CN110250328A - 一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,包括(1)准备活体昆虫,加入抗氧化剂,进行高温处理,以实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和一次消毒灭菌;(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行骤冷处理或在无氧环境下自然冷却,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;(4)将无菌包装的昆虫进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫。本发明的方法不损伤昆虫品相,保持昆虫原色,不破坏昆虫营养,保鲜效果好,保质期长,安全无菌,且动物适口性强,应用广泛。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于轻工动物饲料食品技术领域,涉及昆虫保鲜灭菌处理技术,具体涉及一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法。
背景技术
昆虫作为动物饲料,具有蛋白质含量高、营养成分易被吸收、繁殖世代短、繁殖指数高、资源丰富等特点,逐渐成为一种最为理想的饲料蛋白质添加资源。昆虫个体作为饲料在各类杂食、肉食类动物中比较普遍,这也是食物链中最为天然最少被人类干预的个体。其中,以高观赏鱼、爬行类、鸟类动物食用昆虫比较常见,比如龙鱼、蛙类、蛇类、龟类、蜥蜴、鹦鹉、鼠类等。
目前市场上在售昆虫以冷冻储藏为主,例如,蚕蛹、蚂蚱、黄粉虫、大麦虫、蛐蛐、蟑螂等。冷冻储藏虽然短时间避免了明显的腐败变质情况,但是冷冻储藏的昆虫颜色、品相容易发生改变,对于挑食的动物来讲,昆虫的适口性差,不足以引起动物的食用欲望,难以作为高端饲料使用。冷冻储藏能耗大,损耗多,保质期短,与现在提倡的节约能源相违背,且运输存储受限制,用户投喂使用不方便。在运输过程中,由于昆虫已灭活,即使采用比较严格的全程冷链运输,仍不可避免地存在变质的可能,其腐败率非常高。
现有技术中报道过多种方案的昆虫保鲜处理工艺,但是,这些工艺均不能同时保证昆虫原色的高度保真、长时间保鲜和高效灭菌的综合效果。例如,有的昆虫保鲜工艺对活体昆虫采用多次消毒杀菌,虽然得到的杀菌效果较好,但是消毒杀菌过程中不可避免地会使昆虫发生颜色丢失,尤其处理对象是颜色鲜艳的昆虫(如血红虫)时,失色程度更严重。在消毒杀菌过程中采用诸如臭氧水浸泡、微波杀菌、辐照杀菌等杀菌技术,会使得昆虫的保鲜和保色效果大打折扣。有的工艺会采用低温快速微冻技术对昆虫进行保鲜,但需要制备微冻液,工艺较为复杂,且冷藏条件下存放时间为12个月以内,贮存时间不够理想,杀菌和保鲜效果还有待进一步提高。
基于以上现状可知,开发新的饲用昆虫的杀菌、保鲜技术特别是保鲜原色的技术具有重要的现实意义和商业价值。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是克服现有技术的不足,提供一种不损伤昆虫品相、可保留昆虫原色、不破坏昆虫营养成分、产品保质期长且动物适口性强的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用以下技术方案。
一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)准备活体昆虫,加入抗氧化剂,然后将混合有抗氧化剂的活体昆虫于50℃~90℃下进行高温处理,以实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和一次消毒灭菌;
(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行骤冷处理或在无氧环境下自然冷却,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;
(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;
(4)将无菌包装的保色昆虫进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(2)中,所述骤冷处理的温度为-40℃~-20℃,所述无氧环境为充氮气环境。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(4)中,所述二次消毒灭菌是在121℃~125℃、0.2MPa~0.3MPa的高温高压条件下进行。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,更优选的,所述步骤(4)中,所述高温为121℃~123℃,所述高压为0.25MPa~0.3MPa。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(1)中,所述抗氧化剂包括乙氧基喹啉、丁羟甲苯和丁羟甲氧苯中的一种或两种或多种。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(1)中,所述活体昆虫包括血红虫、黑水虻、黄粉虫、大麦虫、蜈蚣、蚂蚱、蟑螂和蟋蟀中的一种或两种或多种。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(3)中,所述无菌包装的材料为铝箔,所述无菌包装经过抽真空处理和密封处理。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(1)中,所述高温处理的温度为60℃~80℃。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(1)中,所述活体昆虫为清洗过的活体昆虫。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述步骤(3)中,在进行无菌包装之前,还包括添加抗菌肽。
上述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法中,优选的,所述抗菌肽为天蚕素或者从昆虫体内分离所得的天蚕素类似物,以达到更好的抗菌功效。
本发明中,从广义上来讲,保鲜包括了昆虫原色的保鲜和昆虫品质的保鲜。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于:
本发明提供了一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,该方法从工艺顺序的设计路线、工艺步骤的设计和工艺参数的限定等多角度出发,使昆虫的保色、品质保鲜和杀菌三种效果得以同时高标准地实现,特别是对昆虫原色进行了高保真度地保鲜,不论是普通颜色的昆虫还是颜色鲜艳的昆虫,均能实现原色长时间地保持,而这个技术效果是现有技术均无法实现的。
本发明的方法创新点之一在于,从工艺顺序来看,首先在活体昆虫中加入了抗氧化剂,在抗氧化剂存在的前提下对活体昆虫进行高温处理,这样处理可以同时实现三个目标:(1)将活体昆虫灭活;(2)固定昆虫蛋白;(3)消毒灭菌的同时完全不影响昆虫原色的保鲜。本发明选择一开始就采用高温处理进行消毒灭菌,一方面可以高效杀灭厌氧菌,另一方面,在抗氧化剂的保护作用下能够使高温处理不影响昆虫原色,保证昆虫原色的保鲜度,也为后续步骤进行铺垫,这种选择方式和一举多得的步骤设计是本领域从未报道过的。本发明的第二步是将高温处理后的昆虫进行骤冷处理或在无氧环境(如氮气气氛)下自然冷却,这个步骤直接设计在高温处理之后,可以充分保证对昆虫原色的保持。在现有技术中,当前期已经采用了杀菌技术来处理昆虫时,再对昆虫进行颜色保鲜,事实上效果甚微,因为前期处理使昆虫颜色已经发生不可逆的变化,如变黄或褪色,很难保持原色了。本发明的步骤(1)与步骤(2)是紧密衔接的,在步骤(1)的保持原色的基础上,当步骤(2)采用骤冷处理时,在快速、大幅度降温的前提下,继续保持了对昆虫原色的保鲜,避免昆虫了在诸如微波、辐照、臭氧或过高温度的处理过程中的颜色丢失,当采用无氧环境下自然冷却时,由于隔绝了氧气,同样避免了昆虫原色的改变或褪色,特别是对于颜色鲜艳的昆虫效果更明显。本发明的第三步是在氮气气氛下对保色昆虫进行无菌包装,该过程既保证了昆虫原色的继续保持,也使包装过程避免与氧气接触,可保证昆虫的长时间保鲜。特别地,在无菌包装之前,还可以添加抗菌肽(可商购),进一步增强保鲜和灭菌效果。本发明的第四步是将无菌包装的昆虫进一步在高温高压下进行消毒灭菌处理,主要可高效去除好氧菌。由上述可见,本发明的设计路线是一环扣一环的,相互之间紧密联系,不能独立出来单独进行替换或互换,整个设计思路的原则是需要同时地保证原色保鲜、品质保鲜和杀菌效果。
本发明的创新点之二和创新点之三分别在于工艺步骤和工艺参数的设计。本发明在步骤(1)中选择在抗氧剂存在下采用高温处理而非其它处理方式,是因为高温处理与抗氧剂的配合可以有效地同时实现将活体昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白、消毒灭菌的同时完全不影响昆虫原色的技术效果,如果采用辐照、微波或臭氧处理等现有杀菌技术,则难以实现上述技术效果。本发明将高温处理的温度精确控制在50℃~90℃,过低达不到较好的杀菌效果和蛋白固定效果,过高又会使昆虫颜色容易发生变化,且品质上保鲜效果也会有所损失。另外,从优选方案来看,骤冷处理的温度为-40℃~-20℃,二次消毒灭菌选择的高温高压条件是121℃~125℃和0.2MPa~0.3MPa,这些参数区间的设定都是为了使原色保真、品质保鲜和高效杀菌能够得以同时兼顾和实现。
本发明的创新点之四在于,本发明的保鲜灭菌技术可以处理血红虫、黑水虻等活体昆虫,这些活体昆虫是现有技术中保鲜处理的难点(尤其是保色),通过本发明的工艺技术,可以同时实现原色保鲜、品质保鲜和安全无菌的效果。
总之,本发明的方法从步骤顺序的设计、前后技术的协同作用出发,使各个步骤相辅相承,环环相扣,使工艺参数恰到好处,精确实现目标,最终得到了上层质量的饲用昆虫。本发明的方法不损伤昆虫品相,高度保障了昆虫原色的保持和昆虫保鲜效果,避免了昆虫在杀菌处理过程中的颜色丢失,确保了动物对昆虫颜色(尤其是鲜艳颜色)进行识别。本发明的方法还全面有效地杀灭了昆虫中的厌氧菌和好氧菌,确保包装内的保鲜昆虫99.9%无菌甚至完全无菌,避免了昆虫腐败变质,大大延长了昆虫的保鲜和保质期——常温下保存≥15个月(本发明的保存时间主要体现可达到国家相关标准以上,实际上本发明的保存时间会更长,且为持久的原色保存),同时,无菌昆虫也避免了对动物的感染或者破坏动物的生存环境。本发明的方法还能够不破坏昆虫的丰富营养,动物适口性强,运输存储方便。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体优选的实施例对本发明作进一步描述,但并不因此而限制本发明的保护范围。
以下实施例中所采用的材料和仪器均为市售。
实施例1:保鲜灭菌血红虫
一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)准备活体昆虫血红虫,加入抗氧化剂,然后将混合有抗氧化剂的活体昆虫于60℃下进行高温处理,以同步实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和一次消毒灭菌;
(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行骤冷处理,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;
(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;
(4)将无菌包装的昆虫在121℃、0.3MPa的高温高压条件下进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫,也作饲用保鲜昆虫。
本实施例中,骤冷处理的温度为-20℃。
本实施例中,抗氧化剂为丁羟甲氧苯。
本实施例中,无菌包装采用铝箔袋,无菌包装经过抽真空处理和密封处理。
本实施例中,活体昆虫在步骤(1)的高温处理前,先经过常温水清洗。
血红虫又叫摇蚊幼虫,是昆虫纲,双翅目,摇蚊科幼虫,其呈蠕虫状,体色深红。血红虫分布广,是淡水水域中底栖动物的主要类群之一,是鱼类的优良天然饵料,营养价值很高,也是世界公认最优良的热带鱼活饲料,因此其与水族养殖业的关系十分密切。血红虫的红色是多种鱼类进行取食的刺激因素,因此其保色成为保鲜血红虫的关键。本特有保鲜技术,物理工艺灭菌处理,不破坏活体营养构成,更重要的是保持了血红虫的深红色特征(还原度接近原色,现有技术中血红虫的褪色现象很明显),利于锦鲤、龙鱼等较为挑食的水产/宠物取食,安全卫生,灭菌效果高达99.99%以上,常温下保质期长达18个月以上,储存非常方便,商业价值非常高。
实施例2:保鲜灭菌黑水虻
一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)准备活体昆虫黑水虻,加入抗氧化剂,然后将混合有抗氧化剂的活体昆虫于90℃下进行高温处理,以同步实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和一次消毒灭菌;
(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行骤冷处理,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;
(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;
(4)将无菌包装的昆虫在121℃、0.3MPa的高温高压条件下进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫。
本实施例中,骤冷处理的温度为-20℃。
本实施例中,抗氧化剂为乙氧基喹啉。
本实施例中,无菌包装采用铝箔袋,无菌包装经过抽真空处理和密封处理。
本实施例中,活体昆虫在步骤(1)的高温处理前,先经过常温水清洗。
本实施例精选纯鲜活体黑水虻,通过本发明特有的保鲜灭菌技术,得到了高度保鲜的昆虫原色,且不会破坏昆虫的营养结构,保全了昆虫大部分的营养成分,杀菌效果高达99.99%,常温下保质期长达18个月。本发明选用的黑水虻蛋白质含量高,脂肪含量丰富,含动物所需的多种必须氨基酸,体内富含抗菌肽,食用保鲜黑水虻可增加动物的抗病能力。
实施例3:保鲜灭菌黄粉虫
一种本发明的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)准备活体昆虫黄粉虫,加入抗氧化剂,然后将混合有抗氧化剂的活体昆虫于80℃下进行高温处理,以同步实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和第一次消毒灭菌;
(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行在氮气气氛下自然冷却,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;
(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;
(4)将无菌包装的昆虫在121℃、0.25MPa的高温高压条件下进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫。
本实施例中,抗氧化剂为乙氧基喹啉。
本实施例中,无菌包装采用铝箔袋,经过抽真空处理和密封处理。
本实施例中,活体昆虫在步骤(1)的高温处理前,先经过常温水清洗。
本实施例的方法精选纯鲜活体黄粉虫(面包虫),通过本发明特有的保鲜灭菌技术,得到了高度保鲜的昆虫原色,且该方法不会破坏昆虫的营养结构,可保存昆虫的大部分营养成分,杀菌效果高达99.99%,常温下保质期长达18个月以上。
实施例4:保鲜灭菌大麦虫
一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)准备活体昆虫大麦虫,加入抗氧化剂,然后将混合有抗氧化剂的活体昆虫于90℃下进行高温处理,以同步实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和一次消毒灭菌;
(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行在氮气气氛下自然冷却,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;
(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;
(4)将无菌包装的昆虫在121℃、0.2MPa的高温高压条件下进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫。
本实施例中,抗氧化剂为丁羟甲苯。
本实施例中,无菌包装采用铝箔袋,无菌包装经过抽真空处理和密封处理。
本实施例中,活体昆虫在步骤(1)的高温处理前,先经过常温水清洗。
本实施例精选纯鲜活大麦虫,通过本保鲜灭菌处理技术,物理工艺灭菌,实现了昆虫的原色保真,不会破坏活体营养构成,保全了活体大部分营养成分,杀菌效果高达99.99%,常温下保质期长达18个月以上,储存非常方便。
以上实施例中,还可在步骤(3)进行无菌包装之前,在保色昆虫中添加抗菌肽,该抗菌肽可选用现有的天蚕素或者从昆虫体内分离所得的天蚕素类似物。
将本发明的饲用昆虫与市场现有昆虫饲料产品进行对比,实验结果如表1所示(实施例1~4均具有同样的结论),通过本发明方法处理得到的饲用昆虫,昆虫颜色与原色几乎无变化,保持原色率在99%以上,且具有持久性,极少出现暗淡、灰暗等现象,泛白的现象不存在,保鲜时间很长,品质好,且产品消毒杀菌彻底,抽检合格率达到100%。
表1本发明的饲用昆虫与市场现有昆虫饲料产品对比
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制。虽然本发明已以较佳实施例揭示如上,然而并非用以限定本发明。任何熟悉本领域的技术人员,在不脱离本发明的精神实质和技术方案的情况下,都可利用上述揭示的方法和技术内容对本发明技术方案做出许多可能的变动和修饰,或修改为等同变化的等效实施例。因此,凡是未脱离本发明技术方案的内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何简单修改、等同替换、等效变化及修饰,均仍属于本发明技术方案保护的范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)准备活体昆虫,加入抗氧化剂,然后将混合有抗氧化剂的活体昆虫于50℃~90℃下进行高温处理,以实现昆虫灭活、固定昆虫蛋白和一次消毒灭菌;
(2)将步骤(1)所得昆虫进行骤冷处理或在无氧环境下自然冷却,以保持昆虫的原色,得到保色昆虫;
(3)在氮气气氛下,将保色昆虫进行无菌包装;
(4)将无菌包装的保色昆虫进行二次消毒灭菌,得到饲用昆虫。
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,所述骤冷处理的温度为-40℃~-20℃,所述无氧环境为充氮气环境。
3.根据权利要求1所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,所述二次消毒灭菌是在121℃~125℃、0.2MPa~0.3MPa的高温高压条件下进行。
4.根据权利要求3所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,所述高温为121℃~123℃,所述高压为0.25MPa~0.3MPa。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,所述抗氧化剂包括乙氧基喹啉、丁羟甲苯和丁羟甲氧苯中的一种或两种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,所述活体昆虫包括血红虫、黑水虻、黄粉虫、大麦虫、蜈蚣、蚂蚱、蟑螂和蟋蟀中的一种或两种或多种。
7.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,所述无菌包装的材料为铝箔,所述无菌包装经过抽真空处理和密封处理。
8.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,所述高温处理的温度为60℃~80℃;和/或,所述步骤(1)中,所述活体昆虫为清洗过的活体昆虫。
9.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,在进行无菌包装之前,还包括添加抗菌肽。
10.根据权利要求9所述的饲用昆虫的保鲜灭菌方法,其特征在于,所述抗菌肽为天蚕素或者从昆虫体内分离所得的天蚕素类似物。
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CN115997845A (zh) * | 2023-02-24 | 2023-04-25 | 麒云生物科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种带内脏的完整动物饲料常温保存加工方法 |
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