CN110564403A - 一种多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229960000484 ceftazidime Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- BTJIUGUIPKRLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 BTJIUGUIPKRLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dinitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- NMVPEQXCMGEDNH-TZVUEUGBSA-N ceftazidime pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.S([C@@H]1[C@@H](C(N1C=1C([O-])=O)=O)NC(=O)\C(=N/OC(C)(C)C(O)=O)C=2N=C(N)SC=2)CC=1C[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 NMVPEQXCMGEDNH-TZVUEUGBSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004042 HAuCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- CDAWCLOXVUBKRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminophenol Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1O CDAWCLOXVUBKRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JWAZRIHNYRIHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 JWAZRIHNYRIHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PLIKAWJENQZMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-aminophenol Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PLIKAWJENQZMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 6
- IQUPABOKLQSFBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O IQUPABOKLQSFBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229940018563 3-aminophenol Drugs 0.000 description 3
- RTZZCYNQPHTPPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 RTZZCYNQPHTPPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CTENFNNZBMHDDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dopamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 CTENFNNZBMHDDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229950011260 betanaphthol Drugs 0.000 description 3
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960001149 dopamine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229960005489 paracetamol Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012421 spiking Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 2-nitrophenol (ONP) Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000695 excitation spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 101150113720 aunc gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001917 fluorescence detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法及其应用,属于分析化学技术领域。本发明的技术方案要点为:首先用头孢他啶作为还原剂和保护剂合成了一种新型金纳米簇,并用多巴胺对该金纳米簇进行功能化最终得到多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇,基于该多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇构建的荧光测定体系能够特异性响应对硝基酚和2,4‑二硝基酚。本发明所述的多巴胺功能化金纳米簇合成方法简便、反应条件温和且荧光性能优异,基于该多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇构建的荧光测定体系能够特异性响应对硝基酚和2,4‑二硝基酚,而且常见酚类对测定几乎没有干扰,在检测对硝基酚和2,4‑二硝基酚方面具有实质性的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于分析化学技术领域,具体涉及一种多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
作为一种新型荧光材料,金纳米簇由于其独特的性质引起了广大研究者的兴趣。新型荧光材料的研发多集中在金纳米簇的制备和应用方面。然而,金纳米簇也暴露了发射光谱相似、功能单一的不足,无法满足其在荧光检测等应用领域方面更高的要求。
发明内容
本发明解决的技术问题是提供了一种合成方法简便、条件温和且荧光性能优异的多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法,该方法首先用头孢他啶(CAZ)作为还原剂和保护剂合成了一种新型金纳米簇,并用多巴胺对该金纳米簇进行功能化最终得到多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇。基于该多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇构建的荧光测定体系能够特异性响应对硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚。
本发明为解决上述技术问题采用如下技术方案,一种多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤为:
步骤S1:AuNCs@CAZ的制备,将0.5mL、24.28mM HAuCl4溶液置于100mL夹套烧杯中,加入6.1mL、2mM头孢他啶CAZ并加入超纯水3.4mL,于85℃搅拌反应5h,再用0.45μm的亲水PTFE针式过滤器过滤,并用1kDa透析袋透析,制得的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ置于4℃冰箱中避光保存备用;
步骤S2:AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的制备,取5mL步骤S1得到的AuNCs@CAZ置于100mL夹套烧杯中,加入5mL、pH=7的BR缓冲溶液和3mL的无水乙醇并加入超纯水7mL,于60℃反应20min后加入10mg盐酸多巴胺DA,5h后停止反应,溶液在10000rpm下离心20min,除去上清液,将得到的固体AuNCs@CAZ@PDA重新分散在20mL超纯水中,置于4℃冰箱中暗处保存备用。
本发明所述的多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇在测定对硝基酚浓度中的应用,其特征在于具体过程为:取2mL多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL、pH=9的PB缓冲溶液,再加入待测对硝基酚进行混合,定容至4.00mL,于30℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度,对硝基酚的线性浓度范围在0.75-50μM之间,回归方程为y=-7.8994x+586.68,相关系数R2=0.9913,检出限LOD为0.59μM,对加入对硝基酚浓度为25μM平行测定11次,相对标准偏差为1.33%。
本发明所述的多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇在测定2,4-二硝基酚浓度中的应用,其特征在于具体过程为:取2mL多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL、pH=9的PB缓冲溶液,再加入待测2,4-二硝基酚进行混合,定容至4.00mL,于30 ℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度,2,4-二硝基酚的线性浓度范围在1-60μM之间,回归方程为y=-7.3805x+713.46,相关系数R2=0.9921,检出限LOD为0.63μM,对加入2,4-二硝基酚浓度为30μM平行测定11次,相对标准偏差分别为2.16%。
本发明所述的多巴胺功能化金纳米簇合成方法简便、反应条件温和且荧光性能优异,基于该多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇构建的荧光测定体系能够特异性响应对硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚,而且常见酚类对测定几乎没有干扰,在检测对硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚方面具有实质性的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是pH对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。
图2是光照时间对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。
图3是放置时间对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。
图4是氯化钠浓度对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。
图5是AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的激发和发射光谱。
图6是AuNCs@CAZ@PDA、AuNCs@CAZ和CAZ的红外谱图。
图7是AuNCs@CAZ@PDA测定体系的选择性。
图8是四种常见酚类化合物对测定对硝基酚的干扰。
图9是四种常见酚类化合物对测定2,4-二硝基酚的干扰。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例对本发明的上述内容做进一步详细说明,但不应该将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实施例,凡基于本发明上述内容实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。
实施例
制备AuNCs@CAZ@PDA
多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的制备包括以下两步:首先合成AuNCs@CAZ,再进一步合成AuNCs@CAZ@PDA。
(1)AuNCs@CAZ的制备
通过一步合成法合成了AuNCs@CAZ,取HAuCl4(24.28mM,0.5mL)溶液于100mL夹套烧杯中,加入头孢他啶(CAZ,2mM,6.1mL)并加入超纯水3.4mL,于85℃搅拌条件反应5h。随后,用0.45μm的亲水PTFE针式过滤器过滤,并用1kDa透析袋透析,制得的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ置于4 ℃冰箱中避光保存备用。
(2)AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的制备
取5mL AuNCs@CAZ于100mL夹套烧杯中,加入5mL BR缓冲溶液(pH=7)与3mL的无水乙醇并加入超纯水7mL,于60℃反应20min后加入10mg的盐酸多巴胺(DA),5h后停止反应,溶液在10000 rpm下离心20min,除去上清液,将得到的固体(AuNCs@CAZ@PDA)重新分散在20mL超纯水中,放在4℃冰箱中暗处保存备用。
AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能与表征
图1是pH对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。AuNCs@CAZ@PDA在考察的pH范围内荧光强度没有随pH的变化而明显改变。
图2是光照时间对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。AuNCs@CAZ@PDA在365nm的紫外灯照射60 min后,AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的荧光强度基本上保持不变。
图3是放置时间对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。在4℃下保存7天后,AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的荧光强度几乎没有发生变化。
图4是氯化钠浓度对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA荧光性能的影响。AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的荧光强度并没有因NaCl浓度的增大而受到显著影响。
图5是AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的激发和发射光谱。AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的最佳激发和发射峰分别在378nm和430nm处。
图6是AuNCs@CAZ@PDA、AuNCs@CAZ和CAZ的红外谱图。头孢他啶(CAZ)中的3139.22cm-1应该是由羧基的O-H的伸缩振动引起的,1754.93cm-1应该是由羧基的C=O伸缩振动引起的,而1615.46cm-1处是伯胺N-H的弯曲振动特征峰,3507.92cm-1和3392.08cm-1处应该是由-NH2的反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动导致的,1534.69cm-1和1491.65cm-1处应该是由-COO-的反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动引起的,1302.65cm-1属于芳香杂环化合物中C-N伸缩振动特征吸收峰,1703.59cm-1应该属于酮的中C=O伸缩振动特征吸收峰。而对于AuNCs@CAZ的谱图中,1754.93cm-1由羧基的C=O伸缩振动峰,3507.92cm-1和3392.08cm-1处-NH2的反对称伸缩振动峰和对称伸缩振动峰,1703.59cm-1酮的中C=O伸缩振动特征吸收峰都消失了,并且3257.31cm-1处的羧基的O-H的伸缩振动峰,1581.45cm-1处的伯胺N-H的弯曲振动特征峰,1558.18cm-1和1470.65cm-1处-COO-的处反对称伸缩振动峰和对称伸缩振峰和1362.58cm-1处C-N伸缩振动特征吸收峰都有所偏移,进一步证明CAZ可能结合在AuNCs的表面形成了AuNCs@CAZ。而在AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的红外谱图中出现了与邻苯二酚和胺基有关的吸收带,约1491cm-1处的吸收峰归因于N-H剪切振动,在3251cm-1(酚类O-H和N-H的伸缩振动)和1623cm-1(芳香环的伸缩振动和N-H的弯曲振动)处有明显的吸收带,均证明PDA的存在,证实了PDA在AuNCs@CAZ上涂层成功。
对硝基酚和2,4-二硝基酚的测定方法
(1)对硝基酚浓度测定
取2mL的AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL PB缓冲溶液(pH=9)与一定体积的对硝基酚(PNP)标准溶液混合,定容至4.00mL,于30℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度。对硝基酚的线性浓度范围在0.75-50μM之间,回归方程为y=-7.8994x+586.68,相关系数R2=0.9913。检出限LOD为0.59μM,对加入PNP浓度为25μM平行测定11次,相对标准偏差为1.33%。
(2)2,4-二硝基酚浓度测定
取2mL的AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL PB缓冲溶液(pH=9)与一定体积的2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)混合,定容至4.00mL。于30℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度。2,4-二硝基酚的线性浓度范围在1-60μM之间,回归方程为y=-7.3805x+713.46,相关系数R2=0.9921。检出限LOD为0.63μM,对加入DNP浓度为30μM平行测定11次,相对标准偏差为2.16%。
测定方法的选择性和抗干扰性能
为了考察本发明基于AuNCs@CAZ@PDA测定对硝基酚(PNP)和2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)方法的选择性和抗干扰性能。考察了2-硝基苯酚(ONP),3-硝基苯酚(MNP),2-氨基苯酚(OAP),3-氨基苯酚(MAP),4-氨基苯酚(PAP),2-萘酚(ONAP),邻苯二酚(CAT),双酚A(BPA)和对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)对AuNCs@CAZ@PDA测定体系荧光强度的影响。如图7所示,构建的测定体系特异性响应对硝基酚(PNP)和2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)。
为了考察常见酚类如2-硝基苯酚(ONP),3-硝基苯酚(MNP),2-氨基苯酚(OAP),3-氨基苯酚(MAP),4-氨基苯酚(PAP),2-萘酚(ONAP),邻苯二酚(CAT),双酚A(BPA)和对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)对测定对硝基酚(PNP)的干扰,控制干扰物质和对硝基酚(PNP)的浓度相同,结果见图8。由此可见,考察的常见酚类化合物对测定对硝基酚(PNP)几乎没有影响。
为了考察常见酚类化合物如2-硝基苯酚(ONP),3-硝基苯酚(MNP),2-氨基苯酚(OAP),3-氨基苯酚(MAP),4-氨基苯酚(PAP),2-萘酚(ONAP),邻苯二酚(CAT),双酚A(BPA)和对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)对测定2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)的干扰,控制干扰物质和2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)的浓度相同,结果见图9。由此可见,考察的常见酚类化合物对测定2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)几乎没有影响。
AuNCs@CAZ@PDA测定地表水样的实际应用
(1)实际地表水样中对硝基酚的检测
取2mL多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL、pH=9的PB缓冲溶液,加入1.00mL过滤后的地表水样,定容至4.00mL,于30℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度。地表水样中对硝基酚未检出。加标回收实验结果见表1。当对硝基酚的浓度分别为10μM和40μM时,对硝基酚加标回收率范围分别在98.57%-100.19%之间和99.20%-100.55%之间。
表1 实际地表水样中对硝基酚的加标回收实验
(2)实际地表水样中2,4-二硝基酚的检测
取2mL多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL、pH=9的PB缓冲溶液,加入1.00mL过滤后的地表水样,定容至4.00mL,于30℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系荧光强度。地表水样中2,4-二硝基酚未检出。加标回收实验结果见表2。当2,4-二硝基酚的浓度分别为10μM和50μM时,2,4-二硝基酚加标回收率的范围分别在97.41%-101.35%之间和99.68%-100.34%之间。
表2 实际地表水样中2,4-二硝基酚的加标回收实验
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理,主要特征和优点,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明的范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇的制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤为:
步骤S1:AuNCs@CAZ的制备,将0.5mL、24.28mM HAuCl4溶液置于100mL夹套烧杯中,加入6.1mL、2mM头孢他啶CAZ并加入超纯水3.4mL,于85℃搅拌反应5h,再用0.45μm的亲水PTFE针式过滤器过滤,并用1kDa透析袋透析,制得的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ置于4℃冰箱中避光保存备用;
步骤S2:AuNCs@CAZ@PDA的制备,取5mL步骤S1得到的AuNCs@CAZ置于100mL夹套烧杯中,加入5mL、pH=7的BR缓冲溶液和3mL的无水乙醇并加入超纯水7mL,于60℃反应20min后加入10mg盐酸多巴胺DA,5h后停止反应,溶液在10000rpm下离心20min,除去上清液,将得到的固体AuNCs@CAZ@PDA重新分散在20mL超纯水中,置于4℃冰箱中暗处保存备用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法制得的多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇在测定对硝基酚浓度中的应用,其特征在于具体过程为:取2mL多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL、pH=9的PB缓冲溶液,再加入待测对硝基酚进行混合,定容至4.00mL,于30℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度,对硝基酚的线性浓度范围在0.75-50μM之间,回归方程为y=-7.8994x+586.68,相关系数R2=0.9913,检出限LOD为0.59μM,对加入对硝基酚浓度为25μM平行测定11次,相对标准偏差为1.33%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法制得的多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇在测定2,4-二硝基酚浓度中的应用,其特征在于具体过程为:取2mL多巴胺功能化的金纳米簇AuNCs@CAZ@PDA和0.5mL、pH=9的PB缓冲溶液,再加入待测2,4-二硝基酚进行混合,定容至4.00mL,于30 ℃反应10min后,在激发波长378nm处测定混合体系的荧光强度,2,4-二硝基酚的线性浓度范围在1-60μM之间,回归方程为y=-7.3805x+713.46,相关系数R2=0.9921,检出限LOD为0.63μM,对加入2,4-二硝基酚浓度为30μM平行测定11次,相对标准偏差为2.16%。
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