CN110358236A - 基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋及其制备方法,该垃圾袋的原料包括水溶性树脂、可降解树脂和助剂,其中水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为(2~60):(40~98),所述的水溶性树脂和可降解树脂的总重占垃圾袋成品膜总重量的40~60%,其余为助剂。与现有技术相比,本发明垃圾袋在设定温度和湿度下可快速溶水和生物降解并且在生产和使用过程中都无毒无害。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及高分子材料技术领域,即用于垃圾分类,部分水溶且部分可降解的垃圾袋及其制备方法。
背景技术
众所周知,塑料作为高分子材料遍布人类生活的每个角落,然而其不可降解的特性给生态环境带来了破坏。塑料袋是以聚乙烯,聚丙烯,聚氯乙烯,聚酯,尼龙等为主要原料制作而成的袋子,用来装载其他物品。但塑料袋因其降解周期长和处理困难的缺点被部分国家禁止生产和使用。自2008年6月起,中国实行限塑令,市场上实行塑料袋有偿使用制度并且全国范围内禁止生产,销售,使用厚度小于0.025毫米的塑料购物袋。自2019年7月1日以来,上海推行垃圾分类制度。垃圾分类的过程中,厨余垃圾属于湿垃圾,但是装载厨余垃圾的塑料袋又属于干垃圾,小区居民需要每次在扔垃圾过程中需要对湿垃圾破袋,将厨余倒入湿垃圾桶,将垃圾袋放入干垃圾桶,这种二次分拣费时费力并弄得满手污渍。但是垃圾分类势在必行,湿垃圾及装载其的塑料袋的分离是一个值得关注的焦点。
中国专利申请CN107522933A公开了一种垃圾分类用生物基全降解塑料垃圾袋及其制备方法,该垃圾袋由混合料通过挤出吹塑工艺制得,所述混合料包括:憎水改性淀粉、塑料树脂、氧化降解添加剂、生物降解助剂、热稳定剂、填充剂和色母粒;所述憎水改性淀粉与塑料树脂的质量比为(5~50):(50~95);所述氧化降解添加剂为憎水改性淀粉和塑料树脂总质量的1~20%,所述生物降解助剂为憎水改性淀粉和塑料树脂总质量的1~20%,所述热稳定剂为憎水改性淀粉和塑料树脂总质量的0.1~2%,所述填充剂为憎水改性淀粉和塑料树脂总质量的0.1~2%,所述色母粒为憎水改性淀粉和塑料树脂总质量的1~6%。该所述垃圾袋可实现完全降解,成本低,易加工。但是该垃圾袋的的降解需要采用填埋法,填埋3-5个月以上才能实现完全降解,因此,在垃圾分类时,需要将垃圾袋与袋内各种垃圾分开处理。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服上述现有技术存在的缺陷而提供一种可随垃圾共同降解的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋及其制备方法。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案来实现:一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,该垃圾袋的原料包括水溶性树脂、可降解树脂和助剂,其中水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为(2~60):(40~98),所述的水溶性树脂和可降解树脂的总重占垃圾袋成品膜总重量的40~60%,其余为助剂。
所述的水溶性树脂为聚乙烯醇;聚合度300-3300,醇解度78-99%,平均分子量13000-150000,挥发分≤10%,乙醇钠≤3%,pH值5-7。
所述的可降解树脂为聚丙交酯,平均分子量1×104-1×105。
优选地,所述的水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为(30~40):(60~70)。
所述的助剂包括填料,增塑剂,抗氧剂,表面活性剂,防腐剂及色料,其中,增塑剂占成品膜总重量的10-25%,填料占成品膜总重量的10%-30%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.2-0.3%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.2%-0.3%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的0.1%-2%,色料占成品膜总重量的0%-6%。
优选地,所述的增塑剂包括合成植物酯,磷酸三丁酯,丙三醇、甘油,柠檬酸三丁酯,柠檬酸三辛酯,环氧大豆油和9,10-环氧硬脂酸辛酯等的一到多种成分;
所述的填料包括壳聚糖,大豆蛋白,大豆纤维,玉米淀粉,马铃薯淀粉,木浆和碳酸钙等的一到多种成分;
所述的抗氧剂包括L-抗坏血酸,4,4'-亚甲基双(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚),2,6-二叔丁基对甲基苯酚和丁基羟基茴香醚等的一到多种成分;
所述的防腐剂包括苯甲酸钠,苯甲酸钾,苯甲酸,对羟基苯甲酸酯和醋酸钠等的一到多种成分;
所述的表面活性剂包括聚乙二醇,18-冠-6,聚乙二醇二甲醚和聚乙二醇二乙醚等的一到多种成分。
进一步优选:所述的增塑剂占成品膜总重量的15-20%,填料占成品膜总重量的15%-25%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.2-0.3%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.2%-0.3%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的1%-1.5%,色料占成品膜总重量的2%-5%。
一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将聚乙烯醇和聚丙交酯分别加入去离子水中各自配成1~10wt%的溶液,然后混合搅拌均匀;
(2)向步骤(1)所得混合液中加入助剂,混合搅拌均匀,倒入模具,在30-60℃下干燥,溶剂挥发后,得到PVA/PLA成品膜。
本发明旨在提供一个同时具有在设定温度下快速溶水和生物降解功能并且在生产和使用过程中都无毒无害的高分子聚合物湿垃圾专用袋子。本发明采用聚合度300-3300,醇解度78-99%为聚乙烯醇与平均分子量1×104-1×105的聚丙交酯为核心组分。其中聚乙烯醇PVA在一定湿度条件下可以溶解,即增加了混合膜的亲水性,从而在一定程度上破坏了聚丙交酯PLA的结晶性能,促进聚丙交酯PLA在50℃以上由于聚乙烯醇的吸水性能增加而使混合膜加速降解;另一方面,聚丙交酯PLA降解时会增加体系内羧酸基团的增加,从而使溶液酸性增加而产生自催化效应,加速PLA的自身降解。而在常温条件下聚乙烯醇和聚丙交酯吸水性能降低,从而使其制作的袋子可以在保持了一定的机械强度和耐水性的前提下,具有可控制的水溶解和降解性能,袋子遇热及水后分解为若干小碎片。再经过一段时间,这些小碎片在自然环境中可以被降解。这样只要用这种湿垃圾专用袋装载湿垃圾,居民就不需要在扔垃圾时进行破袋处理,不会弄脏双手,不会让垃圾液体和气味释放到公共空间。达到绿色环保,方便市民生活,节省社会运行成本的目的。
与现有技术相比,本发明首次将高分子材料的溶解可性能与可降解性能综合在一个产品中。在正常湿度和温度下,袋子保持机械强度。当温度湿度增高,袋子首先部分溶解,可降解材料随之被降解。一般可降解的材料需要在土壤中经过40至60天才能被降解,而本发明产品在20天后便可降解,此为该产品的另一优势。
附图说明
图1为本发明产品和常规可降解垃圾袋以及普通垃圾袋在25℃和湿度60%的条件下的样品膜的失重曲线图。
图2为本发明产品在温度25℃和湿度60%,温度50℃和湿度80%以及温度70℃和湿度90%的条件下的样品膜的失重曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。
实施例1
一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将聚乙烯醇PVA和聚丙交酯PLA分别加入去离子水中各自配成1~10wt%的溶液,二者按表1中的比例进行混合,搅拌均匀;
(2)向步骤(1)所得混合液中加入助剂,混合搅拌均匀,倒入模具,在30-60℃下干燥,溶剂挥发后,得到PVA/PLA成品膜。
助剂为:增塑剂占成品膜总重量的20%,填料占成品膜总重量的20%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.25%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.25%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的1%,色料占成品膜总重量的2%,聚乙烯醇PVA和聚丙交酯PLA的质量之和占成品膜总重量的56.5%。
(3)制成膜之后,将成品膜裁剪成10cm×4cm的条形方片,在25℃下进行吸湿及水解实验。
1)吸湿实验中,将裁剪好的成品膜方片置于封闭空间内,控制其湿度分别为30%,60%,90%,经过24小时,测量成品膜方片的重量换算成增重率及断裂伸长率。
表1 为不同PVA/PLA比例制成的成品膜在不同湿度下的性能表
实验结果表明,PVA/PLA比例增大,成品膜吸湿吸水增重率提高,拉伸强度降低。断裂伸长率在PLA/PVA为40%时最大,说明此时韧性最高。并且随着湿度的增加,薄膜材料吸湿吸水性增加,其强度也随之降低,说明该薄膜材料具有制成湿垃圾塑料袋的必要性质。
将上述薄膜制成成品垃圾袋后,将其装载湿垃圾后在室温放置3天,其机械强度有所下降但仍符合作为垃圾袋的强度要求。之后,将多个装载湿垃圾的袋子放置在一起进行发酵,1天后袋子破裂,湿垃圾自动分散。在某些特例中,由于湿度温度条件不适合,垃圾袋未溶解破裂;但是在喷淋了少量水和将温度提高到50℃时,垃圾袋便可溶解破裂。
2)降解实验:将成品膜裁剪成10cm×4cm的条形方片,在25℃下进行吸湿及水解实验。
吸湿实验中,将裁剪好的混合膜方片置于天然土壤中,分别相隔20天,40天,60天观察其特性。实验发现,在20天后,该薄膜材料被充分降解。
可以看出,本发明制成的垃圾袋在适合的温度和湿度下可以快速降解,而在日常使用中,如在盛装湿垃圾后,湿度即使达到90%,垃圾袋也不会马上破裂或降解,而是能维持完整的袋子形状。一旦需要处理时,将其温度升到50℃左右,24~48h左右垃圾袋即可完全分解,因此使用时,不用将垃圾袋单独分类出来进行特殊处理,而是可以随同湿垃圾一起处理。
如图1所示,为本发明产品和常规可降解垃圾袋以及普通垃圾袋在25℃和湿度60%的条件下的样品膜的失重曲线图,可以看出普通PE垃圾袋基本上不会降解,需要专业处理方法进行后续回收处理,普通可降解垃圾袋在50h左右可降解20%,500h左右可降解30%左右,而本发明垃圾袋在50小时左右即可解离60%左右。
图2为本发明产品在温度25℃和湿度60%,温度50℃和湿度80%以及温度70℃和湿度90%的条件下的样品膜的失重曲线图,可以看出,本发明垃圾袋在25℃和湿度60%条件下,10h之后失重率仍在20%左右,也就是说当温度处于常温状态下,即使湿度达到60%,本发明垃圾袋基本上可以维持使用10h左右,满足日常使用;在温度50℃和湿度80%和温度70℃和湿度90%的条件下,10h就可以解离60%以上,因此,可以和垃圾袋内的湿垃圾共同处理,不用单独分离处理,方便干净快捷。
实施例2
一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,该垃圾袋的原料包括水溶性树脂、可降解树脂、填料,增塑剂,抗氧剂,表面活性剂,防腐剂及色料,其中水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为30:70。
增塑剂占成品膜总重量的10%,填料占成品膜总重量的10%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.2%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.2%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的0.1%,聚乙烯醇PVA和聚丙交酯PLA的质量之和占成品膜总重量的79.5%。
制备方法同实施例1,所得成品膜在25℃,30%的湿度下,拉伸强度为87.01MPa,断裂伸长率为149.88%,在50℃,80%的湿度下,完全分解的时间为48h。
实施例3
一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,该垃圾袋的原料包括水溶性树脂、可降解树脂、填料,增塑剂,抗氧剂,表面活性剂,防腐剂及色料,其中水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为40:60。
增塑剂占成品膜总重量的25%,填料占成品膜总重量的30%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.3%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.3%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的2%,色料占成品膜总重量的6%。聚乙烯醇PVA和聚丙交酯PLA的质量之和占成品膜总重量的36.4%。
制备方法同实施例1,所得成品膜在25℃,30%的湿度下,拉伸强度为85.95MPa,断裂伸长率为183.76%,在50℃,80%的湿度下,完全分解的时间为48h。
Claims (7)
1.一种基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,该垃圾袋的原料包括水溶性树脂、可降解树脂和助剂,其中水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为(2~60):(40~98),所述的水溶性树脂和可降解树脂的总重占垃圾袋成品膜总重量的40~60%,其余为助剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,所述的水溶性树脂为聚乙烯醇,醇解度78-99%,平均分子量1.3×104-15×104,挥发分≤10%,乙醇钠≤3%,pH值5-7;
所述的可降解树脂为聚丙交酯颗粒或粉末,平均分子量1×104-1×105。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,所述的水溶性树脂、可降解树脂的质量比为(30~40):(60~70)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,所述的助剂包括填料,增塑剂,抗氧剂,表面活性剂,防腐剂及色料,其中,增塑剂占成品膜总重量的10-25%,填料占成品膜总重量的10%-30%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.2-0.3%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.2%-0.3%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的0.1%-2%,色料占成品膜总重量的0%-6%。
5.根据权利要求4所述的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,所述的增塑剂包括合成植物酯,磷酸三丁酯,丙三醇、甘油,柠檬酸三丁酯,柠檬酸三辛酯,环氧大豆油和9,10-环氧硬脂酸辛酯中的一种或多种;
所述的填料包括壳聚糖,大豆蛋白,大豆纤维,玉米淀粉,马铃薯淀粉,木浆和碳酸钙中的一种或多种;
所述的抗氧剂包括L-抗坏血酸,4,4'-亚甲基双(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚),2,6-二叔丁基对甲基苯酚和丁基羟基茴香醚中的一种或多种;
所述的防腐剂包括苯甲酸钠,苯甲酸钾,苯甲酸,对羟基苯甲酸酯和醋酸钠中的一种或多种;
所述的表面活性剂包括聚乙二醇,18-冠-6,聚乙二醇二甲醚和聚乙二醇二乙醚中的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求4所述的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋,其特征在于,所述的增塑剂占成品膜总重量的15-20%,填料占成品膜总重量的15%-25%,抗氧剂占成品膜总重量的0.2-0.3%,防腐剂占成品膜总重量的0.2%-0.3%,表面活性剂占成品膜总重量的1%-1.5%,色料占成品膜总重量的2%-5%。
7.一种如权利要求1所述的基于水溶及可降解特性的高分子材料的垃圾袋的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将聚乙烯醇和聚丙交酯分别加入去离子水中各自配成1~10wt%的溶液,然后混合搅拌均匀;
(2)向步骤(1)所得混合液中加入助剂,混合搅拌均匀,倒入模具,在30-60℃下干燥,溶剂挥发后,得到PVA/PLA成品膜。
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