胞活力。将代表性的式(I)萘醌化合物(标记为N)与相应的苯醌(B)或质体醌(C)衍生物进行比较。尽管在L、Y、R5、R6处包含相同的取代基,但是等量的苯醌(B)或质体醌(P)衍生物显示出比相应的式(I)萘醌总体更低的细胞保护活性。
如图2中突出显示的,与艾地苯醌(虚线,~65%活力)相比,23种化合物(白色圆圈)显示出显著改善的细胞保护活性。在仅暴露于鱼藤酮的细胞中,活力从100%(黑色虚线,100%活力)下降至低于30%(虚线,<30%活力)。
代表性的式(I)化合物对抗鱼藤酮攻击的细胞活力总结于下表6中,对应于图2中的数据。维生素K、甲萘醌和艾地苯醌用作比较对照。
表6:细胞活力[%][10uM]HepG2
实施例21:在线粒体抑制剂存在下的ATP拯救
在(10μM),体外进一步检测代表性的式(I)化合物响应鱼藤酮毒性的ATP拯救程度。在与实施例18相似的条件下,在线粒体毒素鱼藤酮的存在下,在HepG2细胞中评估代表性化合物。用代表性的式(I)化合物(10μM)处理细胞2天,然后用10μM鱼藤酮攻击细胞。
如图3中突出显示的,在鱼藤酮存在下,与艾地苯醌(紫色虚线)相比,7种化合物(白色圆圈)显著增加细胞ATP水平。在仅暴露于鱼藤酮的细胞中,活力从100%(黑色虚线,100%活力)下降至低于30%(虚线,<30%活力)。所有化合物均在10μM下测试。
代表性的式(I)化合物对抗鱼藤酮攻击的ATP拯救总结于下表7中,对应于图2中的数据。维生素K、甲萘醌和艾地苯醌用作比较对照。
表7:ATP拯救%[10uM]HepG2
实施例22:对细胞外乳酸盐水平的影响
线粒体功能障碍和随后减少的ATP产生通常通过增加的糖酵解由细胞来补偿以维持ATP水平。然而,这通常还与糖酵解副产物乳酸盐的增加有关。较高浓度的乳酸盐酸化介质并在体外和体内变得有毒(称为乳酸酸中毒)。因此,测试化合物导致乳酸盐水平降低表明线粒体功能得到改善。
通过酶联比色测定法确定培养介质中的乳酸盐浓度。简言之,将150,000个HepG2细胞接种在6孔板(Life Science,USA)的每个孔中的正常生长介质(DMEM,10%FCS,Pen/Strep)中,并孵育24小时。用含有(25mM葡萄糖),含有和不含测试化合物的生长介质替换介质。仅含有细胞的三个未处理的孔被认为是实验基线对照,并且同时在三个不同的孔中测试所有化合物。48小时后收集上清液并转移到96孔格式中。加入90μl反应缓冲液(10mMKH2PO4pH 7.8、1mg/ml BSA、0.5mM PMS、2mM EDTA、0.6mM DCPIP、0.8mM NAD+、5U/ml谷氨酸盐-丙酮酸盐-转氨酶、1.5mM谷氨酸盐、12.5U/ml乳酸盐脱氢酶)之后,将板于30℃在多模式读板仪(Multiscan Go,Thermo Scientific)内孵育,并在100分钟内在600nm测量吸光度。使用掺入已知乳酸盐浓度的介质产生标准曲线。最后,定量蛋白质水平,并将每个孔的乳酸盐浓度标准化为其蛋白质含量,然后表示为对照的%。
在细胞培养介质中由本发明的测试化合物和比较化合物维生素K、甲萘醌和艾地苯醌导致的乳酸盐降低的程度如下表6所示。
表8:对乳酸盐水平的影响
如表6中突出显示的,代表性的式(I)化合物显著降低了乳酸盐的产生,这表明线粒体功能得到改善。发现比较化合物甲萘醌和艾地苯醌相反地增加了乳酸盐浓度。比较化合物维生素K仅表现出轻微但不显著的作用。
实施例23:体内毒性
代表性的式(I)化合物在体内的毒性是在肝细胞中。具体地,对于10μM的代表性的式(I)化合物,在14天的时间内评估了在HepG2细胞中使用集落形成测定法评估的长期毒性。艾地苯醌用作比较对照(10μM)。如图5中突出显示的,本发明的代表性化合物表现出与艾地苯醌相似的体外毒性。
实施例24:利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)模型中的活性
在利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)小鼠模型中评估代表性的式(I)化合物的功效。LHON是一种罕见的遗传性线粒体病症,其特征在于视敏度的快速丧失和颜色对比敏感性导致失明。LHON是由线粒体DNA(mtDNA)突变引起的,其中三种所谓的原发mtDNA突变占所有LHON病例的95%以上。
如Heitz等人2012年所述,在C57BL/6小鼠模型中通过玻璃体内注射鱼藤酮进入左眼来诱导LHON模型。在观察期内以200mg/kg施用代表性化合物(UTA 37和UTA 77)和艾地苯醌。通过评估转头数来测量视觉损失。
根据澳大利亚对于使用科学目的的动物的规范并在塔斯马尼亚州大学(UTAS)动物伦理委员会批准的必需的动物伦理(批准号A0016080)下,使用C57BL/6小鼠(雄性,8-11周龄,平均体重≈25g)。使动物适应动物设施至少七天,以在用于行为测试之前减少由运输引起的应激。如前所述(Heitz,F.D.等人(2012).PLoS One.,7(9),e45182),通过将测试化合物混合到单独的每日食物部分中,口服提供给所有小鼠测试化合物。为了控制药物摄入,将小鼠单独笼养并提供包括房屋和垫底材料、小玩具、高压灭菌卫生纸、用于啃咬的小木棍和玻璃弹珠的富足环境,以提供自然行为的机会。在眼内注射线粒体毒素鱼藤酮之前,用200mg/kg体重的测试化合物预处理所有小鼠(每组n=10-11)持续7天,然后在研究期的剩余时间内持续处理。用食品粉末配制测试化合物,以产生每天一次放入笼子中的单独份量。简言之,将测试化合物(20mg/ml)于4℃在500ml 0.5%羧甲基纤维素(CMC)溶液中搅拌过夜。向37.5ml CMC溶液中,混合入41.25g蔗糖、371.25g食品粉末和0.5%CMC溶液以制备食品糊状物,将其等分(5.5g份量)在加重托盘中并单独储存于-20℃。在整个研究中确保了随意供应额外的食物颗粒和水。为了诱导线粒体功能障碍诱导的视力丧失,将小鼠用5%异氟烷(600ml/分钟氧气)麻醉,在手术期间将其减少至2%异氟烷(300ml/分钟氧气)。在眼内注射之前和之后,用无菌盐水浸泡的棉签用于清洁眼睛周围的区域。对于玻璃体内注射,使用31号针刺穿巩膜,轻轻按摩眼睛以除去少量玻璃体,以防止随后的眼内压升高。然后,使用适合于10μl汉密尔顿注射器(眼内注射试剂盒,World Precision Instruments,USA)的33号针将1μl鱼藤酮(5mM在二甲基亚砜中)注射到左眼的玻璃体腔室中。右眼作为内部对照。将针尖插入眼睛的上半球,在睫状体平坦部的水平,并以45°角穿过巩膜进入玻璃体。这种施用途径避免了视网膜脱离或眼睛结构(包括晶状体和虹膜)受伤。然后使小鼠在加热垫上恢复,然后返回其家笼。在手术后7天,每天一次仔细检查注射的眼睛的炎症迹象。如前所述(Heitz等人,2012年),使用视动反应每周重复测试小鼠的视敏度。将小鼠置于由具有垂直黑白条纹(1cm厚度)的机动鼓(直径30cm)包围的小平台上。在对系统进行10分钟的适应期后,通过在每个方向上以2转/分钟顺时针和逆时针旋转条纹两分钟并且在两个旋转之间间隔30秒来进行视敏度测试。用数字摄像机记录小鼠的行为,用于随后对头部跟踪运动进行评分。视频材料的所有分析都是以研究者的盲法方式进行的。在观察期结束时,用腹膜内戊巴比妥钠(110mg/kg体重)对所有小鼠进行最终麻醉。
与艾地苯醌对照相比,用代表性的式(I)化合物的治疗导致视力的体内保护增加。如图5中突出显示的,用代表性化合物UTA 37和UTA 77观察到显著的视敏度保护,但在该浓度用艾地苯醌没有观察到该保护(在图5中标记为R)。
实施例25:糖尿病视网膜病变模型中的活性
糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是与患有糖尿病的患者中的慢性高血糖症相关的并发症。在化学诱导的糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠模型中评估本发明化合物的活性,其中链脲佐菌素(STZ)的施用诱导了Long Evans大鼠的疾病发展。在用代表性的式(I)化合物处理后,分别检查血糖应答和视敏度。
使用30周龄的雄性Long-Evans大鼠;平均体重≈400g。将大鼠以三个一组于21±2℃圈养,12小时-12小时光-暗循环。在整个研究过程中随意提供食物和水。如前所述(Premilovac D,等人(2017)Sci Rep.7(1)pp.14158)诱导2型糖尿病,其结合了高脂肪饮食(HFD;引起肥胖相关的胰岛素抵抗)和渗透微型泵递送链脲佐菌素(STZ)以减少产生β细胞的胰岛素数量。该组合控制了所得高血糖水平,同时保留肥胖,胰岛素抗性表型,这是人类2型糖尿病的典型表现。
在前4周,在通过外科手术植入渗透微型泵之前,监测体重、血糖水平、水摄入和视敏度。一旦血糖水平达到20mM,就移除泵。在初次手术后5周内,检测到视敏度显著下降。对于视敏度测试,要确定视动反应(OKR)。将大鼠置于由具有垂直黑白条纹(6.11cm厚度)的机动鼓(直径70cm)包围的小平台上。在对系统进行10分钟的适应期后,通过在每个方向上以2.61转/分钟顺时针和逆时针旋转条纹两分钟并且在两个旋转之间间隔30秒来进行视敏度测试,以评估左眼和右眼的视敏度。用数字摄像机记录大鼠的行为,用于随后对头部跟踪运动进行评分。视频材料的所有分析都是以研究者盲法方式进行的。
将糖尿病大鼠(n=3-10)随机分成4个不同的研究组
1、没有干预;
2、用艾地苯醌处理;
3、用UTA 37处理,
4、用UTA 77处理。
将测试化合物溶解于滴眼液(5%泰洛沙泊、5%矿物油在66mM柠檬酸盐缓冲液中pH 7.4)中,艾地苯醌浓度为10mg/ml,UTA37浓度为4.6mg/ml,UTA77浓度为7.36mg/ml。从第14周起,糖尿病大鼠的右眼每天一次用含有测试化合物的滴眼液处理(施用体积约50μl)。左眼(未处理的眼睛)作为内部对照。在观察期结束时(第21周),使所有动物安乐死并收集组织。
如图6中突出显示的,在第4周后植入链脲佐菌素(STZ)(125mg/kg)渗透压泵导致Long Evans大鼠中的血糖水平快速升高。与对照大鼠相比,每日施用一次包含艾地苯醌、UTA37和UTA77中任一种的滴眼剂没有显著改变全身血糖水平。
如图7中突出显示的,在19周的时间段内使用Long Evans大鼠的左眼和右眼的视动反应来评估视敏度。在第4周链脲佐菌素(STZ)的施用显著损伤反射性头部运动持续9周。在第14周,每天一次施用含有代表性的式(I)化合物的滴眼剂。式(I)化合物在糖尿病视网膜病变模型中是有效的。具体地,如通过视动反应测量的,每日一次施用代表性的式(I)化合物部分恢复用STZ损伤后的视敏度,表明这些化合物可有效治疗与糖尿病相关的继发性并发症,包括与糖尿病相关的眼部并发症。
实施例26:结肠炎模型中的活性
溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是胃肠道(通常在结肠和直肠中)的慢性炎症的一种形式。症状包括伴有或不伴有粘液的血性腹泻、直肠紧迫感、里急后重、腹痛、体重减轻、疲劳和肠外表现。葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的结肠炎模型被认为是人溃疡性结肠炎的相关小鼠模型。
通过施用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)在小鼠中化学诱导结肠炎。在用代表性的式(I)化合物UTA77处理后,体重(参见图8)、粪便硬度(参见图9)、粪便的血液含量(参见图10)和一般疾病活动指数(参见图11)均被评估。
使用雌性C57BL/6小鼠,7-8周龄,平均体重≈17g。将小鼠随机分为三个不同的组:
1、没用DSS的健康对照组,
2、用DSS的对照组,
3、用DSS和测试化合物处理的组(每组n=5)。
在一周的初始适应期内每天评估小鼠的体重(图8)。所有小鼠均未禁食,并随意获取食物和饮用水(高压灭菌的自来水)。用食品粉末(200mg/kg体重)配制代表性的式(I)化合物,以产生每天一次放入笼中的单独份量。将代表性的式(I)化合物(20mg/ml)于4℃在500ml 0.5%羧甲基纤维素(CMC)溶液中搅拌过夜。向37.5ml CMC溶液,混合入41.25g蔗糖、371.25g食品粉末和0.5%CMC溶液以制备食品糊状物,将其等分(2.2g份量)在加重托盘中并单独储存于-20℃。通过从第0天至第7天(终止日)在小鼠的饮用水中补充2.5%w/v的葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS,MW=36,000-50,000,结肠炎等级,MP Biomedicals,USA)来诱导结肠炎。在第0天,将所有小鼠称重并检查粪便硬度和潜血,然后将它们暴露于DSS和测试化合物。对照动物仅供应不含DSS的高压灭菌饮用水和正常食物颗粒,而从第0天至第7天向DSS处理组提供2.5%自来水中的DSS。所有对照组也提供2.2g不含测试化合物的食品糊状物。药物处理组的动物从第0天至第7天接受200mg/kg测试化合物,所述测试化合物在含有2.5%的DSS水溶液的食品糊状物中。每天记录体重(参见图8)、粪便硬度(参见图9)、粪便的血液含量(参见图10)。根据下面表9的评分计算疾病活动指数(DAI)(图11)。每个参数独立评分,并且所有这三个参数均已添加以计算DAI。
表9:用于疾病活动指数(DAI)计算的参数分数
分数 | 粪便硬度 | 粪便中的血液 | 重量减轻 |
0 | 标准粒 | 潜血检测试纸阴性 | 0 |
1 | 软但成形的 | 潜血检测试纸阳性 | 1-5% |
2 | 松软便 | 视觉上存在血液 | 6-10% |
3 | 水样便 | 严重出血 | 11-15% |
与DSS对照相比,用UTA77处理的小鼠表现出降低的疾病活动、改善的粪便和血便的减少。此外,在处理期间,用UTA77处理的小鼠表现出比DSS对照更少的体重减轻。
Claims (33)
1.一种式(Ia)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R5选自H和任选取代的C1-C6烷基,
L为任选取代的C1-C20亚烷基,
Y为二价连接子,其选自任选取代的-C(O)-NR-、-C(O)-NR-(CH2)y-、-C(O)-O-、-C(O)-、-(CH2)y-S-(CH2)z-、-(CH2)y-O-(CH2)z-,其中y和z各自为独立地选自0、1、2、3和4的整数;
R6选自H、-COOR、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基、任选取代的C1-C6烷醇氨基、任选取代的氨基酸,
或Y和R6一起形成选自以下的基团:
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;
-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数;
R和R’独立地为H、任选取代的C1-C6烷基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其为式(Ib)化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R5选自H和甲基,
R6选自H、-COOR、-OH、任选取代的C5-C12芳基、任选取代的C2-C12杂芳基,
R为H或任选取代的C1-C6烷基;
每次出现的R13独立地选自H、任选取代的苯基、和任选取代的苄基,
n为选自1、2、3、4和5的整数,和
m为选自0、1、2和3的整数。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中Y为-C(O)-NH-(CH2)y-,其中y为选自0、1、2、3和4的整数,优选2。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物,其中R6为任选取代的C5-C12芳基,优选任选取代的C6芳基。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的化合物,其中R6为二甲氧基苯基,优选3,4-二甲氧基苯基。
6.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中Y和R6一起形成下式基团:
a)-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(O)]w-OR10;
b)-C(O)-[NR7-C(R8)(R9)-C(R11)(R12)]w-OR10;
其中每次出现的R7、R8、R10、R11和R12为H或C1-C6烷基;每次出现的R9独立地选自H和氨基酸侧链或其衍生物;且w为0至20的整数。
7.根据权利要求6所述的化合物,其中R7和R8为H。
8.根据权利要求6或权利要求7所述的化合物,其中R11和R12为H。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的化合物,其中R10选自H、甲基、乙基、丙基、叔丁基。
10.根据权利要求6至9中任一项所述的化合物,其中R9为H或氨基酸侧链或其选自以下的衍生物:
11.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L为C1-C20亚烷基。
12.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中L选自L为C2亚烷基、C3亚烷基、C4亚烷基、C5亚烷基和C10亚烷基。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的化合物,其中R1、R2、R3和R4各自为H。
14.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R5为H或C1-C6烷基。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的化合物,其中R5为甲基。
16.一种化合物,其选自:
17.一种药物组合物,其包含根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的化合物。
18.根据权利要求17所述的药物组合物,其还包含另外的活性剂。
19.根据权利要求18所述的药物组合物,其中所述另外的活性剂为抗糖尿病剂。
20.一种治疗或预防与线粒体功能障碍有关的疾病或病症的方法,其包括向有此需要的人施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物或根据权利要求17至19中任一项所述的药物组合物。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述与线粒体功能障碍有关的疾病或病症选自利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)、显性视神经萎缩(DOA)、利氏综合征、弗里德希氏共济失调、线粒体肌病、脑肌病、乳酸中毒、中风样症状(MELAS)、肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)、肌神经源性胃肠性脑肌病(MNGIE)、卡恩斯-塞尔综合征、CoQ.10缺乏症、线粒体复合体缺乏症、神经病变、共济失调、视网膜色素变性、和上睑下垂(NARP)、脊髓小脑性共济失调、共济失调性毛细血管扩张症、共济失调性动眼神经失用症1和2(AOA1和2)、癫痫发作、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、运动神经元疾病(MND)、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、中风/再灌注损伤、或痴呆、杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD)、贝克氏肌营养不良症(BMD)、肢带型肌营养不良症(LGMD)、X连锁扩张型心肌病(XLDCM)、泛酸激酶相关的神经变性(PKAN)、脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、多发性硬化症、原发进展型多发性硬化症(PP-MS)、库格尔贝格-韦兰德病、韦德尼希-霍夫曼病、糖尿病和耳聋(DAD)、沃尔弗拉姆综合征、非酒精性肝病、衰老相关的身体衰退、肥胖、超重、糖尿病、II型糖尿病、糖尿病视网膜病变、代谢综合征、精神分裂症、重度抑郁症、双相情感障碍、癫痫、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、昼夜节律紊乱、溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、克罗恩病(CD)、关节炎、银屑病或类风湿性关节炎、偏头痛、干眼综合征、葡萄膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、术后炎症和急性肾损伤。
22.一种治疗或预防药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍的方法,其包括向有此需要的人施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物或或根据权利要求17至19中任一项所述的药物组合物。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述线粒体功能障碍是由使用抗病毒剂、抗癌剂、抗生素、CNS药物、高血压药、蒽环类药物、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、麻醉剂、β受体阻滞剂、抗心律失常药、抗糖尿病药、抗炎药或其他药剂引起的药物诱导的线粒体功能障碍。
24.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物在制备用于治疗或预防与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病或病症的药物中的用途。
25.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物在制备用于改善衰老效果的化妆品中的用途。
26.根据权利要求25所述的用途,其中所述与线粒体功能障碍相关的疾病或病症选自利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)、显性视神经萎缩(DOA)、利氏综合征、弗里德希氏共济失调、线粒体肌病、脑肌病、乳酸中毒、中风样症状(MELAS)、肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)、肌神经源性胃肠性脑肌病(MNGIE)、卡恩斯-塞尔综合征、CoQ.10缺乏症、线粒体复合体缺乏症、神经病变、共济失调、视网膜色素变性、和上睑下垂(NARP)、脊髓小脑性共济失调、共济失调性毛细血管扩张症、共济失调性动眼神经失用症1和2(AOA1和2)、癫痫发作、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、运动神经元疾病(MND)、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、中风/再灌注损伤、或痴呆、杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD)、贝克氏肌营养不良症(BMD)、肢带型肌营养不良症(LGMD)、X连锁扩张型心肌病(XLDCM)、泛酸激酶相关的神经变性(PKAN)、脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、多发性硬化症、原发进展型多发性硬化症(PP-MS)、库格尔贝格-韦兰德病、韦德尼希-霍夫曼病、糖尿病和耳聋(DAD)、沃尔弗拉姆综合征、非酒精性肝病、衰老相关的身体衰退、肥胖、超重、糖尿病、II型糖尿病、糖尿病视网膜病变、代谢综合征、精神分裂症、重度抑郁症、双相情感障碍、癫痫、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、昼夜节律紊乱、溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、克罗恩病(CD)、关节炎、银屑病或类风湿性关节炎、偏头痛、干眼综合征、葡萄膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、术后炎症和急性肾损伤。
27.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物在制备用于治疗或预防药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍的药物中的用途。
28.根据权利要求27所述的用途,其中所述线粒体功能障碍是由使用抗病毒剂、抗癌剂、抗生素、CNS药物、高血压药、蒽环类药物、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、麻醉剂、β受体阻滞剂、抗心律失常药、抗糖尿病药、抗炎药或其他药剂引起的药物诱导的线粒体功能障碍。
29.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物,其用于治疗或预防与线粒体功能障碍有关的疾病或病症的用途。
30.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物,其用作抗衰老治疗剂的用途。
31.根据权利要求30所述的用途的化合物,其中所述与线粒体功能障碍有关的疾病或病症选自利伯氏遗传性视神经病变(LHON)、显性视神经萎缩(DOA)、利氏综合征、弗里德希氏共济失调、线粒体肌病、脑肌病、乳酸中毒、中风样症状(MELAS)、肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维(MERRF)、肌神经源性胃肠性脑肌病(MNGIE)、卡恩斯-塞尔综合征、CoQ.10缺乏症、线粒体复合体缺乏症、神经病变、共济失调、视网膜色素变性、和上睑下垂(NARP)、脊髓小脑性共济失调、共济失调性毛细血管扩张症、共济失调性动眼神经失用症1和2(AOA1和2)、癫痫发作、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、运动神经元疾病(MND)、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、中风/再灌注损伤、或痴呆、杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD)、贝克氏肌营养不良症(BMD)、肢带型肌营养不良症(LGMD)、X连锁扩张型心肌病(XLDCM)、泛酸激酶相关的神经变性(PKAN)、脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、多发性硬化症、原发进展型多发性硬化症(PP-MS)、库格尔贝格-韦兰德病、韦德尼希-霍夫曼病、糖尿病和耳聋(DAD)、沃尔弗拉姆综合征、非酒精性肝病、衰老相关的身体衰退、肥胖、超重、糖尿病、II型糖尿病、糖尿病视网膜病变、代谢综合征、精神分裂症、重度抑郁症、双相情感障碍、癫痫、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、昼夜节律紊乱、溃疡性结肠炎(UC)、克罗恩病(CD)、关节炎、银屑病或类风湿性关节炎、偏头痛、干眼综合征、葡萄膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、术后炎症和急性肾损伤。
32.用于治疗或预防药物诱导的或环境诱导的线粒体功能障碍的根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的化合物。
33.根据权利要求32所述的化合物,其中所述线粒体功能障碍是由使用抗病毒剂、抗癌剂、抗生素、CNS药物、高血压药、蒽环类药物、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、麻醉剂、β受体阻滞剂、抗心律失常药、抗糖尿病药、抗炎药或其他药剂引起的药物诱导的线粒体功能障碍。
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