CN110484698A - 新型电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法及驱动装置 - Google Patents
新型电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法及驱动装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种新型电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法及驱动装置,为了解决纯电动汽车驱动电机在高转速段反电动势高以及芯片铁损高过、强度降低的问题,确保驱动电机在整个工作转速区间反电动势在一个合理范围,本发明采用了一种新型电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,具体涉及了硅钢的制备方法以及相组的组装方式,包含了ECAP工艺、冷整形、冷喷涂等。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及汽车领域,具体涉及新能源纯电动汽车中永磁电机及驱动系统的一种创新结构和控制方法。
背景技术
随着人们环保意识的提高,和各国对石化能源的担忧以及动力电池技术的日益成熟,新能源纯电动汽车得到了快速发展。
目前常用纯电动汽车驱动电机转速范围非常大为0~15000rpm。
永磁同步电动机的空载反电动势随电机转速的升高近似按正比例增加,可能达到系统可提供电压的3倍,这时电机的负载能力下降。为了降低最高转速时的反电动势,电机铁心中磁通密度设计值较低,降低了材料利用率。在国标GB34215,电动汽车驱动电机用冷轧无取向电工钢带(片)中,硅钢片400Hz时,磁密度可以到1.6T以上,现在电动汽车驱动电机中,为降低空载反电动势,采用普通的无取向电工钢带一般磁密在1.2T以下,电机体积和重量较大,铁芯强度不够高。
电机的反电动势与每相串联导体数成正比,随着转速的增加,铁芯的磨损严重,强度进一步降低,针对上述情况,本发明提供一种新型可改变每相串联导体数以改变反电动势的驱动电机和控制器以及与之配套的铁芯制备工艺,能够在电机的运行过程中调节电机的反电动势,并减小电机的体积和重量,提高电机的寿命。
发明内容
为了解决纯电动汽车驱动电机在高转速段反电动势高以及芯片铁损高过、强度降低的问题,确保驱动电机在整个工作转速区间反电动势在一个合理范围,本发明采用了一种新型电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法。
首先是铁芯的制备,本发明采用ECAP工艺处理硅钢,使其晶粒细化,具体做法如图1:将市场上购买来的硅钢或自行冶炼的硅钢采用多道次常温等通道拐角挤压(ECAP),然后进行不完全再结晶退火,温度为500-650℃,优选为600℃,之后在高精度冲压机上成型,冲压速度为3-12mm/s,优选为5-8mm/s,冲压之后进行冷整形和冷喷涂,保证其精度符合要求,达到本次设计的要求;其次改变驱动电机和控制器的组装方式,其特征在于驱动电机为永磁同步电机,将传统电机每相绕组分为两段,如图2所示,A1A2A3A4为A相绕组,分为A1A2和A3A4两段,B相C相类似。其中绕组A1A2、B1B2、C1C2匝数相等为w1,A3A4、B3B4、C3C4匝数相等为w2。A1A2与A3A4同相位,B1B2与B3B4同相位,C1C2与C3C4同相位。分段方式可以将每个槽内的总匝数分为W1和W2两部分,任意极数和槽数的电机都可以实现。
综上所述,本发明具有如下积极技术效果:
1、采用常温多道次ECAP工艺改善了传统冷轧硅钢片的性能,通过常温多道次ECAP工艺使硅钢获得一种具有优良性能的超细晶结构组织,使铁芯的磁导率和铁损改善,强度增加,塑性提高,为后续的加工及反动电势的改变奠定了基础。
2、通过冷整形进一步提高了铁芯的精度,通过冷喷涂取代传统的涂漆工艺,获得了质量更稳定的涂层,且相对于热喷涂,减少了热应力和热变形。
3、采用本次制备的铁芯装配的电机的反电动势可以随着每相串联导体数的改变而改变,在电机运行过程中可以调节。
4、电机铁心磁通密度在1.5T以上,有效材料使用量可减少20%以上,电机重量及体积可以大幅度降低。
附图说明
图1本次铁芯的制备流程图;
图2为本发明的分段绕组示意图;
图3为本发明的绕组的第一种连接状态示意图;
图4为本发明的绕组的第二种连接状态示意图;
图5为本发明的绕组的第三种连接状态示意图。
实施例
本发明所采用的硅钢成分如表1
表1(重量百分比)
硅 | 铝 | 锰 | 碳 | 硫 | 磷 | 氮 | 锡 |
3.0 | ≥2.0 | 0.1 | 0.003 | 0.0005 | 0.003 | 0.0007 | 0.01 |
其余为为铁和不可避免的杂质,在此需要说明的是,该硅钢合金采用了高比例的铝元素(铝/硅≤0.85),这是因为,如果铝的含量过低,导致材料塑性降低,材料不易变形,将无法完成常温下多道次(至少挤压2个道次)的ECAP挤压变形,从而无法获得具有特殊性能的超细晶结构组织,本次实验采用的ECAP为常规等通道拐角挤压工艺,如四种基本的挤压路线,路径1是试样不进行转动,第一个道次完后,直接进行第二个道次的挤压;路径2是每次挤压后,将其试样沿其轴线向同一方向顺时针或逆时针旋转90度;路径3是每次挤压后,将其试样沿轴线顺时针旋转90°,挤压完再逆时针旋转90°再挤压,重复下去;路径4是每次挤压后,将其试样沿轴线向同一方向顺时针或时针旋转180°,但是不限于常规等通道拐角挤压工艺,本领域技术人员可以根据产品性能的具体情况,选择合适的ECAP工艺。另外本次制备的铁芯最后还采取了特殊的整形工艺与喷涂处理,整形采用冷整形,因为加热整形可能导致超细晶结构的破坏,通过平整机和润滑液对铁芯进行多道次的冷整形,同时对整形部位不间断喷射液氮,阻止因为变形所带来的温度升高,整形完之后,对铁芯进行冷喷涂,在铁芯表面形成绝缘绝热涂层,保证铁芯在工作时处于常温状态或强度性能所允许的状态。本次冷喷涂,最好采用纳米粉末,粉末的平均晶粒尺寸不大与100纳米,空气压力为6-15Mpa,优选为8Mpa,喷涂距离为7-20cm,优选为8-14,最好为9cm,喷涂完的图层应固化48小时后再投入使用,温度低于10℃时需加热或延长固化时间。
当采用本次制备的铁芯组装的电机在运行时,根据电机的转速和负载状态,控制器控制电机绕组分别处于3种连接状态:见图3--图5,绕组的A、B、C分别连接控制器的三相输出端。
绕组处于不同的连接状态时,电机具有不同的电阻、电感等参数。
控制器需要预先储存绕组不同反电动势状态的几组电机参数。电机运行过程中,控制器根据电机的转速及负载状态,按照预定的程序调整绕组的连接状态,以获得不同的反电动势,采用不同的参数对电机进行控制。本发明是一种可改变反电动势的单速永磁同步电机及其驱动系统,不论接法如何改变反电动势的大小,在频率一定时,各种接法状态,电机的转速是相同的。
Claims (8)
1.一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,包括准备线圈、铁芯、绕组步骤,其特征在于:其中铁芯的制备工艺为将市场上购买来的硅钢或自行冶炼的硅钢采用多道次常温等通道拐角挤压(ECAP),其中硅钢的铝含量为≥2%,铝/硅≤0.85,挤压道次≥2,然后进行不完全再结晶退火,温度为500-650℃,之后在高精度冲压机上成型,冲压速度为3-12mm/s,冲压之后进行整形和喷涂,整形为冷整形,冷整形过程中,采用液氮进行冷却。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,其特征在于:所述不完全再结晶退火温度为600℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,其特征在于:所述冲压速度为5-8mm/s。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,其特征在于:喷涂采用冷喷涂工艺。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,其特征在于:将传统电机每相绕组分为两段。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,其特征在于:所述传统电机包括A、B、C三个相绕组,A分为A1A2和A3A4两段,B分为B1B2和B3B4,C分为C1C2和C3C4。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种电动汽车用可改变反电动势的永磁电机制备方法,其特征在于:绕组A1A2、B1B2、C1C2匝数均为w1,A3A4、B3B4、C3C4匝数均为w2,A1A2与A3A4同相位,B1B2与B3B4同相位,C1C2与C3C4同相位。
8.一种根据权利要求1-10任一项所述的制备方法的驱动装置,其特征在于:设有控制器,控制器预先储存绕组不同反电动势状态的几组电机参数,电机运行过程中,控制器根据电机的转速及负载状态,按照预定的程序调整绕组的连接状态,以获得不同的反电动势,采用不同的参数对电机进行控制。
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