CN110336011A - 一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法 - Google Patents
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种制备牡丹花状N‑doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,步骤1:将CH4N2S加入到乙二醇中溶解后再加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮搅拌溶解得溶液B;步骤2:取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中搅拌溶解得溶液C;步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中下水热反应得浑浊液态前驱体;步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体离心洗涤后干燥得N‑doped C/SnS前驱体;步骤5:将N‑doped C/SnS前驱体置入反应炉中并在惰性气体气氛中保温,得牡丹花状N‑doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。将其制备的电池负极材料应用于锂离子电池负极具有优异的循环稳定性和充放电倍率性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池负极材料制备方法技术领域,涉及一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法。
背景技术
根据国家发布的《汽车产业中长期发展规划》,到2025年,锂离子动力电池能量密度需达到350Wh kg-1以上。目前市场上以石墨作为负极材料的动力锂离子电池的能量密度普遍在240Wh kg-1以下,并且石墨电极的容量已非常接近理论容量,提升空间有限。因此,开发新型高容量负极材料非常重要。SnS基材料由于具有高容量、低毒性、易制备等优点引起了科学家们的广泛关注。
SnS电极材料的研究较少,具有较低的嵌锂电位以及较高的理论容量(782mAh/g)。SnS是一种重要的IV-VI族化合物半导体材料,通过控制锡元素的浓度,既能展示出n-型半导体的性质,又能展示出p-型半导体的性质。单胞跨越两层,沿晶体的C轴堆叠,属正交晶系,晶胞系数a=433pm、b=1118pm、c=398pm,晶体具有畸变NaCl型结构,在每一层中Sn原子和S原子是由较强的共价键结合的,而层与层之间的原子是由比较弱的范德华力结合的。SnS由于其独特的结构以及较高的理论容量而成为有潜力的锂离子电池负极材料。
SnS电极材料在充放电过程主要发生的电化学反应是转换反应和合金化反应,SnS电极材料的可逆容量主要来源于合金化反应,其中,SnS电极材料和锂金属发生嵌脱反应、转换反应等,根据化学反应的充放电电压平台的不同,以下是其电化学反应过程的反应表达式:
SnS+2Li++2e-→Sn+Li2S (1) 根据电化学反应充放电电压平台的不同,在1.0~1.5V之间,SnS首先与锂发生一个不可逆的置换反应,生成金属Sn和非晶态的Li2S,如反应(1)所示,以及SEI膜的形成。而且,首次充放电过程中形成的SEI膜会产生较大的不可逆容量使得首次库伦效率较低。部分研究发现,在1.5V处,首先发生的是锂离子嵌入SnS层状结构发生反应但没有物相的转变(SnS+xLi++xe-→LiXSnS),在1.0V左右,LixSnS与锂离子进行转换反应生成Sn单质和Li2S(LiXSnS+(2-x)Li++(2-x)e-→Sn+Li2S)。而0.8V以下Sn单质和锂离子发生合金化反应。该反应是可逆的,Sn单质最多可结合4.4个锂离子,如反应(2)所示。SnS电极材料的可逆容量主要来源于这一步。另外,SEI膜的形成对电池的性能有较大的影响,稳定的SEI膜会使电化学性能很稳定,不稳定的SEI膜会导致性能衰减很快。
然而和大多数负极材料一样,将SnS作为锂离子电池负极材料存在两个较为严重的问题:一是电极在充放电过程中存在较大的体积膨胀,会使得电极粉化甚至从集流体上脱落,导致其较差的循环稳定性以及结构稳定性;而是其较差的导电性,从而影响电子的传递速率,导致其较缓慢的动力学反应导致其具有较差的倍率性能。
发明内容
本发明解决的技术问题在于提供一种制备成本低、操作方法简单和制备周期短的制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,将其制备的电池负极材料应用于锂离子电池负极具有优异的循环稳定性和充放电倍率性能。
本发明是通过以下技术方案来实现:
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将0.6~1.5g的CH4N2S加入到40~60ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入0.5~1g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮搅拌溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=(0.5~2.0):(0.9~3.0)取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中搅拌溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中在160~200℃下水热反应,得浑浊液态前驱体;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体离心洗涤后干燥得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入反应炉中并在惰性气体气氛中600~800℃下保温,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
进一步的,步骤1中搅拌为磁力搅拌20~40min。
进一步的,步骤2中搅拌为磁力搅拌20~40min。
进一步的,步骤3中水热反应为在均相水热反应仪中水热反应18~24h。
进一步的,步骤3中水热反应釜填充比为40~60%。
进一步的,步骤4中离心洗涤为采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤。
进一步的,步骤4中干燥为60~80℃下真空干燥8~12h。
进一步的,步骤5中反应炉为管式炉且保温时间为3~5h。
进一步的,步骤5中惰性气体为氩气。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益的技术效果:
本发明提供的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,制备的N-doped C/SnS实现了SnS纳米化,使N-doped C/SnS其具有较大的比表面积,增加了与电解液接触的机会和反应活性位点,有利于锂离子的迁移,以及缓解充放电过程中的体积变化,有利于提高材料的电化学性能同时还缩短了锂离子扩散路径,从而达到快充的目的;另外,通过水热反应温度的控制对N-doped C/SnS进行形貌调控,可以缓解其体积膨胀,稳定其结构;在制备的过程中SnS与碳材料进行负载或包覆,从而为其提供良好的电子传输通道,可以缓解其体积膨胀;SnS与活性组分进行复合,复合活性组分与锂离子反应提供了较高的理论比容量,在未参与反应时作为缓冲基体,缓冲体积膨胀,阻止团聚;从而达到提高其电化学性能的目的。。
附图说明
图1为实施例3制备的牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的XRD图;
图2为实施例3制备的牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的SEM图;
图3为实施例3制备的牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的倍率性能图。
具体实施方式
下面给出具体的实施例。
实施例1
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将0.6g的CH4N2S加入到60ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入1g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮磁力搅拌30min聚乙烯吡咯烷酮完全溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=0.5:0.9取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中磁力搅拌30min,SnCl2·2H2O完全溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中并置于均相水热反应仪中在200℃下水热反应18h,得浑浊液态前驱体;其中水热反应釜填充比为60%;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤离心洗涤三次后,再在60℃下真空干燥12h得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入管式炉中并在氩气气氛中800℃下保温5h,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
实施例2
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将0.98g的CH4N2S加入到50ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入0.8g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮磁力搅拌30min聚乙烯吡咯烷酮完全溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=1:0.6取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中磁力搅拌30min,SnCl2·2H2O完全溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中并置于均相水热反应仪中在180℃下水热反应20h,得浑浊液态前驱体;其中水热反应釜填充比为50%;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤离心洗涤三次后,再在60℃下真空干燥12h得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入管式炉中并在氩气气氛中700℃下保温4h,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
实施例3
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将0.87g的CH4N2S加入到60ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入0.5g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮磁力搅拌30min聚乙烯吡咯烷酮完全溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=2:3取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中磁力搅拌30min,SnCl2·2H2O完全溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中并置于均相水热反应仪中在160℃下水热反应24h,得浑浊液态前驱体;其中水热反应釜填充比为60%;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤离心洗涤三次后,再在60℃下真空干燥12h得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入管式炉中并在氩气气氛中600℃下保温3h,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
取牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料样品,如图1所示,该样品与标准卡片JCPDF65-3812的SnS能很好地对应,另外,可以看出该材料的较好结晶性以及纯的物相;如图2所示,可以看出所制备负极材料为牡丹花状,其直径为250nm~500nm;如图3所示,该样品在50mA·g-1电流密度下,首次放电容量1433.5mAh·g-1,循环10圈,容量可达到841.5mAh·g-1,在800mA·g-1和1000mA·g-1大电流密度下还能分别保持416mAh·g-1和379.1mAh·g-1的比容量,可以看出牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS具有较高的倍率性能。
实施例4
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将1.5g的CH4N2S加入到40ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入0.7g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮磁力搅拌20min聚乙烯吡咯烷酮完全溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=0.5:3取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中磁力搅拌20min,SnCl2·2H2O完全溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中并置于均相水热反应仪中在180℃下水热反应20h,得浑浊液态前驱体;其中水热反应釜填充比为40%;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤离心洗涤三次后,再在70℃下真空干燥10h得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入管式炉中并在氩气气氛中650℃下保温3.5h,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
实施例5
一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将1.2g的CH4N2S加入到50ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入0.6g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮磁力搅拌40min聚乙烯吡咯烷酮完全溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=2:0.9取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中磁力搅拌40min,SnCl2·2H2O完全溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中并置于均相水热反应仪中在200℃下水热反应18h,得浑浊液态前驱体;其中水热反应釜填充比为50%;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤离心洗涤三次后,再在80℃下真空干燥8h得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入管式炉中并在氩气气氛中750℃下保温4.5h,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
以上给出的实施例是实现本发明较优的例子,本发明不限于上述实施例。本领域的技术人员根据本发明技术方案的技术特征所做出的任何非本质的添加、替换,均属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将0.6~1.5g的CH4N2S加入到40~60ml乙二醇中溶解后再加入0.5~1g的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮搅拌溶解得溶液B;
步骤2:按元素摩尔比Sn:S=(0.5~2.0):(0.9~3.0)取SnCl2·2H2O和溶液B并将SnCl2·2H2O加入到溶液B中搅拌溶解得溶液C;
步骤3:将溶液C置入水热反应釜中在160~200℃下水热反应,得浑浊液态前驱体;
步骤4:取出浑浊液态前驱体离心洗涤后干燥得N-doped C/SnS前驱体;
步骤5:将N-doped C/SnS前驱体置入反应炉中并在惰性气体气氛中600~800℃下保温,得牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1中搅拌为磁力搅拌20~40min。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤2中搅拌为磁力搅拌20~40min。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤3中水热反应为在均相水热反应仪中水热反应18~24h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤3中水热反应釜填充比为40~60%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤4中离心洗涤为采用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤4中干燥为60~80℃下真空干燥8~12h。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤5中反应炉为管式炉且保温时间为3~5h。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种制备牡丹花状N-doped C/SnS锂离子电池负极材料的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤5中惰性气体为氩气。
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