CN110574274A - 用于操控整流器的方法、用于整流器的控制设备和整流器 - Google Patents

用于操控整流器的方法、用于整流器的控制设备和整流器 Download PDF

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CN110574274A
CN110574274A CN201880029163.9A CN201880029163A CN110574274A CN 110574274 A CN110574274 A CN 110574274A CN 201880029163 A CN201880029163 A CN 201880029163A CN 110574274 A CN110574274 A CN 110574274A
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rectifier
time
pwm clock
electrical
phase
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CN110574274B (zh
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T.默克尔
F.马尔肖
M.希尔施
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/02Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit
    • B60L15/06Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit using substantially sinusoidal ac
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/02Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit
    • B60L15/08Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit using pulses
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/219Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/14Electronic commutators
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2210/00Converter types
    • B60L2210/40DC to AC converters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/427Voltage
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/525Temperature of converter or components thereof
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/526Operating parameters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/80Time limits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • H02M1/0054Transistor switching losses
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/327Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection against abnormal temperatures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • H02M7/5395Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2209/00Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the waveform of the supplied voltage or current
    • H02P2209/09PWM with fixed limited number of pulses per period
    • H02P2209/095One pulse per half period
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract

本发明涉及对具有多个电相的整流器的操控。在这种情况下,在至少一个电相中,在经脉冲宽度调制的操控的两个连续的周期内,接通时长彼此合并,也就是说在第一PWM时钟内,接通时长被迁移到PWM时钟的结尾,而在接下来的PWM时钟内,接通时长被迁移到PWM时钟的开端。因此,在两个连续的PWM时钟之间不必进行开关过程。经此,可以将开关损耗降低到最低限度并且因此将整流器的加热降低到最低限度。

Description

用于操控整流器的方法、用于整流器的控制设备和整流器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于操控整流器的方法、一种用于整流器的控制设备和一种整流器。本发明尤其涉及对整流器的操控,用于优化在整流器中的温度分布。
背景技术
出版文献DE 10 2007 018 829 A1公开了一种用于操控功率开关单元的方法和设备。为了保护功率开关单元以防热过载,提出了功率开关单元的温度基准参量,依据该温度基准参量的随时间的变化过程,确定功率开关单元的运行阶段期间的温度上升,而且紧接着将功率开关单元的损耗功率限制为使得温度上升不超过预先给定的极限值。
在电驱动系统中,通常由前置的整流器来给电机供应电能。这种整流器包括多个半导体开关元件,借助于这些半导体开关元件,可以调节所连接的电机的电流和/或电压。在这种情况下,开关元件例如借助于脉冲宽度调制方法来操控。常见的调制方法例如是空间矢量调制、正弦调制、平顶调制(Fiat-Top)或平底调制(Flat-Bottom)。在此,通常在正常运行时所有开关元件都均衡地被操控。在此,在运行期间应注意:不超过针对开关元件的负荷预先给定的极限值、诸如最大温度或者诸如此类的。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种具有专利权利要求1的特征的用于控制整流器的方法、一种具有专利权利要求7的特征的用于经脉冲宽度调制的整流器的控制设备和一种具有专利权利要求8的特征的电整流器。
因此规定:
一种用于控制具有多个电相的整流器的方法。该方法包括如下步骤:确定在时间网格内对整流器的电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的脉冲的接通时长的占空比。时间网格通过经脉冲宽度调制的操控的PWM时钟的单元来形成。该方法还包括如下步骤:调整用于对电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点。对于第一电相来说,在第一PWM时钟内,接通时长被移动到第一PWM时钟的结尾。在跟随第一PWM时钟的第二PWM时钟内,第一电相的接通时长被移动到第二PWM时钟的开端,而且其中电相的占空比对应于所确定的占空比。
此外规定:
一种用于具有多个电相的经脉冲宽度调制的整流器的控制设备。该控制设备包括如下控制装置,该控制装置被设计为:确定在时间网格内对整流器的电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的脉冲的接通时长的占空比。时间网格通过经脉冲宽度调制的操控的PWM时钟的单元来形成。该控制装置还被设计为:调整用于对电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点。为此,对于第一电相来说,在第一PWM时钟内,将接通时长转移到第一PWM时钟的结尾,而在跟随第一PWM时钟的第二PWM时钟内,将第一电相的接通时长设置到第二PWM时钟的开端,而且其中电相的占空比对应于所确定的占空比。
此外规定:
一种具有多个半桥和一个按照本发明的控制设备的电整流器。这些半桥中的每个半桥分别包括第一开关元件和第二开关元件。该控制设备被设计为:根据控制信号来操控半桥的第一开关元件和第二开关元件,这些控制信号是通过由该控制设备调整的用于经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点来调整的。
本发明的优点
本发明所基于的认识在于:整流器中的开关元件的开关过程与开关损耗相关联。这些开关损耗可能导致开关元件以及因此整个整流器的加热。如果由于该加热,在整流器中以及尤其是在整流器的开关元件上的温度接近最大运行温度,或者超过该最大运行温度,则必须降低整流器的功率。否则,进一步的温度上升可能导致器件、尤其是在整流器中的开关元件的提前老化或者甚至可能导致器件、尤其是在整流器中的开关元件的损坏。
因而,本发明所基于的想法在于:考虑该认识并且降低开关损耗以及整流器的与之相关联的加热。为此规定:利用使开关损耗降低的开关模式来操控整流器的开关元件。尤其是规定:调整经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点,使得至少在多相整流器的一个电相中可以减少开关过程的数目。
对于在多相整流器的一个电相中的开关过程的这种减少而规定:对于至少一个相来说,在经脉冲宽度调制的操控的两个连续的时钟周期内使接通时长彼此连接。为此,例如在经脉冲宽度调制的操控的第一时钟内,该时钟的接通时长可以完全被置于该时钟的结尾。在接下来的时钟内,接通时长可以完全被置于该时钟的开端。因此,在这两个连续的时钟之间不必进行额外的开关过程。以这种方式,在这两个时钟期间,在相对应的相中至少有时只需要在常规操控的情况下的开关过程的一半的开关过程。因此,开关损耗以及借此与之相关联的能量也降低,该能量在相对应的相中被转化并且导致整流器的加热。以这种方式可以优化在整流器中的各个相的温度分布。
因此,通过移动接通和关断时间点,在一个电相中,两个连续的脉冲“合并”,而在其它电相中,全部单独的脉冲都作为分开的脉冲出现。在此,对于外部观察者来说,得到如下印象:具有“合并的”脉冲的相与其余的电相相比以降低的、尤其是以减半的时钟频率来运行。
在这种情况下,术语“时钟或者PWM时钟”表示常规的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的周期的时长。这是周期时长,在该周期时长内,常规的经脉冲宽度调制的操控分别被接通和关断一次。在这种情况下,按照本发明的对在这些电相中的至少一个电相内的两个连续的脉冲的连接可以被视为周期时长的虚拟的加倍以及因此在相对应的电相中的开关频率的减半。因而,在本说明书中,选择了如下术语“PWM时钟”,该术语“PWM时钟”涉及基本的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的周期时长。经此,应该避免不清楚或者与所得到的(虚拟)周期性的可能的混淆。
通过相对应的操控,整流器将不那么剧烈地被加热,使得通过整流器可以提供更高的电功率,而不超过所容许的最大运行温度。
按照一个实施方式,第一电相包括占空比最大的相,在该第一电相中在两个连续的PWM时钟内将接通时间组合在一起。经此,可以实现特别长时间的连贯的接通时长。
按照一个实施方式,在用于调整接通时间点和关断时间点的步骤中,在第一PWM时钟内,将其它电相与第一电相一起接通。此外,在第二PWM时钟内,可以将其它电相与第一电相一起关断。以这种方式,可以实现对整流器的多个电相的特别高效的操控。在这种情况下,还可以使用相同的电压表,其中可以实现比在没有同步的接通和关断过程的情况下更小的电流纹波。
按照一个实施方式,该方法包括如下步骤:检测在整流器中的温度和/或温度分布。在这种情况下,调整接通时间点和关断时间点可以根据所检测到的温度和/或所检测到的温度分布来实施。通过考虑在整流器中的温度或温度分布,可以针对在整流器中的尽可能均匀的温度分布来调整接通时间点和关断时间点。
按照一个实施方式,对温度和/或温度分布的检测包括:以传感器技术来检测在整流器中的至少一个温度。通过温度传感器可以实现对在整流器中的温度或温度分布的简单的并且高效的检测。
按照一个实施方式,对温度和/或温度分布的检测包括:计算温度和/或温度分布。通过计算整流器中的温度或温度分布,可以实现对温度或温度分布的简单的并且成本低廉的确定,而这并不需要较高的硬件花费。
只要合理,上面的设计方案和扩展方案就可以彼此任意地组合。本发明的其它设计方案、扩展方案和实现方案也包括本发明的之前或者在下文关于实施例所描述的特征的没有明确提到的组合。在此,本领域技术人员尤其是也将把单个方面作为改进方案和补充方案添加到本发明的相应的基本形式。
附图说明
随后,依据在附图的示意图中说明的实施例进一步阐述本发明。在此:
图1示出了按照一个实施方式的具有整流器的电驱动系统的示意图;
图2示出了对整流器的常规的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的操控信号的示意图;
图3示出了按照一个实施方式的对整流器的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的操控信号的示意图;
图4示出了按照另一实施方式的对整流器的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的操控信号的示意图;
图5示出了三相交变电压的示意图,如其可按照一个实施方式由整流器提供的那样;而
图6示出了如按照一个实施方式的用于操控多相整流器的方法所基于的流程图的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了按照一个实施方式的具有整流器1的电驱动系统的示意图。整流器在输入侧由电能量源2来馈电。例如,该电能量源2可以是电池组,尤其例如可以是电动车辆或混合动力车辆的牵引电池组。整流器在输出侧与电机3电耦合。整流器根据在输入侧提供的电压、这里例如是直流电压生成多相交变电压,而且在输出侧针对电机3提供该多相交变电压。在这里所示出的实施例以及进一步的描述的情况下,电机3借助于三相交变电压来操控。然而,本发明并不限于三相交变电压。此外,整流器1也可以提供任意的多相交变电压、尤其是具有超过三个相的交变电压,以便操控电机3。
在该示例中,整流器1包括三个半桥11、12、13,这三个半桥具有各一个上方的开关元件M1至M3和各一个下方的开关元件M4至M6。在此,整流器1的开关元件M1至M6由控制设备4借助于适合的控制信号来操控,以便从输入电压产生所需的多相输出电压。为此,半桥11至13的各个开关元件M1至M6例如可以由控制设备4的控制装置15借助于经脉冲宽度调制的信号来操控。在常规的运行模式下,半桥11至13的各个开关元件M1至M6在此通常均衡地被操控,使得在输出侧提供三相交变电压。
在整流器1的运行期间,各个组件、尤其是开关元件M1至M6将发热。为了排出在此形成的热量,整流器1例如可以经由冷却设备(这里未示出)将热能从开关元件M1至M6排出。为此,例如可以使用空气或者冷却液,作为冷却剂。在冷却剂在各个开关元件M1至M6旁边流过期间,冷却剂被加热。如果冷却剂例如首先在第一半桥11的开关元件M1和M4旁边流过而且紧接着在第二半桥的开关元件M2和M5旁边流过以及最后在第三半桥的开关元件M3和M6旁边流过,则这可能导致:第一半桥11的开关元件M1和M4比其它开关元件M2、M3、M5和M6冷却得更剧烈。这可能导致:不那么剧烈地被冷却的开关元件、尤其是第三半桥13的开关元件M3和M6更剧烈地加热。
图2示出了如例如之前所描述的整流器可基于的常规的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的操控信号的示意图。为了操控半桥11至13的开关元件M1至M6,上方的开关元件M1至M3例如可以基于这里所示出的开关模式来操控。半桥11至13的下方的开关元件M4至M6可以利用相对应的互补的开关模式来操控。对于各个开关元件M1至M6的经脉冲宽度调制的操控来说,例如可以预先给定固定的周期时长T。例如,可以选择具有为100μs的周期时长T的PWM时钟,作为用于经脉冲宽度调制的操控的网格。但是,此外,其它周期时长也是可能的。在这里示出的常规示例中,在时间网格T之内的每个PWM时钟的接通时间都在时间上居中地布置。因此,首先将接通时长最长的相W接通。紧接着,将具有中间的接通时长的相V接通,而且最后将接通时长最短的相U接通。相对应地,首先关断接通时长最短的相U,紧接着关断具有中间的接通时长的相V,而最后关断接通时长最长的相W。因此,在每个相的每个PWM时钟内都得到一个接通过程和一个关断过程,其中全部接通过程和关断过程都在不同的时间点进行。因而,总计得到在不同的时间点的分别具有开关损耗的六个开关过程。
图3示出了按照本发明的一个实施方式的对整流器1的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的操控信号的示意图。如在这种情况下能看出:针对相对应的接通时间的各个脉冲在相应的相中相对于常规操控被移动。在此,尤其是在这些相中的至少一个相内,在两个连续的PWM时钟内,接通时间被移动为使得两个连续的PWM时钟的接通周期/接通时长彼此“合并”。换言之,在第一PWM时钟I内,接通周期完全被移动到第一PWM时钟I的结尾。在紧接着第一PWM时钟I的第二PWM时钟II,在相同的相中,接通周期完全被移动到第二PWM时钟II的开端。这导致:在第一PWM时钟I与第二PWM时钟II之间,不需要用于关断和再次接通的开关过程。因此,仅须在第一PWM时钟I内接通一次,而在接下来的第二PWM时钟II内才重新关断。这对应于以常规操控的时钟频率的二分之一来操控相对应的相。
在按照图3的实施例中,相U和V的接通时间和关断时间被移动了与相W相同的步长。此外,必要时也可以移动整流器1的其它相U和V的接通时间和/或关断时间。如果其它相也会以相同的方式相对应地被移动,则这会对应于用于经脉冲宽度调制的操控的时钟频率的完全减半。
此外,然而也可能的是:在整流器1的其它相U、V中维持原来的时钟频率。在这种情况下,如在图4中示出的那样,例如可以在第一PWM时钟I内针对所有相的接通选择共同的时间点t1。如果如这里所示出的那样首先一起接通全部三个相,则接着首先重新关断接通时间最短的相U。紧接着,具有中间的接通时间的相V被关断。接通时间最长的相W的关断时间点与第一PWM时钟I的结束同时发生,使得这里不需要进行关断,因为在跟随第一PWM时钟I的第二PWM时钟II内,接通时长已完全被移动到了第二PWM时钟II的开端。接着,在进一步的进展中,将具有中间的接通时长的相V接通,而最后也将接通时长最短的相U接通。紧接着,在时间点t2可以一起关断全部三个相。在该第二PWM时钟II结束之后,可以再次紧接着第一PWM时钟I,在该第一PWM时钟内,如之前所描述的那样进行操控。
这里所示出的示例仅仅用于更好的理解,在该示例中,相W具有接通时间最长的相。当然,本发明也能相对应地被用于其中与相W不同的相的接通时间最长的操控。
为了使所有相减轻负荷,可以根据之前所描述的方法分别交替地移动接通时间,其中分别将在两个连续的PWM时钟内的接通时长最长的相组合成一个整体。为此,例如可以在要由整流器1输出的交变电压的电周期期间分别合并在该相中连续的PWM时钟,在该相中出现开关元件M1至M6的最长的接通时间。
图5示出了三相交变电压的示意图,在该示意图中,接通时间最长的部分区域分别通过垂直虚线来表征。在没有划阴影线的部分区域内,对于开关元件来说应考虑接通时间最长的相U。相V或W的接通时间最长的部分区域通过相对应的阴影线来表征。
替选地,也可能的是:只在上文所描述的时间区间的部分区域上应用对连续的接通时间的合并,而在其余的时间区间内以常规的方式来操控开关元件,也就是说不将连续的时钟的接通时间合并。
如果例如借助于温度传感器(17)和/或整流器1的热响应的建模确定了在整流器1中出现不均匀的温度分布,则也可能的是:只将之前所描述的方法应用于其中已经确定有最高的加热的那个相。在这种情况下,必要时也可以在一个或多个其它相内进行常规操控。以这种方式,可以使特别剧烈加热的相承受不那么大的负荷,以便必要时在整流器1中建立较均匀的温度分布。此外,其它标准、诸如各个开关元件M1至M6的被计算出的或以传感器技术检测到的老化,或者其它标准也可能一并影响对各个开关元件M1至M6的操控特性的选择。
图6示出了如之前描述的用于控制具有多个电相的整流器1的方法所基于的示意图。在步骤S1中,确定在时间网格中对整流器1的相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的占空比。时间网格通过经脉冲宽度调制的操控的PWM时钟的单元来形成。在之前描述的图2至4中,该网格通过周期时长T来预先给定。时间网格例如可以是100μs,或者也可具有任意的不同于此的周期时长。
在步骤S2中,调整用于对相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点。尤其是,在这种情况下可以如之前所描述的那样来进行调整,使得在至少一个电相中,在两个连续的PWM时钟内,接通时间彼此合并。除了这里所描述的用于将在两个连续的PWM时钟内的接通时长组合的措施之外,还补充性地必要时也可能的是其它用于减轻整流器1中的各个开关元件或各个半桥的负荷的措施。尤其也可能的是:必要时调整经脉冲宽度调制的操控的时钟频率;或者进行其它用于减轻各个开关元件或半桥的负荷的措施。
概括来说,本发明涉及对具有多个电相的整流器的操控。在这种情况下,在至少一个电相中,在经脉冲宽度调制的操控的两个连续的周期内,接通时长彼此合并,也就是说在第一PWM时钟内,接通时长被迁移到PWM时钟的结尾,而在接下来的PWM时钟内,接通时长被迁移到PWM时钟的开端。因此,在两个连续的PWM时钟之间不必进行开关过程。经此,可以将开关损耗降低到最低限度并且因此将整流器的加热降低到最低限度。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于控制具有多个电相的整流器(1)的方法,
所述方法具有如下步骤:
确定(S1)在时间网格内对所述整流器(1)的电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的脉冲的接通时长的占空比,其中所述时间网格通过经脉冲宽度调制的操控的PWM时钟(I、II)的单元来形成;以及
调整(S2)用于对所述电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点,其中对于第一电相来说,在第一PWM时钟(I)内,接通时长完全被调整到所述第一PWM时钟(I)的结尾,而在跟随所述第一PWM时钟(I)的第二PWM时钟(II)内,所述第一电相的接通时长被调整到所述第二PWM时钟(II)的开端,而且其中所述电相的占空比对应于所确定的占空比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述整流器(1)的第一电相包括占空比最大的电相。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在用于调整接通时间点和关断时间点的步骤(S2)中,所述整流器(1)的其它电相在所述第一PWM时钟(I)内与所述第一电相一起被接通,并且在所述第二PWM时钟(II)内,所述其它电相与所述第一电相一起被关断。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一所述的方法,所述方法具有如下步骤:检测在所述整流器(1)中的温度和/或温度分布;
其中实施如下步骤(S2):根据所检测到的温度和/或温度分布来调整接通时间点和关断时间点。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中对温度和/或温度分布的检测包括:以传感器技术来检测在所述整流器(1)中的至少一个温度。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其中对温度和/或温度分布的检测包括:计算温度和/或温度分布。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一所述的方法,所述方法具有如下步骤(S3):根据针对所述整流器(1)的电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控来调整的接通时间点和关断时间点来操控所述整流器(1)。
8.一种用于具有多个电相的经脉冲宽度调制的整流器(1)的控制设备(4),所述控制设备具有:
控制装置,所述控制装置被设计为:确定在时间网格内对所述整流器(1)的电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的脉冲的接通时长的占空比,其中所述时间网格通过经脉冲宽度调制的操控的PWM时钟(I、II)的单元来形成;而且所述控制装置被设计为:调整用于对所述电相的经脉冲宽度调制的操控的接通时间点和关断时间点,其中对于第一电相来说,在第一PWM时钟(I)内,接通时长完全被调整到所述第一PWM时钟(I)的结尾,而在跟随所述第一PWM时钟(I)的第二PWM时钟(II)内,所述第一电相的接通时长被调整到所述第二PWM时钟(II)的开端,而且其中所述电相的占空比对应于所确定的占空比。
9. 一种电整流器(1),所述电整流器具有:
多个半桥(11、12、13),所述多个半桥分别包括第一开关元件(M1、M2、M3)和第二开关元件(M4、M5、M6);和
根据权利要求8所述的控制设备(4),
其中所述控制设备(4)被设计为:根据所调整的接通时间点和所调整的关断时间点来操控所述半桥(11、12、13)的第一开关元件(M1、M2、M3)和第二开关元件(M4、M5、M6)。
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