CN110498400B - 一种二维层状多孔bcn的制备方法及其h2s选择性氧化应用 - Google Patents
一种二维层状多孔bcn的制备方法及其h2s选择性氧化应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有二维层状多孔六方相硼碳氮(BCN)的制备方法,属于催化剂制备技术领域。由如下原料制备得到:碳源、硼源和氮源,所述原料按照不同质量比制备,在管式炉中在氮气或氩气的气氛进行处理,得到一系列的层状BCN。所述层状BCN具有二维结构和多孔结构,制备过程简单。BCN中的碳元素有利于H2S的吸附、解离和提高活化氧的能力,因而有效地促进了反应的进行,使催化剂在选择性催化氧化H2S方面首次应用中表现出高的催化活性和硫单质的选择性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种环境催化剂的制备技术及其应用领域,具体涉及一种二维层状多孔BCN的制备方法及其在氧化H2S方面的应用。
背景技术
随着工业化的不断发展进步,许多与石油相关的煤化学、原油加工和加氢脱硫等工艺会产生大量有毒的H2S,不仅对人体有害,且对生态环境造成不可逆转的破坏。当空气中H2S的含量>560 ppm时,人们便会感觉到呼吸困难,严重时,可能会导致死亡。因此有必要对其进行高效脱除和资源化管理。目前Claus工艺是处理H2S最常用的技术,该工艺可以将H2S气体转化为可回收的硫单质(2H2S+SO2 ⇆3S+2H2O)。但是,由于Claus平衡反应的热力学限制,在排放的尾气中仍然存在约4%的H2S。为了更高效地处理H2S,人们进一步发展了H2S选择性氧化成单质硫的技术。反应式如下所示:
H2S选择性氧化成S为不可逆反应,不受热力学平衡限制。并且该反应过程简单,工艺先进,具有良好的发展前景,应用该工艺的关键在于研发具备优良性能的催化剂。
Fe2O3、TiO2、Cr2O3、Al2O3等金属氧化物作为常用的催化剂或催化剂载体被广泛应用于H2S选择性氧化的反应中。但由于硫的p轨道和金属的d轨道有很大的重叠,诱导金属-S键的形成,导致催化剂中毒失活。此外,金属氧化物的其他缺陷限制了此类催化剂的进一步发展。例如,TiO2对水的存在较敏感;Fe2O3需要过量氧气存在;Cr2O3具有较大的毒性;Al2O3 易失活。
BCN具有类似石墨烯的六方点阵结构。根据BCN中B、C和N元素的含量及分布位置可以将BCN分为:通过化学键连接的氮化硼 (BN)和石墨烯、B掺杂和N掺杂的石墨烯、C掺杂的BN等几类。层状多孔BCN具有高比表面积和高稳定性等优点,在燃料氧化脱硫、光催化等领域有很好的应用前景。BCN与石墨在原子结构上具有很大的相似性,其电子结构与石墨类似,由于多孔碳材料在H2S选择性氧化领域得到广泛应用,可以推测该材料在H2S选择性氧化方面具有重大意义。
二维层状多孔BCN材料与六方氮化硼相比,具备高比表面积和多孔结构。层状结构提高高比表面积,而高比表面积有利于充分暴露样品表面的活性位点,从而提高催化活性,同时多孔结构有益于反应过程中传质传热,进而提高BCN的催化性能。因此,通过调控制备具有二维层状多孔BCN材料有望暴露更多活性位点和增加碱性位数目,从而实现其高效高选择性地氧化H2S为单质硫。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足,专利CN201710481725公开了利用冷冻干燥及球磨处理的方法制备多孔碳氮硼纳米片,解决此专利制备过程的繁琐性,进而提供一种二维层状多孔BCN材料的简单制备方法及其应用,研发了一种应用于H2S选择性氧化为硫单质的新型催化剂。二维层状多孔BCN材料通过剥片的方式暴露出更多的活性位点,采用掺杂碳以增加碱性位点的数目,从而利于H2S的吸附、解离和提高氧活化能力,在选择性催化氧化H2S方面具有高的催化活性和选择性。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了以及技术方案:
一种二维层状多孔BCN的制备方法,至少由如下原料制备得到:
(1)称取不同比例的碳源、硼源和氮源,溶于一定量的蒸馏水中;
(2)在一定温度下超声处理1 h;
(3)然后将装有溶液的烧杯转移到油浴锅中,在一定温度下将溶剂蒸干;进行干燥;
(4)将得到的固体置于研钵中研磨直至粉末状;
(5)经一定温度焙烧后得到具有二维层状多孔BCN。
进一步地,所述碳源、硼源和氮源的原料质量比计为10~90%:10~90%:10~90%;
进一步地,所述碳源为葡萄糖、α-D型葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉中的一种或者多种;所述硼源为硼酸、氧化硼中的一种或者多种;所述氮源为双氰胺、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种或多种。
进一步地,步骤(1)中所述蒸馏水的用量为50~200 mL。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述的蒸干溶剂是在油浴锅中以50~100 ℃下进行。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述的干燥温度为60-100 ℃,干燥时间为0.5-12 h。
进一步地,步骤(5)所述的焙烧是在管式炉中在氮气或氩气的气氛下,于600~1000℃焙烧2~8 h,焙烧升温速率为1~10 ℃/min。
本发明所制备的二维层状多孔BCN用于选择性催化氧化H2S。
本发明具有如下的优点和有益效果:
1、本发明所制得的二维层状多孔BCN二维层状厚度小,同时存在微孔和介孔结构;丰富的孔结构更有利于活性组分的分散,不易出现孔坍塌、孔堵塞等现象,且原材料价格低廉、制备过程简单、易实现工业化生产,具有广阔的应用前景;
2、本发明合成的二维层状多孔BCN,所合成的样品比表面积为100~300 m2/g,在选择性催化氧化H2S方面具有良好的活性和选择性;
3、本发明所制得的二维层状多孔BCN材料无需负载,其本身含有的碱性位可以作为催化反应的活性位。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比实施例1制备的h-BN的X射线粉末衍射谱图;
图2为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比实施例1制备的h-BN的N2物理吸脱附曲线和孔径分布图;
图3为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN的扫描电镜图;
图4为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN在H2S选择性催化氧化反应中H2S 转化率曲线图;
图5为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN在H2S选择性催化氧化反应中产物单质硫的选择性曲线图;
图6为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN在H2S 选择性催化氧化反应中硫产率曲线图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
本实施例中所述的BCN催化剂,由如下原料制备得到:
葡萄糖,6 g;
硼酸,2 g;
尿素,2 g;
本实施例中所述BCN催化剂的制备方法为:
(1)将上述葡萄糖、硼酸和尿素溶解于100 mL蒸馏水中;在45 ℃下超声1 h;
(2)将上述溶液转移至油浴锅中,100 ℃蒸干溶剂;
(3)对步骤(2)中得到的固体进行干燥;干燥温度为80 ℃,干燥时间为6 h;
(4)对步骤(3)中得到的固体置于研钵中研磨直至粉末状;
(5)对步骤(4)中得到的产品进行焙烧,所述焙烧温度为900 ℃,焙烧时间为6 h,升温速率为5 ℃/min,室温下冷却即得到催化剂A。
实施例2
本实施例中所述的BCN催化剂,由如下原料制备得到:
葡萄糖,4 g;
硼酸,3 g;
尿素,3 g;
本实施例中所述BCN催化剂的制备方法为:
(1)将上述葡萄糖、硼酸和尿素溶解于100 mL蒸馏水中;在45 ℃下超声1 h;
(2)将上述溶液转移至油浴锅中,100 ℃蒸干溶剂;
(3)对步骤(2)中得到的固体进行干燥;干燥温度为80 ℃,干燥时间为6 h;
(4)对步骤(3)中得到的固体置于研钵中研磨直至粉末状;
(5)对步骤(4)中得到的产品进行焙烧,所述焙烧温度为900 ℃,焙烧时间为6 h,升温速率为5 ℃/min,室温下冷却后即得到催化剂B。
实施例3
本实施例中所述的BCN催化剂,由如下原料制备得到:
葡萄糖,2 g;
硼酸,4 g;
尿素,4 g;
本实施例中所述BCN催化剂的制备方法为:
(1)将上述葡萄糖、硼酸和尿素溶解于100 mL蒸馏水中;在45 ℃下超声1 h;
(2)将上述溶液转移至油浴锅中,100 ℃蒸干溶剂;
(3)对步骤(2)中得到的固体进行干燥;干燥温度为80 ℃,干燥时间为6 h;
(4)对步骤(3)中得到的固体置于研钵中研磨直至粉末状;
(5)对步骤(4)中得到的产品进行焙烧,所述焙烧温度为900 ℃,焙烧时间为6 h,升温速率为5 ℃/min,室温下冷却后即得到催化剂C。
对比例1
本实施例中所述的BCN催化剂,由如下原料制备得到:
硼酸,2 g;
尿素,2 g;
本实施例中所述BCN催化剂的制备方法为:
(1)将上述硼酸和尿素溶解于100 mL蒸馏水中;在45 ℃下超声1 h;
(2)将上述溶液转移至油浴锅中,100 ℃蒸干溶剂;
(3)对步骤(2)中得到的固体进行干燥;干燥温度为80 ℃,干燥时间为6 h;
(4)对步骤(3)中得到的固体置于研钵中研磨直至粉末状;
(5)对步骤(4)中得到的产品进行焙烧,所述焙烧温度为900 ℃,焙烧时间为6 h,升温速率为5 ℃/min,室温冷却后即得到催化剂D。
表征分析:
X射线粉末衍射(XRD):样品的物相表征采用Panalytical公司的 X’ pert pro粉末衍射仪进行测定,探测器为X’celerator,铜靶(Cu Kα,λ = 0.154 nm)为激发射线源,工作电压为45 KV,工作电流为40 mA。
N2物理吸附:采用美国Micrometric公司的ASAP2020分析仪在液氮温度(77 K)下进行测定样品比表面积和孔尺寸,样品先在623 K下进行真空预处理,然后在压力小于10-5torr下脱气6 h,用BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)法计算样品的比表面积,孔径分布曲线依据BJH(Barrett-Joyner-Halenda)法求出。
场发射扫描电镜(SEM):样品的SEM图像采用的是日本日立公司生产的S-4800场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)进行观察,加速电压为10 KV,工作电流为7 μA。
如图1所示,为本发明实施例1~3和对比实施例1制备的六方氮化硼的X射线粉末衍射谱图。从图中可以看出,四个样品均在25.8 °和42.9 °左右的位置出现了两个衍射峰,其分别归属于BN的 (002) 和 (100) 两个晶面。从XRD图谱可以看出,所制备的三种BCN样品表现出不同的峰强且出峰位置想低角度偏移,这说明样品的层间距离随碳含量的增多而变大。
如图2所示,为本发明实施例1~3和对比实施例1制备的BCN的N2物理吸脱附曲线和孔径分布图。从图中可以看出,实施例1和3制备的BCN和对比实施例1制备的h-BN的样品均存在微孔和介孔。实例2制备的BCN为介孔分布结构。
如表1所示,为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN的织构性质。从表1可知,各个样品的比表面积和孔容积的大小顺序为h-BN > BCN 4-4-2 > BCN 2-2-6 >BCN 3-3-4。说明碳含量不同的BCN表现出不同的比表面积和孔容积。实施例1制备的BCN 2-2-6的比表面积能达到158.76 m2/g,孔体积能达到0.15 cm3/g。
表1 本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN的理化性质
图3为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN的SEM图谱。从图3中的A-D图中可以看出,四个样品均为层状结构。
选择性催化氧化H2S性能测试:上述实施例和对比例制备的BCN为粉末状用于H2S的选择性氧化活性的评价。测试条件如下:催化剂装填量为0.2 g,原料气由5000 ppm H2S、2500 ppm O2和平衡气N2组成,原料气流速为20 mL·min-1,原料气空速(WHSV)为6000 mL·g-1·h-1,反应温度为100 ~ 280 ℃,原料气为三组分气体(5000 ppm,2500 ppm,N2平衡气)。
各实施例和对比例制备的催化剂应用于H2S选择性催化氧化反应上,其H2S转化率、硫选择性以及硫的产率计算公式如下:
图4为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN在H2S 选择性催化氧化反应中100 ℃到280 ℃温度区间的催化活性曲线图。如图4所示,随着反应温度逐渐升高,H2S的转化率也在逐渐升高。且样品随着焙烧温度的升高,转化率也相应的升高。本发明所制备的实例1制备的BCN在190 ℃的转化率已经达到100%,而实例2的BCN在250℃时转化率才达到100%。另外,实例1制备的BCN在190~280 ℃温度区间的转化率均最佳。
图5为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN在H2S 选择性催化氧化反应中100 ℃到280 ℃温度区间硫单质选择性的曲线图。从图中可以看出,实施例1所制备BCN的硫单质选择性在100~190 ℃保持为100%,随着温度升高,选择性逐渐下降至85%。而其余样品的硫单质选择性在较高温度下均有一定程度的降低。
图6为本发明实施例1~3制备的BCN和对比例1制备的h-BN在H2S 选择性催化氧化反应中硫单质收率的曲线图。从图中可知,随着温度逐渐升高,硫单质的收率逐渐增大。其中,实例1制备的BCN在反应温度190 ℃时,硫单质的收率达到100%.
综上可知,由本发明制备的二维层状多孔BCN在H2S的选择性氧化反应中具有不同的催化性能,其中BCN 2-2-6催化性能最为优异。
以上所述的具体实施方式,对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,所应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施方式而已,并不用于限定本发明的保护范围,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种二维层状多孔BCN在选择性催化氧化H2S上的应用,其特征在于:所述二维层状多孔BCN的具体制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)称取不同质量比例的碳源、硼源和氮源,溶于一定量的蒸馏水中;
(2)在一定温度下超声处理1 h;
(3)然后将装有溶液的烧杯转移到油浴锅中,在一定温度下将溶剂蒸干;进行干燥;
(4)将得到的固体置于研钵中研磨直至粉末状;
(5)经一定温度焙烧后得到具有二维层状多孔BCN。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述碳源、硼源和氮源的原料质量比计为10~90%:10~90%:10~90%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述碳源为葡萄糖、α-D型葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉中的一种或者多种;所述硼源为硼酸、氧化硼中的一种或者多种;所述氮源为双氰胺、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述蒸馏水的用量为50~200mL。
5.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述的蒸干溶剂是在油浴锅中以50~100 ℃下进行。
6.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述的干燥温度为60-100 ℃,干燥时间为0.5-12 h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:步骤(5)所述焙烧温度为500-1200 ℃,焙烧时间为3-10 h。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于:步骤(5)所述的焙烧是在管式炉中在氮气或氩气的气氛下,于600~1000℃焙烧2~8 h,焙烧升温速率为1~10 ℃/min。
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