CN110376102B - Method for testing surface tension of liquid drop - Google Patents
Method for testing surface tension of liquid drop Download PDFInfo
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- CN110376102B CN110376102B CN201910653239.1A CN201910653239A CN110376102B CN 110376102 B CN110376102 B CN 110376102B CN 201910653239 A CN201910653239 A CN 201910653239A CN 110376102 B CN110376102 B CN 110376102B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N13/02—Investigating surface tension of liquids
Abstract
The invention relates to the field of new material research and development, in particular to a liquid drop surface tension testing method, wherein a liquid drop surface tension testing device comprises a rotary motor, a rotary disc, a supporting table, two fixing rods, a camera, a light source, a computer, a metal ring, a liquid drop to be tested, a current source, a cable and an electric brush, wherein the rotary motor can be adjusted in speed, the liquid surface tension is calculated by a method for measuring the average curvature of the rotary liquid drop based on a rotary measuring method, the liquid drop surface tension testing device is suitable for high-surface tension and high-viscosity liquid, the liquid drop surface tension can be accurately determined, the high-precision surface tension measurement can be carried out on the high-surface tension or high-viscosity liquid, the cost is low, the sample amount required by the measurement is small, the heated liquid drop can be measured, the liquid surface tension is calculated by the method for measuring the average curvature of the rotary liquid drop, and only the liquid sample amount is in microliter magnitude, the high-temperature-resistant liquid heating device is suitable for liquid with high surface tension and high viscosity, has a heating function, and can be used for measuring the high temperature of molten glass and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of new material research and development, in particular to a liquid drop surface tension testing method capable of accurately determining the surface tension of liquid drops.
Background
The surface tension of liquid can reflect certain characteristics of the liquid and has important significance in scientific research and engineering application, and the most common method for measuring the surface tension of the liquid is a Wilhelmy method which determines the surface tension of the liquid by measuring the weight gain of a sheet in contact with the surface of the liquid and has the defect that the measurement of the liquid with high surface tension is time-consuming; the surface tension of liquids is usually measured by spectroscopic methods and laser interference manipulation methods, such as the suspended droplet method, which determines the surface tension of a liquid surface by distortion of the shape of a droplet, but only the lower surface tension of some liquids, especially for high surface tension, high viscosity, high temperature liquids, such as molten metals, molten glass, high molecular polymers, etc., cannot be measured with high accuracy.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention is based on a rotation measuring method, calculates the surface tension of the liquid by a method of measuring the average curvature of the rotating liquid drop, and is suitable for the liquid with high surface tension and high viscosity.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the liquid drop surface tension testing device comprises a rotary motor, a rotary disk, a supporting platform, two fixing rods, a camera, a light source, a computer, a metal ring, a liquid drop to be tested, a current source, a cable and an electric brush, wherein xyz is a three-dimensional coordinate system, the rotary motor can be adjusted in speed, the rotary disk is a disk and comprises a front surface, a rear surface and a side surface, two annular electrodes are arranged on the periphery of the side surface, the two annular electrodes are respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the current source through the cable and the electric brush, the rear surface of the rotary disk is coaxially connected with the rotary motor, the supporting platform is fixed at the edge of the front surface of the rotary disk, the rotary motor can drive the rotary disk to rotate in an xy plane, the two fixing rods are mutually and parallelly arranged on the supporting platform, the two fixing rods are parallel to the rotary disk, the two fixing rods are respectively conducted with the two annular electrodes on the side surface of the rotary disk through the supporting platform, and the two ends of the metal ring are respectively connected and conducted with the upper ends of the two fixing rods, the metal ring is formed by winding a metal bifilar wire with the diameter of 0.2 mm, liquid drops to be detected are adsorbed in the metal ring, and a current source can supply current to the metal ring, so that the metal ring generates heat and the liquid drops to be detected are heated; the camera, the light source and the computer are all positioned on one side of the front surface of the rotating disc, and the camera and the light source are all connected with the computer through cables, so that the camera can image the metal ring and the liquid drop to be detected on the supporting table and input imaging information into the computer; the radius of the rotating disc is 30 mm; the diameter of the metal ring is 1.3 mm.
The method for testing the surface tension of the liquid drop comprises the following measurement steps:
step one, transferring 5 microliters of liquid to be detected into a metal ring by using a laboratory pipettor to form liquid drops to be detected, wherein the density rho of the liquid to be detected is known;
adjusting the position of a camera to enable the camera to image the metal ring and the liquid drop to be detected;
step three, starting the rotating motor to enable the rotating disc to rotate around the central shaft in the xy plane,so that the liquid drop to be measured rotates around the central axis of the rotating disk in the xy plane, and the rotating speed of the rotating motor is omega0；
Step four, the camera collects imaging information of the liquid drop to be detected and inputs the imaging information into the computer, the imaging information of the liquid drop to be detected when the liquid drop to be detected is positioned at the lowest side of the rotating disc in each rotating period is selected and analyzed, and the average curvature and the change of the surface of the liquid drop to be detected are obtained by analyzing the imaging information;
step five, adjusting the rotating speed of the rotating motor, wherein the rotating speed of the rotating motor is omega0、1.2ω0、1.5ω0、1.8ω0And 2.0. omega0Repeating the third step and the fourth step under the condition of (1);
step six, obtaining the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop to be detected under different rotating speed values of the rotating motor according to the step five, wherein the delta H represents the difference value of the average curvature of any two points with height difference H on the liquid drop to be detected;
step seven, drawing the data in the step six into a graph, wherein the ordinate is the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop to be detected, and the abscissa is the acceleration g of the liquid drop to be detected respectively measured under the conditions of different rotating speeds of the rotating disk/Product g of h/And h, performing linear fitting, wherein the fitting value of the slope is rho/2 sigma, and finally calculating to obtain the surface tension sigma of the liquid drop to be measured.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method can measure the surface tension of the liquid with high surface tension or high viscosity with high precision, has low cost and small sample amount required by measurement, and can measure the heated liquid drop.
Drawings
The following is further illustrated in connection with the figures of the present invention:
FIG. 1 is a schematic of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of the rotating disk;
fig. 3 is an enlarged schematic top view of the metal ring.
In the figure, 1 is a rotary motor, 2 is a rotary disk, 3 is a support table, 4 is two fixed rods, 5 is a camera, 6 is a light source, 7 is a computer, 8 is a metal ring, and 9 is a liquid drop to be detected.
Detailed Description
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the present invention, which comprises a rotary motor (1), a rotary disk (2), a support table (3), two fixing rods (4), a camera (5), a light source (6), a computer (7), a metal ring (8), a liquid drop to be measured (9), a current source, a cable and a brush, wherein xyz is a three-dimensional coordinate system, the rotary motor (1) can adjust speed, the rotary disk (2) is a disk and comprises a front surface, a rear surface and a side surface, two annular electrodes are arranged on the periphery of the side surface, the two annular electrodes are respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the current source through the cable and the brush, the rear surface of the rotary disk (2) is coaxially connected to the rotary motor (1), the support table (3) is fixed on the edge of the front surface of the rotary disk (2), the rotary motor (1) can drive the rotary disk (2) to rotate in an xy plane, and the camera (5), the light source (6) and the computer (7) are all located on one side of the front surface of the rotary disk (2), the camera (5) and the light source (6) are both connected with the computer (7) through cables, so that the camera (5) can image the metal ring (8) on the support table (3) and the liquid drop (9) to be detected, and the imaged information is input into the computer (7).
As shown in fig. 2, which is a schematic front view of a rotating disk, in the figure, at the moment when a droplet (9) to be measured is located at the lowest side of the rotating disk (2) in one rotation period, the radius of the rotating disk (2) is 30 mm, two fixing rods (4) are installed on a supporting platform (3) in parallel, the two fixing rods (4) are parallel to the rotating disk (2), the two fixing rods (4) are respectively conducted with two annular electrodes on the side surface of the rotating disk (2) through the supporting platform (3), two ends of a metal ring (8) are respectively connected and conducted with the upper ends of the two fixing rods (4), the droplet (9) to be measured is adsorbed in the metal ring (8), the typical size of the diameter of the droplet (9) to be measured is 1 mm, and a current source can supply current to the metal ring (8), so that the metal ring (8) generates heat and heats the droplet (9) to be measured.
As shown in fig. 3, which is an enlarged schematic top view of the metal ring, the metal ring (8) is formed by winding a metal bifilar with a diameter of 0.2 mm, and the diameter of the metal ring (8) is 1.3 mm.
The liquid drop surface tension testing device comprises a rotary motor (1), a rotary disk (2), a support table (3), two fixing rods (4), a camera (5), a light source (6), a computer (7), a metal ring (8), liquid drops (9) to be tested, a current source, a cable and an electric brush, wherein xyz is a three-dimensional coordinate system, the rotary motor (1) can regulate speed, the rotary disk (2) is a disk and comprises a front surface, a rear surface and a side surface, two annular electrodes are arranged on the periphery of the side surface, the two annular electrodes are respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the current source through the cable and the electric brush, the rear surface of the rotary disk (2) is coaxially connected to the rotary motor (1), the support table (3) is fixed at the edge of the front surface of the rotary disk (2), the rotary motor (1) can drive the rotary disk (2) to rotate in an xy plane, and the two fixing rods (4) are mutually installed on the support table (3) in parallel, the two fixing rods (4) are parallel to the rotating disc (2), the two fixing rods (4) are respectively communicated with two annular electrodes on the side face of the rotating disc (2) through the supporting table (3), two ends of the metal ring (8) are respectively connected with and communicated with the upper ends of the two fixing rods (4), the metal ring (8) is formed by winding metal twin wires with the diameter of 0.2 mm, liquid drops (9) to be detected are adsorbed in the metal ring (8), and the current source can supply current to the metal ring (8), so that the metal ring (8) generates heat and the liquid drops (9) to be detected are heated; the camera (5), the light source (6) and the computer (7) are all located on one side of the front face of the rotating disc (2), and the camera (5) and the light source (6) are all connected with the computer (7) through cables, so that the camera (5) can image a metal ring (8) and a liquid drop (9) to be detected on the supporting table (3), and image information is input into the computer (7); the radius of the rotating disc (2) is 30 mm; the diameter of the metal ring (8) is 1.3 mm.
Principle of rotating droplets to measure surface tension: when the surface tension of the liquid drop is measured by adopting a traditional liquid drop hanging method, 2 sigma delta H-rho gh is provided according to a Populus-Laplace equation, wherein sigma represents the surface tension of the liquid drop to be measured, delta H represents the difference value of the average curvatures of any two points with height difference H on the liquid drop to be measured, rho represents the liquid density of the liquid drop to be measured, a real-time image of the liquid drop to be measured is analyzed, 10 points on the surface of the liquid drop to be measured are selected as sampling points, the curvatures of the sampling points are obtained through image analysis, and finally the surface tension of the liquid drop to be measured is obtained. The equation shows that increasing Δ H or ρ gh can improve the accuracy of the measurement of the surface tension of the droplet, and when the size of the droplet to be measured is large enough and the surface tension is low, the droplet gradually deforms under its gravity and finally drips, in which case the surface tension can be measured more accurately, but forIn the method for measuring the surface tension by rotating the liquid drop, the liquid drop to be measured is rotated in a vertical plane, the distortion deformation of the liquid drop to be measured is enhanced under the combined action of the centrifugal force and the gravity of the liquid drop to be measured, and when the viscosity of the liquid is low enough and the liquid drop is deformed within one rotation, the Populus-Laplace equation can be expressed as 2 sigma delta H ═ rho (omega)2L +/-g) h, wherein omega and L are respectively the rotating speed and the rotating radius of the liquid drop to be measured rotating around the central shaft of the rotating disc (2), and when the liquid drop to be measured is positioned at the bottom and the top of the rotating disc (2), a positive sign and a negative sign are respectively applied, wherein h is less than one thousandth of L.
If the viscosity of the liquid drop to be measured is high enough and the characteristic time constant of the deformation of the liquid drop is more than one thousand times larger than the rotation period of the rotating disc (2), the action of gravity can be ignored, and the Yang-Laplace equation can be expressed as 2 sigma delta H ═ rho omega2Lh, for the liquid drop to be measured with smaller size, the viscous force can overcome the inertia, the characteristic time constant of the movement is similar to R eta/sigma, wherein R is the radius of the liquid drop to be measured, eta is the viscosity of the liquid drop to be measured, and when omega > sigma/R eta, 2 sigma delta H ═ rho omega can be obtained2Lh is approximately established, for example, for a droplet to be measured with a surface tension σ of 0.1 n/m, if the radius R of the droplet to be measured is 1 mm and the viscosity η is 1000 pascal · s, the rotation speed ω at which the droplet to be measured rotates around the central axis of the rotating disk (2) needs to be greater than 100 times/s, and the rotating motor (1) is a dc motor or a variable frequency adjustable speed motor.
Explanation of the specific measurement method: the shape of the liquid drop (9) to be detected is detected by the camera (5) at a certain moment in the rotation cycle of the liquid drop (9), for example, when the liquid drop (9) to be detected rotates to the lowest side of the rotating disk (2), whether the liquid drop (9) to be detected is in an equilibrium state is judged through the change of the shape of the liquid drop (9) to be detected. The key of measurement is that the average curvature of the liquid drop (9) to be measured is determined by observing the shape of the liquid drop (9), the liquid drop (9) to be measured can only be observed from one direction due to rotation, therefore, the average curvature can only be obtained by averaging two main curvatures, the testing device adopts a structure of a fixed rod (4) and a metal ring (8), the shape of the liquid drop (9) to be measured is symmetrical by the limitation of the geometric boundary of the metal ring (8), and the plane of the metal ring (8) is vertical to the direction of the centrifugal force applied when the liquid drop (9) to be measured rotates around the central shaft of the rotating disk (2); moreover, the metal ring (8) can be electrified to generate heat and heat the liquid drop (9) to be measured adsorbed in the metal ring (8), and the temperature control capability of the liquid drop with small size is better, so that the invention can be used for high-temperature measurement of melted glass, high-molecular polymer and the like.
The diameter of the typical size of the liquid drop (9) to be measured is 1 mm, and the liquid drop shape is stable in the rotation process of only tens of seconds, which is much shorter than the measurement time of the traditional suspension method. The same liquid drop (9) to be detected is measured by changing the rotating speed of the liquid drop (9) to be detected to obtain different degrees of distortion deformation, namely more accurate surface tension can be obtained through multiple measurements, a graph is drawn through fitting measured data, the ordinate is the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected, and the abscissa is the acceleration g of the liquid drop (9) to be detected measured respectively under different rotating speed conditions of the rotating disk (2)/Product g of h/H, according to equation 2 σ Δ H ═ ρ (ω) of2L + -g) h, the fitted value for the slope is expressed as ρ/2 σ.
The method for testing the surface tension of the liquid drop comprises the following measurement steps:
step one, transferring 5 microliters of liquid to be detected into a metal ring (8) by using a laboratory pipettor to form liquid drops (9) to be detected, wherein the density rho of the liquid to be detected is known;
adjusting the position of a camera (5) to enable the camera to image the metal ring (8) and the liquid drop (9) to be detected;
step three, starting the rotary motor (1) to enable the rotary disk (2) to rotate around the central axis of the rotary disk in the xy plane, so that the liquid drop (9) to be detected rotates around the central axis of the rotary disk (2) in the xy plane, and the rotating speed of the rotary motor (1) is omega0；
Step four, the camera (5) collects imaging information of the liquid drop (9) to be detected and inputs the imaging information into the computer (7), the imaging information of the liquid drop (9) to be detected when the liquid drop is positioned at the lowest side of the rotating disc (2) in each rotating period is selected and analyzed, and the average curvature and the change of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected are obtained by analyzing the imaging information;
step five, adjusting the rotating speed of the rotating motor (1), wherein the rotating speed of the rotating motor (1) is omega0、1.2ω0、1.5ω0、1.8ω0And 2.0. omega0Repeating the third step and the fourth step under the condition of (1);
step six, obtaining the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected under different rotating speed values of the rotating motor (1) according to the step five, wherein the delta H represents the difference value of the average curvature of any two points with height difference H on the liquid drop to be detected;
step seven, drawing the data in the step six into a graph, wherein the ordinate is the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected, and the abscissa is the acceleration g of the liquid drop (9) to be detected respectively measured under the conditions of different rotating speeds of the rotating disk (2)/Product g of h/And h, performing linear fitting, wherein the fitting value of the slope is rho/2 sigma, and finally calculating to obtain the surface tension sigma of the liquid drop (9) to be measured.
The invention calculates the liquid surface tension by measuring the average curvature of the rotating liquid drop, only needs a liquid sample with dosage in microliter magnitude, is suitable for liquid with high surface tension and high viscosity, has a heating function, and can carry out high-temperature measurement on melted glass and the like.
Claims (1)
1. A liquid drop surface tension testing method comprises a rotary motor (1), a rotary disk (2), a supporting table (3), two fixing rods (4), a camera (5), a light source (6), a computer (7), a metal ring (8), liquid drops to be tested (9), a current source, a cable and an electric brush, wherein xyz is a three-dimensional coordinate system, the rotary motor (1) can adjust speed, the rotary disk (2) is a disk and comprises a front surface, a rear surface and a side surface, two annular electrodes are arranged on the periphery of the side surface and are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the current source through the cable and the electric brush, the rear surface of the rotary disk (2) is coaxially connected with the rotary motor (1), the edge of the front surface of the rotary disk (2) is fixedly provided with the rotary motor (3), the supporting table (1) can drive the rotary disk (2) to rotate in an xy plane, the two fixing rods (4) are mutually and parallelly arranged on the supporting table (3), the two fixing rods (4) are parallel to the rotating disc (2), the two fixing rods (4) are respectively communicated with two annular electrodes on the side face of the rotating disc (2) through the supporting table (3), two ends of the metal ring (8) are respectively connected with and communicated with the upper ends of the two fixing rods (4), the metal ring (8) is formed by winding metal twin wires with the diameter of 0.2 mm, liquid drops (9) to be detected are adsorbed in the metal ring (8), and the current source can supply current to the metal ring (8), so that the metal ring (8) generates heat and the liquid drops (9) to be detected are heated; the camera (5), the light source (6) and the computer (7) are all located on one side of the front face of the rotating disc (2), and the camera (5) and the light source (6) are all connected with the computer (7) through cables, so that the camera (5) can image a metal ring (8) and a liquid drop (9) to be detected on the supporting table (3), and image information is input into the computer (7); the radius of the rotating disc (2) is 30 mm; the diameter of the metal ring (8) is 1.3 mm,
the method is characterized in that: the method for testing the surface tension of the liquid drop comprises the following measurement steps:
step one, transferring 5 microliters of liquid to be detected into a metal ring (8) by using a laboratory pipettor to form liquid drops (9) to be detected, wherein the density rho of the liquid to be detected is known;
adjusting the position of a camera (5) to enable the camera to image the metal ring (8) and the liquid drop (9) to be detected;
step three, starting the rotary motor (1) to enable the rotary disk (2) to rotate around the central axis of the rotary disk in the xy plane, so that the liquid drop (9) to be detected rotates around the central axis of the rotary disk (2) in the xy plane, and the rotating speed of the rotary motor (1) is omega0；
Step four, the camera (5) collects imaging information of the liquid drop (9) to be detected and inputs the imaging information into the computer (7), the imaging information of the liquid drop (9) to be detected when the liquid drop is positioned at the lowest side of the rotating disc (2) in each rotating period is selected and analyzed, and the average curvature and the change of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected are obtained by analyzing the imaging information;
step five, adjusting the rotating speed of the rotating motor (1), wherein the rotating speed of the rotating motor (1) is omega0、1.2ω0、1.5ω0、1.8ω0And 2.0. omega0Repeating the third step and the fourth step under the condition of (1);
step six, obtaining the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected under different rotating speed values of the rotating motor (1) according to the step five, wherein the delta H represents the difference value of the average curvature of any two points with height difference H on the liquid drop to be detected;
step seven, drawing the data in the step six into a graph, wherein the ordinate is the difference value delta H of the average curvature of the surface of the liquid drop (9) to be detected, and the abscissa is the acceleration g of the liquid drop (9) to be detected respectively measured under the conditions of different rotating speeds of the rotating disk (2)/Product g of h/And h, performing linear fitting, wherein the fitting value of the slope is rho/2 sigma, and finally calculating to obtain the surface tension sigma of the liquid drop (9) to be measured.
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