CN110481115B - 一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种三明治防护结构,该装置通过将弯曲型点阵结构和拉伸型点阵结构组合的方式,构建混杂型点阵芯层,使其结合拉伸型点阵高比强度和弯曲型点阵高吸能效率的特点,提高三明治结构的缓冲吸能能力。和传统单一弯曲型点阵和拉伸型点阵芯层相比,本发明涉及的混杂型点阵芯层单位体积能量吸收和单位质量能量吸收可分别提升120%和25%以上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种三明治防护结构,尤其涉及一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置,属于轻量化结构与防护技术领域。
背景技术
减轻结构重量,提高有效使用载荷是先进运载工具和新型防护结构设计者追求的永恒主题。研究数据表明:汽车整体装备质量每下降10%,油耗可下降6%~8%;汽车重量减少100kg,百公里油耗可降低0.3-0.6L。对于飞机以及航天器而言,每减轻1kg重量都会对其性能以及成本控制带来很大的影响。随着车辆技术的日益发展,人们对车辆的机动性能和防护性能要求也越来越高,开发新型轻质高强吸能材料及结构,并将其应用于抗撞击缓冲吸能结构设计中,已成为汽车工业领域越来越关注的要点。轻质材料/结构力学和多功能轻量化优化已纳入重点发展方向。
三明治夹芯结构是一种特殊的复合材料结构,其主要由面板和多孔芯体材料组合而成。面板主要承载夹层结构中的拉伸和压缩应力,芯材的作用是支撑的面板使它们不会产生向内或向外的弯曲。芯材通常密度较低,能使结构在保持力学性能的同时显著减轻重量。同时,多孔芯体材料因其独特的微孔洞结构能够在受到冲击载荷时吸收大量的能量。常用的多孔芯体包括泡沫材料、蜂窝材料以及点阵材料,其中点阵材料因其更易控制的结构特性,更好的承载能力以及更高的表面密度,被认为是最有前景的新一代轻质超强韧材料。三明治点阵夹层结构因其超轻质、高比强/刚度、结构可设计性以及优异的缓冲吸能能力,可满足航空航天结构以及军事装备轻量化设计和冲击能量耗散的重大工程需求。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置,该装置结合弯曲型点阵结构和拉伸型点阵结构的特点,能够在保证较高比强度和比刚度的同时,提高结构的吸能效率,保证三明治防护结构的轻量化和冲击耗能能力。
本发明的目的是通过下述技术方案实现的。
一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置,包括:外面板层、混杂点阵芯体层和内面板层组成。混杂点阵芯体层是由弯曲型点阵结构和拉伸型点阵结构共同组合而成;所述混杂点阵芯体层固定在外面板层和内面板层之间;
所述拉伸型点阵结置于弯曲型点阵结构外侧。
所述拉伸型点阵结包括:八角点阵、金字塔点阵、二十面体点阵、Kagome点阵等;
所述弯曲型点阵结构包括菱形十二面体点阵、体心立方点阵、diamond点阵、十四面体点阵等;
所述拉伸型点阵结为八角点阵结构;
所述弯曲型点阵结构为菱形十二面体点阵结构;
所述拉伸型点阵结和弯曲型点阵结构的材料为采用延展性好、密度较低的铝或铝合金,也可以是316L不锈钢,其良好的塑性能够为整体结构提供较高的吸能能力;当然,所述点阵结构也可以由其它材质制成,在此不作限定。
所述外面板层和内面板层的材料为高强钢、钛合金或者高强碳纤维,可以使整体结构具备较高的强度;所述面板也可用其它材质制成,在此不作限定;面板厚度为2mm,混杂点阵芯体层厚度为20mm;也可根据实际工况改变所述面板以及点阵芯体层的几何尺寸,在此不作限定。
外面板层和内面板层分别置于防护结构最外和最内侧,分别与冲击体和被保护对象相邻。受到冲击时,冲击体首先作用于外面板层并压缩其向前运动。当应力波通过外面板层传至混杂点阵芯体层时,推动混杂点阵芯体层发生塑性变形,将冲击体的动能转化为混杂点阵芯体层的变形能,从而衰减冲击体的速度。内面板层为整体结构提供了一定的刚度并限制混杂点阵芯体层的变形。当应力波传播至内面板层时,内面板层发生塑性变形,可以进一步耗散冲击能量。在混杂点阵芯体层发生变形时,混杂点阵芯体层中的八角点阵结构为其提供了较高的比强度和比刚度,混杂点阵芯体层中的菱形十二面体点阵结构可以缓解八角点阵结构的局部失稳行为,保证混杂点阵芯体层的变形均匀性,提高其吸能效率。
本发明公开的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构及装置的工作方法为:将冲击体置于外面板层一侧,冲击体可以是高速运动质量体,也可以是爆炸产生的冲击波。冲击体作用至外面板层时,面板运动推动混杂点阵芯体层压缩变形,将初始冲击能量转换为结构各部分的变形能。三明治结构对初始能量的耗散ΔW可以表示为:
ΔW=W1+W2+W3
其中,W1、W2和W3分别为外面板层、芯层和内面半层的变形能。由于内、外面板层较薄,内、外面板层的变形对能量耗散影响可以忽略,因而防护结构的整体吸能效果主要与多孔芯层的变形能有关。用于表征多孔芯层力学特性的主要参数包括比强度平台应力σpl和密实应变εd,其分别表示为:
其中,σys为多孔芯材的初始坍塌强度,εs为对应σys的坍塌应变,ρ为多孔芯层的密度。多孔芯层的防护吸能可以用单位体积能量吸收EA、单位质量能量吸收SEA和吸能效率η表征,其分别表示为:
传统的点阵芯材可以根据变形机制的不同分为弯曲主导和拉伸主导两类,其中弯曲主导类点阵材料的比强/刚度较低,而拉伸主导型点阵材料由于容易出现局部失稳导致吸能效率不足,而且其过高的初始坍塌强度可能对被保护物体造成附加伤害。混杂点阵芯体层采用拉伸主导型的八角点阵结构和弯曲主导的菱形十二面体点阵结构组合而成,其中八角点阵结构可以为芯层提供足够的比刚/强度,菱形十二面体点阵可以限制芯层的局部变形,从而提高结构的吸能能力。上述作用过程导致传至内面板层的冲击能量被极大地削弱,能够有效地保护三明治结构后方的对象。
有益效果:
1、本发明公开的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置,采用两种变形机制混杂的点阵结构芯体,相比传统弯曲型点阵芯体具有更高的比刚/强度,进而为整体结构提供足够的承载能力;
2、本发明公开的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置,能够有效降低传统拉伸型点阵芯体的初始坍塌强度,避免造成附加伤害,并且在保证结构整体强度的同时提供其吸能能力和效率;
3、本发明公开的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的装置,采用3D打印技术实现面板和点阵芯体的一体化成型,相比传统的粘接方式,具有更高的界面强度,有效改善整体结构的局部失效特征;
4、相比传统增加面板厚度等提高结构防护效果的方法,本发明从改变点阵芯层结构出发,对整体结构的质量影响较小,能够在提高结构吸能能力的同时保证整体结构的轻量化;
5、本发明公开的混杂型点阵芯体结构,采用3D打印技术直接实现多种材料的耦合以及两种单一结构组分的密度分配,便于整体结构抗冲击缓冲性能的进一步优化和人工调控。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述一种轻质混杂点阵芯体三明治结构框架图;
图2为本发明所述的混杂点阵芯层的具体胞元结构;其中,图a为混杂点阵胞元;图b为菱形十二面体点阵胞元;图c为八角点阵胞元;
图3为本发明所述混杂点阵芯层的压缩响应及与常用单一点阵芯材的对比示意图;其中,图a为几种点阵芯层压缩应力应变关系对比;图b为不同时刻几种点阵芯层变形演化过程对比。
其中:1-外面板层,2-混杂点阵芯层,3-内面板层,4-菱形十二面体结构,5-八角点阵结构。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图与实施例对本发明做进一步说明;
常用的轻质抗冲击防护结构主要是由多孔材料填充的三明治夹层结构,其主要是利用在冲击载荷作用下,多孔芯体材料的压缩坍塌吸收大量的能量,以确保被保护结构承受的冲击应力维持在一个许可应力值之下,从而保护主体结构不发生破坏。研究表明,传统单一胞元的点阵芯材存在吸能效率低或者强/刚度不高等缺点。通过将性能不同的多种材料/结构通过合理的设计方式混杂结合在一起,通常能弥补各自的缺陷从而使得混合后的材料/结构的性能优于其各组分的原始结构的性能。本发明提出的混杂型点阵芯体结构,结合了弯曲型点阵材料和拉伸型点阵材料的特点,能够在保证较高比强/刚度的同时,提高结构的吸能效率,保证三明治防护结构的轻量化和冲击耗能能力。
实施例1
一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构及装置,包括:外面板层、混杂点阵芯体层和内面板层组成。混杂点阵芯体层是由弯曲型点阵结构和拉伸型点阵结构共同组合而成;所述混杂点阵芯体层固定在外面板层和内面板层之间;所述拉伸型点阵结置于弯曲型点阵结构外侧。所述拉伸型点阵结为八角点阵结构;所述弯曲型点阵结构为菱形十二面体点阵结构;如图2a、b、c所示;
所述拉伸型点阵结和弯曲型点阵结构的材料为316L不锈钢。
所述外面板层和内面板层的材料为装甲钢,面板厚度为2mm,混杂点阵芯体层厚度为20mm。
如图1所示,为本发明所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构,包括:外面板层1,混杂点阵芯体层2和内面板层3,3个部分组成,其中混杂点阵芯体层2由菱形十二面体结构4和八角点阵结构5混杂构成。
外面板层1和内面板层3分别置于防护结构最外和最内侧,分别与冲击体和被保护对象相邻。混杂点阵芯体层2置于外面板层1和内面板层3中间并分别与外面板层1和内面板层3粘接。受到冲击时,冲击体首先作用于外面板层1并压缩其向前运动。当应力波通过外面板层1传至混杂点阵芯体层2时,推动混杂点阵芯体层2发生塑性变形,将冲击体的动能转化为混杂点阵芯体层2的变形能,从而衰减冲击体的速度。内面板层3为整体结构提供了一定的刚度并限制混杂点阵芯体层2的变形。当应力波传播至内面板层3时,内面板层3发生塑性变形,可以进一步耗散冲击能量。在混杂点阵芯体层2发生变形时,混杂点阵芯体层2中的八角点阵结构5为其提供了较高的比强/刚度,混杂点阵芯体层2中的菱形十二面体点阵结构4可以缓解八角点阵结构5的局部失稳行为,保证混杂点阵芯体层2的变形均匀性,提高其吸能效率。如图3a、b所示,混杂点阵芯体层2受到压缩载荷作用时,整体结构的局部失稳要明显滞后于八角点阵结构5;混杂点阵芯体层2的力学性能明显优于八角点阵结构5和菱形十二面体点阵结构4各自的力学表现,甚至优于八角点阵结构5和菱形十二面体点阵结构4力学性能之和;混杂点阵芯体层2的比强度和比刚度相较菱形十二面体点阵结构4有了明显提高。通过这种设计方法,可以为大幅提高轻质三明治防护结构抗冲击特性提供依据。
如表1所示,和八角点阵结构相比,混杂点阵芯层比强度降低约22%,但单位体积能量吸收和单位质量能量吸收分别提升125%和26.8%,最大吸能效率提升18.5%;和菱形十二面体点阵结构相比,混杂点阵芯层结构的比强度、单位体积能量吸收和单位质量能量吸收分别提升212.5%、314%和100%。综上所述,本发明所述混杂点阵芯三明治防护结构能够在保证较高比强度的同时,大幅提升结构缓冲吸能能力。
表1几种芯层结构力学性能对比
以上所述的具体描述,对发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,所应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已,并不用于限定本发明的保护范围,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法,其特征在于:冲击体作用至外面板层时,面板运动推动混杂点阵芯体层压缩变形,将初始冲击能量转换为结构各部分的变形能;三明治结构对初始能量的耗散ΔW表示为:
ΔW=W1+W2+W3
其中,W1、W2和W3分别为外面板层、混杂点阵芯体层和内面半层的变形能;由于内面板层、外面板层较薄,因而防护结构的整体吸能效果主要与混杂点阵芯体层的变形能有关;用于表征混杂点阵芯体层力学特性的主要参数包括比强度平台应力σpl和密实应变εd,其分别表示为:
其中,σ和ε分别为不同时刻的应力和应变,σys为多孔芯材的初始坍塌强度,εs为对应σys的坍塌应变,ρ为多孔芯层的密度,f为变形效率;
混杂点阵芯体层的防护吸能能够用单位体积能量吸收EA、单位质量能量吸收SEA和吸能效率η表征,其分别表示为:
其中,σ和ε分别为不同时刻的应力和应变,σys为多孔芯材的初始坍塌强度,ρ为多孔芯层的密度,εd为多孔芯层密实应变;
混杂点阵芯体层采用拉伸主导型的点阵结构和弯曲主导的点阵结构组合而成,其中拉伸型点阵结构可以为混杂点阵芯体层提供足够的比刚/强度,弯曲型点阵能够限制芯层的局部变形,从而提高结构的吸能能力;上述作用过程导致传至内面板层的冲击能量被极大地削弱,能够有效地保护三明治结构后方的对象;所述拉伸型点阵结构包括:八角点阵、金字塔点阵、二十面体点阵和Kagome点阵;所述弯曲型点阵结构包括菱形十二面体点阵、体心立方点阵和十四面体点阵。
2.实现如权利要求1所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法的装置,其特征在于:包括:外面板层和内面板层;还包括混杂点阵芯体层,所述混杂点阵芯体层由弯曲型点阵结构和拉伸型点阵结构共同组合而成。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法的装置,其特征在于:所述拉伸型点阵结构置于弯曲型点阵结构外侧。
4.如权利要求2所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法的装置,其特征在于:所述拉伸型点阵结构为八角点阵结构;所述弯曲型点阵结构为菱形十二面体点阵结构。
5.如权利要求2所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法 的装置,其特征在于:所述拉伸型点阵结构和弯曲型点阵结构的材料为采用延展性好、密度较低的铝或铝合金以及316L不锈钢。
6.如权利要求2所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法的装置,其特征在于:所述外面板层和内面板层的材料为高强钢、钛合金或者高强碳纤维。
7.如权利要求2所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法的装置,其特征在于:外面板层和内面板层的厚度为2mm,混杂点阵芯体层厚度为20mm。
8.如权利要求2所述的一种混杂型点阵芯体三明治防护结构的防护方法的装置,其特征在于:采用3D打印技术实现面板和芯层一体化制备,提高芯体和面板间的界面强度。
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