CN110332733A - A kind of downward film evaporator and centrifugal water chillers - Google Patents
A kind of downward film evaporator and centrifugal water chillers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110332733A CN110332733A CN201910384500.2A CN201910384500A CN110332733A CN 110332733 A CN110332733 A CN 110332733A CN 201910384500 A CN201910384500 A CN 201910384500A CN 110332733 A CN110332733 A CN 110332733A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- heat exchanger
- film layer
- refrigerant
- interior heat
- porous film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
- F25B39/02—Evaporators
- F25B39/028—Evaporators having distributing means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D5/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, using the cooling effect of natural or forced evaporation
- F28D5/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, using the cooling effect of natural or forced evaporation in which the evaporating medium flows in a continuous film or trickles freely over the conduits
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of downward film evaporators, including evaporation tube, liquid reserve tank, at least one antipriming pipe, several interior heat exchanger tubes, porous film layer and evaporator box, several apertures are provided on antipriming pipe, position of opening is located at right above porous film layer, wherein, porous film layer is smoothly continuously covered at interior heat exchanger tube outside wall surface, refrigerant liquid is dropped by tapping on the porous film layer immediately below each aperture, since the interior heat exchanger tube layering of neighbouring row is staggered, therefore the refrigerant of the uniform fold not yet in effect on its porous film layer can automatically be flow in lower row on heat exchange pipe external surface porous film layer, it realizes refrigerant is uniform, efficiently it is coated on porous film layer, the process of evaporation endothermic constantly occurs for the pipe surface that exchanges heat including refrigerant at the same time, reduce the wall surface temperature in interior heat exchanger tube constantly , since vapo(u)rization system is without providing additional energy, while evaporator as a whole energy consumption has been saved, has realized the high efficient heat exchanging of downward film evaporator.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to evaporator applications more particularly to a kind of downward film evaporators.
Background technique
Currently, increasingly severe with scarcity of resources problem, energy consumption problem is more prominent.For it is prominent save land, energy conservation and
The resource-conserving objective of material, efficiency of heat exchanger and size are saved into the emphasis of research, the especially HVAC in building trade
Equipment, as the biggish part of energy consumption accounting in construction industry, heat exchange efficiency is naturally at critically important part.
Constantly deteriorate, under the background that new energy is continually developed in environment, evaporator as it is a kind of using refrigerant evaporate into
Row heat exchange, has many merits such as clean and environmental protection, at low cost；Country's membrane technology is quickly grown recently, by by porous membrane
Layer is coated on heat exchange pipe surface, and heat transfer effect can be reinforced by carrying out falling film type evaporation.But how refrigerant uniformly, efficiently to be coated
In being a urgent problem to be solved on the porous film layer of heat exchanger tube.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of downward film evaporator and centrifugal water chillers, can be uniform by refrigerant, high
Effect ground is coated on the porous film layer of heat exchanger tube, realizes high efficient heat exchanging.
To solve the above problems, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of downward film evaporator, including it is evaporation tube, liquid reserve tank, at least one antipriming pipe, several interior heat exchanger tubes, porous
Film layer and evaporator box；
The input terminal of the evaporation tube is connect with outdoor refrigerant container, and the output end of the evaporation tube is from the evaporator
The upper end of cabinet is inserted into the evaporator box, and the evaporation tube is for inputting refrigerant；
The fluid input port of the liquid reserve tank is connect with the output end of the evaporation tube, for storing the refrigerant；
The fluid input port of the antipriming pipe is connect with the fluid output port of the liquid reserve tank, the antipriming pipe vertical runs
In the upside of the interior heat exchanger tube, several apertures are provided on the antipriming pipe；
Several interior heat exchanger tubes line up it is several be placed below the antipriming pipe, every layer includes several and is parallel to each other
The interior heat exchanger tube, and the interior heat exchanger tube of adjacent layer is staggered, and the side of the interior heat exchanger tube is equipped with described porous
Film layer；
The position of the aperture is located at right above the porous film layer；
The output end of the evaporation tube, the liquid reserve tank, the antipriming pipe, several interior heat exchanger tubes and described porous
Film layer is placed in inside the evaporator box, and the evaporator box lower end is equipped with delivery outlet.
Preferably, dispenser is equipped between the fluid input port of the antipriming pipe and the fluid output port of the liquid reserve tank,
For adjusting the refrigeration dose into the antipriming pipe.
Preferably, the antipriming pipe include refrigerant input pipe, general pipeline and it is several be in charge of, the refrigerant input pipe is vertical
Set on the centre of the general pipeline, the refrigerant input pipe is connect with the bottom of the liquid reserve tank, for inputting the refrigerant
To the general pipeline, the general pipeline is mutually perpendicular to the interior heat exchanger tube, it is several described in be in charge of the lower end for being vertical at the general pipeline,
And it is described be in charge of the surface for being placed in the porous film layer, it is described more for dropping onto the refrigerant in the general pipeline
In the film layer of hole.
Preferably, the porous film layer is porous nanometer thin films layer.
Preferably, the porous nanometer thin films layer is smoothly continuously covered in the interior heat exchange pipe surface.
Preferably, the porous nanometer thin films layer with a thickness of micron order.
Preferably, the open pore size d < 5mm.
Preferably, the spacing of the interior heat exchanger tube is 120~150mm.
Preferably, the material of the evaporation tube, the antipriming pipe and the interior heat exchanger tube is red copper.
Based on identical inventive concept, the present invention also provides a kind of centrifugal water chillers, steam including above-mentioned falling film type
Send out device.
The present invention due to using the technology described above, makes it have the following advantages that and actively imitate compared with prior art
Fruit:
1) the present invention provides a kind of downward film evaporator, including it is evaporation tube, liquid reserve tank, at least one antipriming pipe, several
Heat exchanger tube, porous film layer and evaporator box in root, are provided with several apertures on antipriming pipe, and position of opening be located at it is porous thin
Right above film layer, wherein porous film layer is smoothly continuously covered at interior heat exchanger tube outside wall surface, the refrigerant liquid in liquid reserve tank
Body is dropped by aperture opened immediately below antipriming pipe and is covered on the outer porous film layer of interior heat exchanger tube immediately below each aperture, by
It is staggered in the interior heat exchanger tube layering of neighbouring row, therefore the refrigerant of the uniform fold not yet in effect on its porous film layer
It automatically top-down can flow in lower row on heat exchange pipe external surface porous film layer, realize refrigerant uniformly, efficiently
Effect on porous film layer coated on heat exchanger tube, evaporation endothermic constantly occurs refrigerant for heat exchange pipe surface inside at the same time
Process, reduce the wall surface temperature in evaporator in heat exchanger tube constantly, since vapo(u)rization system is without providing additional energy, together
Shi Jieyue evaporator as a whole energy consumption, realizes the high efficient heat exchanging of downward film evaporator.
2) the present invention provides a kind of downward film evaporators, and interior heat exchange pipe surface is equipped with porous nanometer thin films layer, porous
Nano thin-film hydrophilicity is splendid, can absorb refrigerant liquid rapidly, drops on porous nano falling liquid film layer from tube having holes
Refrigerant is by feat of the gravity of itself and the capillary force of the capillary of porous nano falling liquid film layer, so that refrigerant liquid
It is uniformly filled in porous nano falling liquid film layer, to form a nanometer evaporation falling-film layer, refrigerant liquid constantly evaporates
The process of heat absorption reduces the surface temperature in evaporator in heat exchanger tube constantly, and porous nano falling liquid film layer can reinforce evaporator
Heat transfer effect.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the inside front view of downward film evaporator；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of tube having holes；
Fig. 3 is the inner side figure of downward film evaporator.
Description of symbols:
1: evaporation tube；2: liquid reserve tank；3: antipriming pipe；31: refrigerant input pipe；32: general pipeline；33: being in charge of；34: dispenser；
4: interior heat exchanger tube；5: porous film layer；6: evaporator box.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments to a kind of downward film evaporator proposed by the present invention and centrifugal water chillers
It is described in further detail.According to following explanation and claims, advantages and features of the invention will be become apparent from.
Embodiment one
Referring to shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 1 is the inside front view of downward film evaporator, and the present invention provides a kind of falling film type evaporations
Device, including evaporation tube 1, liquid reserve tank 2, at least one antipriming pipe 3, several interior heat exchanger tubes 4, porous film layer 5 and evaporator case
Body 6；The input terminal of evaporation tube 1 is connect with outdoor refrigerant container, and the output end of evaporation tube 1 is inserted from the upper end of evaporator box 6
Enter to evaporator box 6, evaporation tube 1 is for inputting refrigerant；The fluid input port of liquid reserve tank 2 and the output end of evaporation tube 1
Connection, for storing refrigerant；The fluid input port of antipriming pipe 3 is connect with the fluid output port of liquid reserve tank 2, and antipriming pipe 3 is vertical
It is laid in the upside of interior heat exchanger tube 4, is provided with several apertures on antipriming pipe 3；Several interior heat exchanger tubes 4 line up it is several be placed on it is more
3 lower section of hole pipe, every layer includes several interior heat exchanger tubes 4 being parallel to each other, and the interior heat exchanger tube 4 of adjacent layer is staggered, inside changes
The side of heat pipe 4 is equipped with porous film layer 5；The position of aperture is located at right above porous film layer 5；The output end of evaporation tube 1, storage
Liquid case 2, antipriming pipe 3, several interior heat exchanger tubes 4 and porous film layer 5 are placed in inside evaporator box 6, under evaporator box 6
End is equipped with delivery outlet.
The input terminal of evaporation tube 1 is connect with outdoor refrigerant container, and the output end of evaporation tube 1 is from the upper of evaporator box 6
End is inserted into evaporator box 6, and evaporation tube 1 is for inputting refrigerant.In the present embodiment, outdoor refrigerant container and evaporation
An expansion valve is connected among pipe 1, will obtain low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid after the refrigerant decompression in outdoor refrigerant container,
Low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid is input in the liquid reserve tank 2 inside evaporator via evaporation tube 1, and the material of evaporation tube 1 can be selected
Use red copper.
The fluid input port of liquid reserve tank 2 is connect with the output end of evaporation tube 1, for storing refrigerant.
The fluid input port of antipriming pipe 3 is connect with the fluid output port of liquid reserve tank 2, and antipriming pipe 3 and interior heat exchanger tube 4 mutually hang down
Directly, several apertures, open pore size d < 5mm are provided on antipriming pipe 3, position of opening is located at right above porous film layer 5, and being used for will
Low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid in liquid reserve tank 2 is uniformly dropped on porous film layer 5 by aperture, to form an evaporation
Film layer reduces the surface temperature of interior heat exchanger tube 4.In the present embodiment, referring to shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 2 is the signal of tube having holes
Figure, antipriming pipe 3 include refrigerant input pipe 31, general pipeline 32 and it is several be in charge of 33, refrigerant input pipe 31 is vertical at general pipeline 32
Centre, refrigerant input pipe 31 is connect with the bottom of liquid reserve tank 2, for inputting low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant to general pipeline 32, general pipeline
32 are mutually perpendicular to arrange with interior heat exchanger tube 4, several to be in charge of 33 and be vertical on general pipeline 32, are in charge of 33 caliber d < 5mm, and be in charge of
33 are placed in the surface of the porous film layer 5, and the low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid in general pipeline 32 is dropped onto porous film layer 5
On.Dispenser 34 is equipped between the fluid input port of antipriming pipe 3 and the fluid output port of liquid reserve tank 2, for adjusting into porous
Refrigeration dose in pipe 3, dispenser 34 can achieve the purpose of uniform liquid separation, to keep low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid more equal
Even is filled into porous film layer 5.Shown in referring to Fig. 3, Fig. 3 is the inner side figure of downward film evaporator, in the present embodiment
In, four antipriming pipes 3 have been placed equidistant in the top of interior heat exchanger tube 4, can be improved and be filled into low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid
The material of speed in porous film layer 5, antipriming pipe 3 can be selected as red copper.
Several interior heat exchanger tubes 4 line up several be set withs in 3 lower section of antipriming pipe, and the interior heat exchanger tube 4 of adjacent row is staggered,
The spacing of interior heat exchanger tube is 120~150mm, and the refrigerant liquid in porous film layer 5 can be made sufficiently to evaporate.Interior heat exchanger tube 4
Surface is equipped with porous film layer 5, is in charge of 33 for the low-temp low-pressure refrigeration in general pipeline 32 by being located at right above porous film layer 5
Agent liquid drops on first row and second row porous film layer 5, staggered due to interior heat exchanger tube 4, porous as upper row
Film layer 5 is filled out be filled with refrigerant liquid after, extra refrigerant liquid cognition drops onto automatically from the porous film layer 5 of upper row
In the porous film layer 5 of lower row, being sufficient filling with for the refrigerant liquid in each porous film layer 5 is realized.In the present embodiment,
Porous film layer 5 is porous nanometer thin films layer, is covered in interior heat exchange to the smooth gapless, uniformly continuous of porous nanometer thin films layer
4 surface of pipe, porous nanometer thin films layer with a thickness of micron order, the heat between interior heat exchanger tube 4 and porous nanometer thin films layer can be reduced
Resistance.Nanometer porous film hydrophilic performance is splendid, and sufficiently combines refrigerant decompression evaporation effect, makes low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid
Body can be absorbed rapidly.And its there is capillary phenomena in nano-pore, low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid is in capillary force
Under the action of constant flow.In nanometer porous falling liquid film layer, strong caloic exchange, porous nanometer thin films layer occur for refrigerant
In refrigerant liquid the cooling endothermic effect of strong evaporation occurs so that the heat transfer effect in evaporator is persistently reinforced.Inside change
The material of heat pipe 4 can be selected as red copper.
6 lower end of evaporator box is equipped with delivery outlet, for exporting the refrigerant of collection into outdoor refrigerant container, into
Row refrigerant recycles.
A kind of downward film evaporator provided by the invention drops the refrigerant in outdoor refrigerant container after expansion valve
Low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid, low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant liquid obtained by pressing send the liquid storage to evaporator via evaporation tube 1
In case 2, the low-temperature low-pressure refrigerant in liquid reserve tank 2 is flowed in porous nanometer thin films layer by the aperture in antipriming pipe 3, by feat of
The capillary force of the capillary of itself gravity and porous nanometer thin films layer so that refrigerant liquid be uniformly filled in it is more
In the nanometer thin film layer of hole, to form a nanometer evaporation falling-film layer, the mistake of vaporization heat absorption constantly occurs for refrigerant liquid
Journey reduces the surface temperature in evaporator in heat exchanger tube 4 constantly, realizes evaporation cooling effect.
The present invention provides a kind of downward film evaporator, including it is evaporation tube 1, liquid reserve tank 2, at least one antipriming pipe 3, several
Heat exchanger tube 4, porous film layer 5 and evaporator box 6 in root, several interior heat exchanger tubes 4 line up several be set withs under antipriming pipe 3
Side, and the interior heat exchanger tube 4 of neighbouring row is staggered, and the surface of interior heat exchanger tube 4 is covered with porous film layer 5, on antipriming pipe 3
Several apertures are provided with, and position of opening is located at right above porous film layer 5, antipriming pipe 3 passes through the refrigerant in liquid reserve tank 2
Aperture drops on the porous film layer 5 immediately below each aperture, since the porous film layer 5 of neighbouring row is staggered, therefore
Extra refrigerant can flow to automatically on the porous film layer 5 of lower row on the porous film layer 5 of upper row, realize refrigerant is equal
It is even, efficiently on the porous film layer 5 coated on heat exchanger tube, the mistake of evaporation endothermic constantly occurs for the refrigerant pipe surface that exchanges heat inside
Journey reduces the surface temperature in evaporator in heat exchanger tube constantly, since vapo(u)rization system is without providing additional energy, same to time
About evaporator as a whole energy consumption, realizes the high efficient heat exchanging of downward film evaporator.Meanwhile in the present invention mentions, porous film layer 5
It is selected as porous nanometer thin films layer, porous nanometer thin films hydrophilicity is splendid, refrigerant liquid can be absorbed rapidly, from tube having holes 3
Refrigerant on porous nano falling liquid film layer is dropped by feat of the gravity of itself and the capillary of porous nano falling liquid film layer
Capillary force, so that refrigerant liquid is uniformly filled in porous nano falling liquid film layer, to form a nanometer evaporation falling-film
Layer, refrigerant liquid constantly occurs the process of evaporation endothermic, reduces the surface temperature in evaporator in heat exchanger tube constantly, porous
Nanometer falling liquid film layer can reinforce the heat transfer effect of evaporator.
Embodiment two
Based on identical inventive concept, the present invention also provides a kind of centrifugal water chillers, including described in embodiment one
Downward film evaporator cools down to be evaporated heat absorption, realizes centrifugal water chillers refrigerating function.
Embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail above in conjunction with attached drawing, but the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned implementations
Mode.Even if to the present invention, various changes can be made, if these variations belong to the model of the claims in the present invention and its equivalent technologies
Within enclosing, then still fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of downward film evaporator, which is characterized in that including being changed in evaporation tube, liquid reserve tank, at least one antipriming pipe, several
Heat pipe, porous film layer and evaporator box；
The input terminal of the evaporation tube is connect with cryogen vessel, and the output end of the evaporation tube is from the upper of the evaporator box
End is inserted into the evaporator box, and the evaporation tube is for inputting refrigerant；
The fluid input port of the liquid reserve tank is connect with the output end of the evaporation tube, for storing the refrigerant；
The fluid input port of the antipriming pipe is connect with the fluid output port of the liquid reserve tank, and the antipriming pipe vertical runs are in institute
The upside of interior heat exchanger tube is stated, several apertures are provided on the antipriming pipe；
Several interior heat exchanger tubes line up it is several be placed below the antipriming pipe, every layer includes several institutes being parallel to each other
Interior heat exchanger tube is stated, and the interior heat exchanger tube of adjacent layer is staggered, the side of the interior heat exchanger tube is equipped with the porous membrane
Layer；
The position of the aperture is located at right above the porous film layer；
The output end of the evaporation tube, the liquid reserve tank, the antipriming pipe, several interior heat exchanger tubes and the porous membrane
Layer is placed in inside the evaporator box, and the evaporator box lower end is equipped with delivery outlet.
2. downward film evaporator according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the fluid input port of the antipriming pipe with it is described
Dispenser is equipped between the fluid output port of liquid reserve tank, for adjusting the refrigeration dose into the antipriming pipe.
3. downward film evaporator according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the antipriming pipe include refrigerant input pipe,
General pipeline and it is several be in charge of, the refrigerant input pipe is set to the centre of the general pipeline vertically, the refrigerant input pipe with it is described
The bottom of liquid reserve tank connects, and is mutually perpendicular to the interior heat exchanger tube for inputting the refrigerant to the general pipeline, the general pipeline,
It is several it is described be in charge of the lower end for being vertical at the general pipeline, and it is described be in charge of the surface for being placed in the porous film layer, be used for
The refrigerant in the general pipeline is dropped on the porous film layer.
4. downward film evaporator according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the porous film layer is porous nanometer thin films
Layer.
5. downward film evaporator according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the porous nanometer thin films layer is smoothly continuously
It is covered in the interior heat exchange pipe surface.
6. downward film evaporator according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the porous nanometer thin films layer with a thickness of micro-
Meter level.
7. downward film evaporator according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the open pore size d < 5mm.
8. downward film evaporator according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the spacing of the interior heat exchanger tube be 120~
150mm。
9. downward film evaporator according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the evaporation tube, the antipriming pipe and described
The material of interior heat exchanger tube is red copper.
10. a kind of centrifugal water chillers, which is characterized in that including the described in any item downward film evaporators of claim 1 to 9.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910384500.2A CN110332733A (en) | 2019-05-09 | 2019-05-09 | A kind of downward film evaporator and centrifugal water chillers |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910384500.2A CN110332733A (en) | 2019-05-09 | 2019-05-09 | A kind of downward film evaporator and centrifugal water chillers |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN110332733A true CN110332733A (en) | 2019-10-15 |
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| CN201910384500.2A Pending CN110332733A (en) | 2019-05-09 | 2019-05-09 | A kind of downward film evaporator and centrifugal water chillers |
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| CN1584483A (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2005-02-23 | 华南理工大学 | Nanometer coating on coiler surface of heat exchanger |
| WO2006029616A1 (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-23 | Peter Vinz | Heat transfer wall with multifunctional nanostructured surface coatings |
| CN101903714A (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2010-12-01 | 江森自控科技公司 | Vapor compression system |
| CN202092488U (en) * | 2011-05-17 | 2011-12-28 | 西安工程大学 | Heat exchange tube structure for super hydrophilic tube type indirect devaporizer |
| CN108036658A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-05-15 | 青岛海尔智能技术研发有限公司 | Heat exchanger tube and heat exchanger and air conditioner and heat pump unit for falling-film heat exchanger |
-
2019
- 2019-05-09 CN CN201910384500.2A patent/CN110332733A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1584483A (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2005-02-23 | 华南理工大学 | Nanometer coating on coiler surface of heat exchanger |
| WO2006029616A1 (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-23 | Peter Vinz | Heat transfer wall with multifunctional nanostructured surface coatings |
| CN101903714A (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2010-12-01 | 江森自控科技公司 | Vapor compression system |
| CN101907375A (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2010-12-08 | 江森自控科技公司 | Heat exchanger |
| CN202092488U (en) * | 2011-05-17 | 2011-12-28 | 西安工程大学 | Heat exchange tube structure for super hydrophilic tube type indirect devaporizer |
| CN108036658A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2018-05-15 | 青岛海尔智能技术研发有限公司 | Heat exchanger tube and heat exchanger and air conditioner and heat pump unit for falling-film heat exchanger |
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Application publication date: 20191015 |