CN110178863B - 一种防治苹果绵蚜的缓释农药制剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种防治苹果绵蚜的缓释农药制剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种防治苹果绵蚜的缓释农药制剂,以重量份计,所述缓释农药制剂由以下原料制成:防绵蚜农药5‑30份,乙醇溶剂10‑20份,壳聚糖0.2‑0.4份,羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体10‑20份,表面活性剂0.5‑1.5份,水50‑100份。本发明采用羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体改性的壳聚糖为缓释载体,对壳聚糖的三维网状结构进行了扩展,显著提升了农药的释放性能,延长了释放时间,一次施用即可控制整个生长期的病虫害,推广应用前景广阔。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农药制剂技术领域,具体涉及一种防治苹果绵蚜的缓释农药制剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
苹果绵蚜[Eriosomalanigerum(Hausmann)]原产于北美洲东部,属同翅目瘿绵蚜科绵蚜属,又名苹果棉虫、白絮虫、白毛虫、棉花虫、血色蚜虫,是国内外植物检疫对象之一。苹果绵蚜最初传入我国辽宁、云南和山东等部分地区,之后迅速扩散到国内各地区。果树受害后减产10%~30%,可削弱树势,果实劣小,严重时果树枯死甚至绝收。苹果绵蚜传播的主要方式是通过苗木、接穗、果实及包装物、果箱的异地运输等进行。在田间时,以有翅蚜爬行、迁飞或靠风力、剪枝和疏花疏果等农事操作进行传播。雌成虫和若虫吸取树液为害果树新梢、枝干伤口、果梗、萼洼及根颈部等处,并在受害部位分泌蜡质覆盖虫体形成虫瘿(瘤)。果树受害后根系坏死,导致营养吸收受阻,地上部生长势变弱,结果量减少且果实品质下降,严重时80%以上的枝条和根系毁坏,甚至整株枯死。
由于绵蚜繁殖力强,各虫态均覆有蜡质绵毛,又多在易潜藏处为害,药剂很难接触虫体,比其他同翅目害虫如烟粉虱、麦蚜、棉蚜等更难防治。多年来频繁使用农药防治苹果绵蚜,导致苹果绵蚜对多种常用药剂的抗药性的迅速发展,例如毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、噻虫嗪、阿维菌素等药剂在生产上防治效果下降,损失严重。
另外,,目前所使用的农药仍以乳油、可湿性粉剂、粉剂、悬浮剂等传统剂型为主。这些剂型在制备过程中,大量使用有机溶剂与表面活性剂;使用过程中由于风吹、雨淋等外部环境的影响,相当一部分农药残留于农产品或分散于大气、水以及上壤中,引起大量农药流失,同时对人畜、昆虫等没有选择性,只有少部分能够作用于作物靶标部位且作用时间短。为了达到预期效果,不得不增加施药次数和剂量,引起非常严重的农残和环境污染问题,而且直接威胁着人类健康。这已成为农药与环境领域函待解决的问题。而缓释剂型农药很好的解决了上述问题,与传统剂型相比较,农药缓释剂具有如下特点:改变了农药的存在形态,减少大气、水等环境要素的影响,便于储存和使用;保证了农药的有效浓度,在一定范围内可解决靶标内药物浓度的大幅度变化,提高生物利用率;能长效、缓慢的释放、利用农药,减少了用药量和用药次数,可降低环境污染问题发生的概率。
因此,发展一种高药效、低成本、药效持久和稳定性好的缓释型防治苹果绵蚜的农药制剂具有十分重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种综合性能优异的防治苹果绵蚜的缓释农药制剂及其制备方法。
为解决上述问题,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种防治苹果绵蚜的缓释农药制剂,以重量份计,所述缓释农药制剂由以下原料制成:防绵蚜农药5-30份,乙醇溶剂10-20份,壳聚糖0.2-0.4份,羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体10-20份,表面活性剂0.5-1.5份,水50-100份。
优选的,以重量份计,所述防绵蚜农药由下列组分组成:百菌清5-10份,丁硫克百威2-8份,阿维菌素2-6份,大蒜素0.5-1份,姜黄提取物1-3份,农药助剂0.5-5份。
优选的,所述表面活性剂为脂肪醇聚氧化乙烯类非离子表面剂或蓖麻油聚氧化乙烯类非离子表面活性剂。
优选的,所述农药助剂为分散剂、湿润剂、防冻剂和增稠剂。
另外,本发明还要求保护所述缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)将防绵蚜农药与水混合后经高速剪切分散后形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体和乙醇溶剂在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌30-120min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到壳聚糖中,并于30-50℃下继续搅拌30-60min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
本发明还要求保护所述缓释农药制剂在防治苹果绵蚜中的应用,其中,所述农药制剂由以下原料制成:绵蚜农药,乙醇溶剂,壳聚糖,羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体,表面活性剂和水。
在本发明中,该农药制剂中有效成分的功能及作用如下:
百菌清是广谱、保护性杀菌剂。作用机理是能与真菌细胞中的三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶发生作用,与该酶中含有半胱氨酸的蛋白质相结合,从而破坏该酶活性,使真菌细胞的新陈代谢受破坏而失去生命力。百菌清没有内吸传导作用,但喷到植物体上之后,能在体表上有良好的黏着性,不易被雨水冲刷掉,药效期较长。
丁硫克百威,属氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂,在昆虫体内代谢为有毒的呋喃丹起杀虫作用,其杀虫机制是干扰昆虫神经系统,抑制胆碱酯酶,使昆虫的肌肉及腺体持续兴奋,而导致昆虫死亡。该药具内吸性,对昆虫具有触杀及胃毒作用,持效期长,杀虫谱广。
阿维菌素(Abamectin)是一种广谱、高效、安全的大环内酯抗生素类化合物,具有强烈的杀虫、杀螨、杀线虫活性。阿维菌素具有胃毒和触杀作用,无内吸作用,不能杀卵,其作用机制为通过干扰害虫神经生理活动,刺激释放γ-氨基丁酸,使害虫中央神经系统信号不断为运动神经元接受,在几小时内迅速麻痹、拒食、缓动或不动从而导致死亡。
大蒜素具有抗病毒、抗突变、抗菌、杀虫等功效,其作用机理是:大蒜油中的功能基因大蒜素能使细菌、真菌、昆虫体内巯基酶失活,其分子中的氧原子与半胱氨酸结合后使其不能转变为胱氨酸,从而影响了细菌体内重要的氧化还原反应的进行,又由于功能基团中的S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸亚砜、S-甲基-L-半胱氨酸亚砜破坏细菌、昆虫细胞壁。
姜黄为姜科姜黄属植物Curcuma longa L的干燥根茎,为多年生草本植物,其主要活性成分为姜黄素类化合物,包括三种活性成分,分别为姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素、双去甲氧基姜黄素。
与现有技术相比,本发明的技术效果为:
(1)本发明采用羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体改性的壳聚糖为缓释载体,对壳聚糖的三维网状结构进行了扩展,显著提升了农药的释放性能,延长了释放时间,一次施用即可控制整个生长期的病虫害;
(2)本发明缓释农药中的农药制剂以百菌清、丁硫克百威和阿维菌素主要成分,大蒜素和姜黄提取物为增效成分,一方面百菌清、丁硫克百威和阿维菌素三种成分复配,由于其作用机理不同,达到了增强防治效果的作用,并且三种成分进行复配后可以增加药剂的持效性,而大蒜素和姜黄提取物的加入可以减少化学农药的用量,并使得本发明中三种化学农药成分的用量维持在24%以内的较低水平,而且更重要的是大蒜素和姜黄提取物的加入明显改善了该农药制剂的稳定性以及延缓了抗药性;
(3)本发明的农药制剂成本低廉,可有效用于苹果绵蚜的防治,并且减少了化学农药的使用,减轻了对环境的污染。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的技术方案做进一步的阐述:
实施例1
一种缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)按重量份百菌清8份,丁硫克百威5份,阿维菌素4份,大蒜素0.7份,姜黄提取物2份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水70份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体15份和乙醇溶剂15份在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚1份加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌60min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到0.3份壳聚糖中,并于40℃下继续搅拌45min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
实施例2
一种缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)按重量份百菌清6份,丁硫克百威4份,阿维菌素3份,大蒜素0.6份,姜黄提取物1份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水60份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体12份和乙醇溶剂12份在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚1份加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌90min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到0.3份壳聚糖中,并于40℃下继续搅拌50min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
实施例3
一种缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)按重量份百菌清9份,丁硫克百威3份,阿维菌素2份,大蒜素1份,姜黄提取物1份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水80份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体16份和乙醇溶剂11份在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚1.5份加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌120min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到0.4份壳聚糖中,并于30℃下继续搅拌40min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
实施例4
一种缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)按重量份百菌清5份,丁硫克百威3份,阿维菌素3份,大蒜素0.5份,姜黄提取物1份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水70份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体15份和乙醇溶剂13份在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚0.9份加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌100min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到0.2份壳聚糖中,并于30℃下继续搅拌45min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
实施例5
一种缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)按重量份百菌清6份,丁硫克百威8份,阿维菌素2份,大蒜素1份,姜黄提取物2份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水90份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体18份和乙醇溶剂12份在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚1.5份加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌90min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到0.4份壳聚糖中,并于50℃下继续搅拌30min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
实施例6
一种缓释农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
(1)按重量份百菌清6份,丁硫克百威2份,阿维菌素6份,大蒜素0.9份,姜黄提取物2份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水80份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液;
(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体13份和乙醇溶剂15份在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;
(3)将表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚1.2份加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌90min,备用;
(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到0.25份壳聚糖中,并于40℃下继续搅拌45min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
对比例1
一种农药制剂的制备方法,具体步骤为:
按重量份百菌清8份,丁硫克百威5份,阿维菌素4份,大蒜素0.7份,姜黄提取物2份、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠0.8份、二丁基萘磺酸钠2份、黄原胶0.6份、丙三醇0.4份,去离子水70份准备原料;然后将上述成分百菌清、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、大蒜素、姜黄提取物、农药助剂烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠、二丁基萘磺酸钠、黄原胶、丙三醇混合后经高速剪切分散,砂磨机中砂磨后,在水体系中形成高分散的水悬浮液即可。
对上述实施例所制备缓释农药制剂的的防治性能进行测定:
1、将实施例1-6和对比例1的农药进行田间试验
试验地点:山东烟台
试验方法:用药前调查苹果绵蚜群落数量,施药后30天、45天、60天、90天各调查一次标记枝条上所有活苹果绵蚜的虫落数,调查基数时,每小区虫落数大于30个。调查中苹果绵蚜的白色绵毛萎蔫变暗视为死亡,白色绵毛鲜活视为活虫落,其结果如下表1:
从表1可以看出,本发明实施例对田间苹果绵蚜具有良好的防治效果,在给药120天后即对苹果绵蚜的防治率仍可达到83%以上,而对比例1的非缓释型农药在120天后的防治率仅仅为35.2%,这显示本发明的缓释药剂具有良好的缓释性能,具有良好的推广应用前景。
最后应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (1)
1.一种缓释农药制剂在防治苹果绵蚜中的应用,其特征在于,以重量份计,所述缓释农药制剂由以下原料制成:防绵蚜农药5-30份,乙醇溶剂10-20份,壳聚糖0.2-0.4份,羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体10-20份,表面活性剂0.5-1.5份,水50-100份;
其中,以重量份计,所述防绵蚜农药由下列组分组成:百菌清5-10份,丁硫克百威2-8份,阿维菌素2-6份,大蒜素0.5-1份,姜黄提取物1-3份,农药助剂0.5-5份;
其中,所述表面活性剂为脂肪醇聚氧化乙烯类非离子表面活性剂或蓖麻油聚氧化乙烯类非离子表面活性剂;
其中,所述农药助剂为分散剂、湿润剂、防冻剂和增稠剂;
其中,制备缓释农药制剂的具体步骤为:(1)将防绵蚜农药与水混合后经高速剪切分散后形成高分散的水悬浮液;(2)将步骤(1)的水悬浮液、羟基丁酸与羟基辛酸共聚体和乙醇溶剂在室温下混合形成混合液,备用;(3)将表面活性剂加入到步骤(2)的混合液中强烈搅拌30-120min,备用;(4)将步骤(3)的产物缓慢滴加到壳聚糖中,并于30-50℃下继续搅拌30-60min即获得所述缓释农药制剂。
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