CN110499355A - 一种pcr检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法,包括:痰液标本中去掉用于涂片镜检所需痰液后,余下的痰液加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液形成既用于实时荧光PCR检测且又用于痰结核分枝杆菌培养的混合液。本发明通过改良痰处理方法,无需患者另外提供一份痰标本,利用痰培养所用的前处理液处理后的痰标本进行实时荧光PCR检测,患者只需提供满足常规痰涂片和痰培养的量,就可以同时做结核分枝杆菌DNA检测,且检测结果依然准确、精密,克服了现有技术中仅严格按照PCR检测才能定量准确的技术偏见,简单易操作,减轻了患者的负担,提高了诊断效率,因其临床评价优良,为基层实验室提供了参考依据。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及检测分析技术领域,具体涉及一种PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法。
背景技术
结核病(tuberculosis,TB)是全球面临的主要公共卫生挑战之一,结核病的防治已从“遏制结核病”向“终止结核病”的目标迈进。快速、有效诊断结核病对于控制结核病的防控意义重大。随着核酸扩增技术的发展,实时荧光PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction,全文中简称PCR)广泛应用于临床痰标本结核分枝杆菌的检测,与显微镜检相比,显著提高了病原学阳性检出率;与结核分枝杆菌培养相比,显著缩短了检出时间。针对临床工作中遇到疑似肺结核病患者少痰、难以咳出痰的情况,有些患者只能提供少量的痰液用于常规的涂片镜检、痰培养之后没有足够的痰液用于核酸检测,通知患者补送标本又会耽误时间,而且要求少痰、难以咳出痰液的患者再提供一份痰液也是非常困难的事情。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法,解决现有技术中患者痰液量少而影响实时荧光PCR检测的问题。
本发明解决技术问题所采用的技术方案是:一种PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法,包括:痰液标本中去掉用于涂片镜检所需痰液后,余下的痰液加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液形成既用于实时荧光PCR检测且又用于痰结核分枝杆菌培养的混合液。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是1%-3%,NALC的浓度是0.1%-1.0%。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是1.5%-2.5%,NALC的浓度是0.3%-0.8%。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是2%,NALC的浓度是0.5%。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,所述前处理液中还含有柠檬酸钠。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,所述柠檬酸钠的浓度1.2%-1.8%。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,余下的痰液中加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液的体积是余下的痰液的体积的1-2倍。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,所述改良处理方法还包括:在余下的痰液加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液后,进行涡旋振荡,离心,并弃上清液。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,所述改良处理方法还进一步包括:进一步加入1mL无菌生理盐水涡悬;再次离心,弃上清液。
在本发明的改良处理方法中,所述改良处理方法还进一步包括:加入核酸释放剂,金属浴加热,然后离心,取上清液作为待测样本。
实施本发明的PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法,具有以下有益效果:本发明通过改良痰处理方法,无需患者另外提供一份痰标本,利用痰培养所用的前处理液处理后的痰标本进行实时荧光PCR检测,患者只需提供满足常规痰涂片和痰培养的量,就可以同时做结核分枝杆菌DNA检测,且检测结果依然准确、精密,克服了现有技术中仅严格按照PCR检测才能定量准确的技术偏见,简单易操作,减轻了患者的负担,提高了诊断效率,因其临床评价优良,为基层实验室提供了参考依据。
附图说明
图1是实施例1-3中CT值均值与痰涂片镜检阳性分级的相关性的块形图;
图2是实施例1-3中CT值与MGIT960培养报阳时间的相关性的曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例,对本发明的PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法作进一步说明:
结核病是全球传染病中的头号杀手。结核病的早期准确诊断对于结束结核病流行至关重要。细菌学检查是发现结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)的主要方法,最常见的结核病诊断方法有痰涂片(包括抗酸染色、显微镜检)和痰培养(包括固体培养和液体培养),前者敏感性太低,后者敏感性高,但培养时间较长,会延误诊断和治疗。分子病理学检测常用的技术有实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)、核酸杂交技术和高分辨溶解曲线技术。三种技术都是基于PCR的分子病理检测技术,FQ-PCR技术由于方法学的优越性,是目前临床应用最为广泛的方法。检验科接收痰标本时,经常遇到痰液不够量不足以完成检测项目,包括:痰涂片(用无菌棉签挑取少量)、痰培养(≥1mL)、结核分枝杆菌DNA定性(≥1mL)等。要求少痰、难以咳出痰液的患者再提供一份痰液是非常困难的事情。为减轻患者的负担,提高诊断效率,本发明改良了痰标本处理方法。
本发明通过改良痰处理方法,无需患者另外提供一份痰标本,利用痰培养所用的前处理液处理后的痰标本进行实时荧光PCR检测,患者只需提供满足常规痰涂片和痰培养的量,就可以同时做结核分枝杆菌DNA检测,且检测结果依然准确、精密,简单易操作,减轻了患者的负担,提高了诊断效率,因其临床评价优良,为基层实验室提供了参考依据。其中,前处理液含有NaOH和NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸),NaOH的浓度是1%-3%,NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的浓度是0.1%-1.0%,优选地,含有NaOH和NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是1.5%-2.5%,NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的浓度是0.3%-0.8%;更优选地,含有NaOH和NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是2%,NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的浓度是0.5%。前处理液中还含有柠檬酸钠,柠檬酸钠的浓度1.2%-1.8%,优选地,柠檬酸钠的浓度1.4%-1.5%;更优选地,柠檬酸钠的浓度1.45%。
需要说明的是,全文中的NALC是指N-乙酰半胱氨酸。且在全文中的用X%所表示的浓度无特殊说明则是指质量体积浓度,即每100ml溶液中含有X克的目标物。比如,NaOH的浓度是2%,NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的浓度是0.5%,即指100ml溶液中含有2g的NaOH,100ml溶液中含有0.5g的NALC。
下面进行详细说明。
研究对象:痰液标本采自门诊患者1749例,其中男性1158例,女性591例,年龄(5-88)岁,平均年龄(37.17±15.81)岁,含初诊1508例,复诊241例。
仪器与试剂:Ziehl-Neelsen(ZN)抗酸染色液(珠海贝索),显微镜(日本Olympus),BACTEC MGIT960系统及配套MGIT培养管、营养添加剂、抑菌剂(美国BD),氢氧化钠(NaOH)和N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NALC)(Sigma),实时荧光定量PCR仪(LightCycler 480Ⅱ,罗氏),结核分枝杆菌核酸检测试剂盒(PCR-荧光探针法)(湖南圣湘)。
实施例1
标本留取、涂片染色和镜检:每个患者要求送早、晚、随机痰液三份,挑取痰液质量合格的部分用于涂片镜检,余下的痰液混匀,用于MGIT960培养和改良痰处理PCR检测。涂片、Z-N抗酸染色、镜检和结果判读参照《现代结核病诊断技术》中相关操作执行。
实施例2
痰结核分枝杆菌培养:取适量痰标本加入50mL离心管,视痰性状加入1-2倍体积的含有NaOH和NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的前处理液,涡旋振荡2min,室温放置20min后加入0.1M无菌pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液至50mL;3000rpm、4℃离心15min,小心弃上清,加入1mL-2mL0.1M无菌pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液,混匀,得待测标本;将营养添加剂倒入杂菌抑制剂PANTA试剂瓶中,充分溶解混匀后吸取0.8mL加入到MGIT7mL液体培养管中,然后再加入0.5mL的本实施例的待测标本,置于BACTEC MGIT960系统内进行培养,操作严格按仪器和试剂盒说明书进行。其中,前处理液中NaOH的浓度是2%,NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的浓度是0.5%。前处理液中还含有柠檬酸钠,柠檬酸钠的浓度1.45%。
实施例3
改良痰处理方法和实时荧光PCR(以下称:改良PCR):直接取实施例2中加入1-2倍体积的含有NaOH和NALC(即N-乙酰半胱氨酸)的前处理液处理的痰标本1mL,涡旋振荡后静置30min;10000rpm离心3min,弃上清,加入1mL无菌生理盐水重悬;再次12000rpm离心3min,弃上清,加入50uL核酸释放剂,100℃金属浴加热10min,然后12000rpm离心3min,取上清作为待测样本。PCR管中加入PCR-Mix(反应液38uL,酶混合液2uL,内标1uL),再分别加入前处理的样本、阴性对照、阳性对照各5uL,盖上管盖,低速离心30s,上实时荧光定量PCR仪反应;扩增程序如下:50℃2min;94℃2min;94℃5s、57℃30s(45循环);40℃10s。
实施例4
实施例1-3所用的统计学方法:采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行数据分析,计量资料用(均值±标准差)表示,差异性应用配对四格表X2检验判别,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。两种方法检测结果的一致性应用Kappa检验判别:Kappa≥0.75表示一致性较好,0.40<Kappa<0.75表示一致性一般,Kappa≤0.40表示一致性较差。线性回归分析用GraphpadPrism(V5.0)软件分析,相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析。
实施例5
实施例1-3中改良PCR的敏感性和特异性:收集1749例痰标本,其中有86例MIGT960培养为污染,污染率为4.92%,有效样本为1663例。MGIT960培养阳性313例,阳性率为18.82%(313/1663);痰涂片阳性151例,阳性率为9.08%(151/1663);改良PCR阳性281例,阳性率16.90%(281/1663)。
痰涂片的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)依次为40.26%(126/313)、98.15%(1325/1350)、83.44%(126/151)、87.63%(1325/1512);改良PCR的敏感性、特异性、PPV、NPV依次为88.82%(278/313)、99.78%(1347/1350)、98.93%(278/281)、97.47%(1347/1382)(见表1)。痰涂片、改良PCR分别与MGIT960培养结果比较,差异有显著统计学意义(X2=123.79,25.29,P<0.001)。以MGIT960培养为金标准,痰涂片与改良PCR的敏感性、特异性比较,差异有显著统计学意义(X2=142.62,P<0.01;X2=20.05,P<0.001)。
表1改良PCR、MGIT960培养和痰涂片三种方法检测结果比较(n为例数)
Table 1Diagnostic performance of modified PCR assay compare withsmear microscopy and MGIT960 system
实施例6
实施例1-3中改良PCR、痰涂片和MGIT960培养结果的一致性分析:痰涂片与MGIT960培养结果的一致性为87.25%[(126+1325)/1663],Kappa值为0.48,表明一致性一般;改良PCR与MGIT960培养结果的一致性为97.71%[(278+1347)/1663],Kappa值为0.92,表明一致性良好。
实施例7
以往的经验认为,由于痰液标本前处理的特殊性,其前处理会严格按照PCR检测要求进行前处理,但实施例1-3中改良PCR前处理的CT值与痰标本结核分枝杆菌载量的相关性表明:改良PCR的CT值均值与痰涂片阳性分级的相关性见图1。按涂片镜检报告结果分6组:阴性、少量、1+、2+、3+、4+,各组PCR阳性检出率分别为13.15%、76.92%、83.33%、89.19%、95.78%、99.44%。涂片阴性组的CT值均值与少量组比较,差异有统计学意义(34.15±2.11vs 31.06±2.92,P<0.001)。改良PCR的CT值与MGIT960培养报阳时间的相关性见图2,两者呈正相关,R=0.80,P<0.0001。
综上所述,实施例1-3研究1749例标本,其中MIGT960培养污染86例,污染率为4.60%,符合临床结核病实验室痰培养污染率控制低于5%的要求。培养阳性而改良PCR阴性有35例,其中有4例胞内分枝杆菌,2例戈登分枝杆菌,7例偶发分枝杆菌,4例脓肿分枝杆菌,1例戈登/脓肿分枝杆菌混合感染,3例鸟分枝杆菌,14例未分型NTM。由此可见,改良PCR可以很好地鉴别MTB和NTM。
实施例1-3研究中痰涂片的阳性检出率是9.08%,MGIT960系统培养阳性检出率为18.82%,虽然后者的阳性检出率比较高,接近于改良PCR阳性检出率16.90%(281/1663),但是MGIT960培养报阳时间为(12.19±5.47)天(313例),培养报阴时间则需42天。改良PCR从痰液样本处理、加样、上机、软件分析结果、出报告,整个实验过程在3小时内完成,明显缩短了诊断时间,且灵敏度更高。改良PCR检测痰液标本MTB的敏感性88.82%,显著高于痰涂片40.26%(P<0.01);特异性99.78%,同样显著高于痰涂片98.15%(P<0.001)。另外,改良PCR的PPV 98.93%,显著高于痰涂片83.44%(P<0.01);改良PCR的NPV 97.47%,显著高于痰涂片87.63%(P<0.01)。改良PCR和痰涂片分别与MGIT960培养结果做一致性分析显示,前者一致性比后者更好。因此,改良PCR方法优良,可以应用于临床检测。
FQ-PCR检测的CT值是可以在一定程度上反映患者的痰标本MTB载量的,改良PCR检测CT值越低,反映痰标本MTB载量越高;反之CT值越高,则反映MTB载量越低。
由此可见,改良PCR方法简单易操作,无需患者另外提供一份痰标本,只需与痰培养前处理步骤中采用相同的前处理液开展结核分枝杆菌DNA检测。该方法经临床验证,检测痰液MTB准确可靠,CT值可在一定程度上反映痰液标本中结核分枝杆菌载量。
应当理解的是,对本领域普通技术人员来说,可以根据上述说明加以改进或变换,所有这些改进或变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种PCR检测前痰液标本的改良处理方法,其特征在于,包括:痰液标本中去掉用于涂片镜检所需痰液后,余下的痰液加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液形成既用于实时荧光PCR检测且又用于痰结核分枝杆菌培养的混合液。
2.根据权利要求1所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是1%-3%,NALC的浓度是0.1%-1.0%。
3.根据权利要求2所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是1.5%-2.5%,NALC的浓度是0.3%-0.8%。
4.根据权利要求3所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液中NaOH的浓度是2%,NALC的浓度是0.5%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,所述前处理液中还含有柠檬酸钠。
6.根据权利要求5所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,所述柠檬酸钠的浓度1.2%-1.8%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,余下的痰液中加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液的体积是余下的痰液的体积的1-2倍。
8.根据权利要求1所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,所述改良处理方法还包括:在余下的痰液加入含有NaOH和NALC的前处理液后,进行涡旋振荡,离心,并弃上清液。
9.根据权利要求8所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,所述改良处理方法还进一步包括:进一步加入1mL无菌生理盐水涡悬;再次离心,弃上清液。
10.根据权利要求9所述的改良处理方法,其特征在于,所述改良处理方法还进一步包括:加入核酸释放剂,金属浴加热,然后离心,取上清液作为待测样本。
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