CN110192510B - Forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength - Google Patents
Forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G23/00—Forestry
- A01G23/02—Transplanting, uprooting, felling or delimbing trees
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Abstract
The invention relates to a forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength, which comprises the following steps: dividing forest stand types, selecting sample plots, marking target trees and interference trees, calculating thinning intensity, and thinning the trees by adopting different thinning methods for the trees in different succession stages. The forest thinning method based on the forest stand thinning strength optimizes the forest stand structure, promotes the growth of the forest, reasonably thins and improves the forest stand quality by quantitatively analyzing the forest stand thinning strength. The invention fully utilizes the natural succession rule of the forest, carries out reasonable thinning, can promote the forward succession of the forest, optimizes the forest stand structure, enhances the stability of an ecological system, and exerts various efficiencies of the forest, thereby realizing the purpose of improving the forest quality and achieving the optimal combination of the ecological, economic and social benefits of the forest.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of forestry thinning, in particular to a forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength.
Background
In 1920, the nearly natural forestry school represented by Moller, a German forestry chemist, proposed a complete nearly natural forest management theory and technical system. After 1970, the theory and practice of forest management in nature has gained wide acceptance and use in various countries such as austria, switzerland, france, germany and europe. In 1989, the german ministry of agriculture determined nearly natural forest management as the basic principle of national forestry development.
The near-natural forest refers to a forest which is cultivated and operated by taking the vegetation of the original forest as reference, and the forest mainly comprises local tree species, is mixed with a plurality of tree species and has a multi-level space structure and an alien forest time structure. The operation of the nearly natural forest fully follows the natural growth and development rule of the forest, various operation activities are designed and implemented in the whole operation period of the forest, and the countryization of the tree species of the forest, the multilayered forest stand structure and the maximization of comprehensive functions are realized by fully utilizing various natural forces influencing the forest and continuously optimizing the forest operation process, so that the ecological, economic and social benefits of the forest are optimally combined.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength, which optimizes the forest stand structure, promotes the growth of forest trees and improves the forest stand quality by quantitatively analyzing the forest stand thinning strength.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength, which comprises the following steps:
A. dividing the forest in the operation area into forest stands according to the type and the operation mode of the forest on a forest resource distribution map, and selecting sample areas according to the average heights of the forest stands, wherein the average height division standard is four standards of 6-8 m, 8-10 m, 10-12 m and more than 12 m;
B. counting the number of all trees with the diameter at breast height larger than 5cm in a sample plot, marking a target tree and an interference tree, and counting the number of the target tree and the interference tree, wherein the target tree is a tree which is selected for realizing a forest planning target and has a supporting effect on a forest leading function, and the interference tree is a tree which causes interference on the growth and development of the target tree;
C. after the investigation of at least 30 sample plots of the same type of forest stand is completed, calculating four thinning intensities under the average high standard, wherein the thinning intensity is the ratio of the number of interference trees to be thinned in the sample plots to the total number of forest plants in the sample plots;
D. thinning the trees by combining a forest succession stage according to thinning strength;
E. marking natural renewal saplings with excellent growth vigor for the forest stands in the colonization stage, removing the grass irrigation, and carrying out dibbling on the marked saplings positioned on the sunny slope according to the field conditions; for the forest stand in the canopy closure stage, natural pruning is utilized, a target tree and an interference tree are marked, the target tree is cultivated, and the interference tree is cut according to thinning intensity; selecting and marking a target tree for the forest stands in the differentiation stage, pruning when dead branches or dying branches appear on the target tree, only thinning the interference trees in the forest stands with the canopy density of more than 0.7, and thinning the interference trees according to thinning intensity, wherein the canopy density after thinning is not less than 0.6; and marking the forest stands in the constant stage with target trees and interference trees, cutting the interference trees according to thinning intensity, and felling the conventional target trees reaching the target breast diameter.
Preferably, the size of the pattern is 20m × 20 m.
Preferably, in said step E, trees in the lower canopy of the target tree, which have supporting and assisting effects on the growth of the target tree, are retained as auxiliary trees.
Preferably, the minimum area of the forest stand division is 0.3ha, wherein the maximum area of the forest stand with the production function is 10ha, and the maximum area of the protection forest stand is 15 ha.
Preferably, planning and operating the accessible forest with the gradient less than 35 degrees; marking unreachable forests in forest management planning; for the protection forest with production function and the gradient of 25-35 degrees, valuable trees are harvested.
Preferably, in the step E, thinning is performed for the over-dense forest stand 2-3 times within a 10-year operation period.
Preferably, when regular target trees reaching the target breast diameter are felled, the canopy density after felling is controlled to be about 0.6, the target breast diameter of coniferous trees is more than 40cm, and the target breast diameter of broadleaf trees is more than 50 cm.
Based on the technical scheme, the invention has the advantages that:
the forest thinning method based on the forest stand thinning strength optimizes the forest stand structure, promotes the growth of the forest, reasonably thins and improves the forest stand quality by quantitatively analyzing the forest stand thinning strength. The invention fully utilizes the natural succession rule of the forest, carries out reasonable thinning, can promote the forward succession of the forest, optimizes the forest stand structure, enhances the stability of an ecological system, and exerts various efficiencies of the forest, thereby realizing the purpose of improving the forest quality and achieving the optimal combination of the ecological, economic and social benefits of the forest.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the following examples.
The invention provides a forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength, which optimizes the structure of a forest stand, promotes the growth of the forest stand, reasonably thins the forest stand and improves the quality of the forest stand by quantitatively analyzing the forest stand thinning strength.
The density of the forest stand is used for explaining the utilization degree of the forest stand to the occupied space, and is a very important reason for influencing the growth of the forest stand and the yield of wood. Forest management requires operators to maintain optimum density throughout the growth of the forest to take full advantage of the forest. Through carrying out management and investigation on sample plots of different forest types and carrying out statistical analysis on data, thinning intensity and reasonable reserved density of different forests can be obtained.
On the basis of comprehensively understanding forest stands, forest trees with the tree height of more than 4m are selected for sample plot investigation, the sample plot specification is 20m multiplied by 20m, and the number of sample plots is more than 30. In each sample land, marking out target trees and interference trees according to the technical requirements of the nearly natural forest management, and counting the number and height of the trees with the diameter at breast height of more than 5cm in the sample land.
Specifically, the forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength comprises the following steps:
A. dividing the forest in the operation area into forest stands according to the type and the operation mode of the forest on a forest resource distribution map, and selecting sample areas according to the average heights of the forest stands, wherein the average height division standard is four standards of 6-8 m, 8-10 m, 10-12 m and more than 12 m;
B. counting the number of all trees with the diameter at breast height larger than 5cm in the sample plot, marking target trees and interference trees, and counting the number of the target trees and the interference trees;
C. after the investigation of at least 30 sample plots of the same type of forest stand is completed, calculating four thinning intensities under the average high standard, wherein the thinning intensity is the ratio of the number of interference trees to be thinned in the sample plots to the total number of forest plants in the sample plots;
D. thinning the trees by combining a forest succession stage according to thinning strength;
E. marking natural renewal saplings with excellent growth vigor for the forest stands in the colonization stage, removing the grass irrigation, and carrying out dibbling on the marked saplings positioned on the sunny slope according to the field conditions; for the forest stand in the canopy closure stage, natural pruning is utilized, a target tree and an interference tree are marked, the target tree is cultivated, and the interference tree is cut according to thinning intensity; selecting and marking a target tree for the forest stands in the differentiation stage, pruning when dead branches or dying branches appear on the target tree, only thinning the interference trees in the forest stands with the canopy density of more than 0.7, and thinning the interference trees according to thinning intensity, wherein the canopy density after thinning is not less than 0.6; and marking the forest stands in the constant stage with target trees and interference trees, cutting the interference trees according to thinning intensity, and felling the conventional target trees reaching the target breast diameter.
The target tree is selected for realizing a forest planning target, plays a supporting role for a forest leading function, is reserved in a forest stand for a long time, is cultivated in key operation, and is not withdrawn from the key operation tree until the planning target is realized. The interference tree is a tree which causes interference to the growth and development of a target tree, generally appears in the same canopy or the upper canopy or an ascending position of the target tree, influences the development of the crown of the target tree, and is cut off at a proper time. The trees which have supporting and assisting functions and do not have interference effect on the growth of the target trees, particularly the trees at the descending position, under the target trees are used as the assisting trees to be reserved.
When dividing the forest stand types, on a forest resource distribution diagram, the forests in the operation area are divided into forest stands according to the forest types and the operation mode, the minimum area of the forest stands is 0.3ha, the maximum area of the forest stands with the production function is 10ha, and the maximum area of the protection forest stands is 15 ha. Preferably, planning and operating the accessible forest with the gradient less than 35 degrees; marking unreachable forests in forest management planning; for the protection forest with production function and the gradient of 25-35 degrees, valuable trees are harvested.
Some forest stands are too dense, and the number of trees is too large in one thinning, so that the forest stands are easy to be unstable, and the thinning can be performed twice. Preferably, thinning is carried out for 2-3 times in a 10-year operation cycle for the over-dense forest stand.
Due to the particularity and difference of the characteristics of different forest succession stages, different forest thinning methods are adopted in different succession stages. The forward succession of the forest can be divided into four stages of a colonization stage, a canopy stage, a differentiation stage and a constant stage.
For forest stands in the colonization stage: the operational goal at this stage is to promote the growth of individual forest stands and allow them to close as quickly as possible. The specific operation comprises the following steps: the device has the advantages of strict management and protection, prevention of livestock destruction and firewood collection, prevention of forest fire and the like, and reduction of disturbance to the ground surface. The forest thinning measures comprise: marking natural renewal saplings with development prospects, removing shrubs influencing the growth of the natural renewal saplings, removing shrubs interfering with the growth of the marked trees, and performing weir spreading on the marked saplings positioned on the sunny slopes according to the site conditions.
For stands in the canopy stage: the business goal at this stage is to promote high growth of the forest and quality formation of the target trees. The specific operation measures comprise: strengthen the management and protection, avoid the destruction of livestock and the cutting of firewood, prevent forest fires and the like. The forest thinning measures comprise: and (4) fully utilizing natural pruning, marking the target tree and the interference tree, cultivating the target tree, and cutting off the interference tree according to thinning strength.
For stands in the differentiation stage: the business goal at this stage is to promote good and fast growth of the target tree. The forest thinning measures comprise: selecting and marking a target tree, pruning when dead branches or dying branches appear on the target tree, thinning only the interference trees in the forest stand with the canopy density of more than 0.7, and thinning the interference trees according to thinning intensity, wherein the canopy density after thinning is not less than 0.6. Canopy density is the ratio of the total projected area (crown width) of the crown of an arbor in a forest on the ground in direct sunlight to the total area of the forest land (forest stand), and reflects the density of the forest stand.
For stands in a constant stage: the business goal at this stage is to maintain forest stand diversity, stability and sustainability. The forest thinning measures comprise: marking the target tree and the interference tree, and cutting the interference tree according to the thinning intensity. The felling utilizes a conventional target tree reaching a target breast diameter, and preferably, the canopy density after felling is controlled to be about 0.6, the target breast diameter of coniferous trees is more than 40cm, and the target breast diameter of broadleaf trees is more than 50cm when the conventional target tree reaching the target breast diameter is felled.
The forest thinning method based on the forest stand thinning strength optimizes the forest stand structure, promotes the growth of the forest, reasonably thins and improves the forest stand quality by quantitatively analyzing the forest stand thinning strength. The invention fully utilizes the natural succession rule of the forest, carries out reasonable thinning, can promote the forward succession of the forest, optimizes the forest stand structure, enhances the stability of an ecological system, and exerts various efficiencies of the forest, thereby realizing the purpose of improving the forest quality and achieving the optimal combination of the ecological, economic and social benefits of the forest.
Finally, it should be noted that the above examples are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that: modifications to the specific embodiments of the invention or equivalent substitutions for parts of the technical features may be made; without departing from the spirit of the present invention, it is intended to cover all aspects of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A forest thinning method based on forest stand thinning strength is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
A. dividing the forest in the operation area into forest stands according to the type and the operation mode of the forest on a forest resource distribution map, selecting a sample plot according to the average height of the forest stands, wherein the average height division standard is four standards of 6-8 m, 8-10 m, 10-12 m and more than 12m, the minimum area of the forest stand division is 0.3ha, the maximum area of the forest stand with the production function is 10ha, and the maximum area of the protection forest stand is 15 ha;
B. counting the number of all trees with the diameter at breast height larger than 5cm in a sample plot, marking a target tree and an interference tree, and counting the number of the target tree and the interference tree, wherein the target tree is a tree which is selected for realizing a forest planning target and has a supporting effect on a forest leading function, and the interference tree is a tree which causes interference on the growth and development of the target tree;
C. after the investigation of at least 30 sample plots of the same type of forest stand is completed, calculating four thinning intensities under the average high standard, wherein the thinning intensity is the ratio of the number of interference trees to be thinned in the sample plots to the total number of forest plants in the sample plots;
D. carrying out forest thinning according to thinning intensity and in combination with a forest succession stage, and planning and operating accessible forests with gradient less than 35 degrees; marking unreachable forests in forest management planning; for a protection forest with a production function and a gradient of 25-35 degrees, valuable trees are harvested;
E. marking natural renewal saplings with excellent growth vigor for the forest stands in the colonization stage, removing the grass irrigation, and carrying out dibbling on the marked saplings positioned on the sunny slope according to the field conditions; for the forest stand in the canopy closure stage, natural pruning is utilized, a target tree and an interference tree are marked, the target tree is cultivated, and the interference tree is cut according to thinning intensity; selecting and marking a target tree for the forest stands in the differentiation stage, pruning when dead branches or dying branches appear on the target tree, only thinning the interference trees in the forest stands with the canopy density of more than 0.7, and thinning the interference trees according to thinning intensity, wherein the canopy density after thinning is not less than 0.6; and marking the forest stand in a constant stage with a target tree and an interference tree, cutting the interference tree according to thinning intensity, felling a conventional target tree reaching the target breast diameter, and reserving a tree which has supporting and assisting functions on the growth of the target tree in the lower canopy of the target tree as an auxiliary tree.
2. A forest thinning method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the size of the sample is 20m × 20 m.
3. A forest thinning method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and E, thinning the excessive forest stands for 2-3 times within the operation period of 10 years.
4. A forest thinning method according to claim 1, characterized in that: when the regular target tree with the target breast diameter is cut, the canopy density after cutting is controlled to be 0.6, the target breast diameter of the conifer is more than 40cm, and the target breast diameter of the broadleaf tree is more than 50 cm.
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