CN110161295A - A kind of probe and its Method of Adjustment of reflection type optical fiber electric-field sensor - Google Patents
A kind of probe and its Method of Adjustment of reflection type optical fiber electric-field sensor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种反射式光纤电场传感器的探头及其装调方法，属于电磁场测量领域，反射式光纤电场传感器包括激光器、保偏光纤、三端口环形器和光电探测器，保偏光纤从三端口环形器的第一端口接入，光电探测器设于三端口环形器的第三端口；探头包括：固定装置，具有凹槽结构，凹槽结构内固定有依次布置的偏振片、铌酸锂晶体、1/8波片和反射片；和石英套管，其一端插设有准直透镜，另一端套封有石英圆柱体，固定装置固定在石英套管中部，准直透镜连接三端口环形器的第二端口。解决反射式光纤电场传感器中探头结构的装调问题，降低各元件本身缺陷产生的不利影响，实现各元件相对位置最优化，提高测量灵敏度和稳定性。
The invention discloses a probe of a reflective optical fiber electric field sensor and an installation and adjustment method thereof, belonging to the field of electromagnetic field measurement. The reflective optical fiber electric field sensor includes a laser, a polarization maintaining optical fiber, a three-port circulator and a photoelectric detector. The polarization maintaining optical fiber is connected from three The first port of the port circulator is connected, and the photodetector is arranged at the third port of the three-port circulator; the probe includes: a fixing device with a groove structure, and the polarizer, lithium niobate and lithium niobate arranged in sequence are fixed in the groove structure Crystal, 1/8 wave plate and reflector; and quartz sleeve, one end of which is inserted with a collimating lens, the other end is sleeved with a quartz cylinder, the fixing device is fixed in the middle of the quartz sleeve, and the collimating lens is connected to the three-port ring the second port of the device. Solve the installation and adjustment problem of the probe structure in the reflective optical fiber electric field sensor, reduce the adverse effects of the defects of each component, realize the optimization of the relative position of each component, and improve the measurement sensitivity and stability.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及电磁场测量领域，具体地说，涉及一种反射式光纤电场传感器的探头及其装调方法。The invention relates to the field of electromagnetic field measurement, in particular to a probe of a reflective optical fiber electric field sensor and an assembly method thereof.
背景技术Background technique
随着电力系统输电容量的不断增大，传输电压等级的不断提高，远距离输电不断增多，因此对工作电压的测量精度要求也越来越高。目前已有的电压传感器包括电磁式电压传感器、电容式电压传感器和光学电压传感器。目前使用最广泛、技术相对成熟的是前两种，但由于体积过大，绝缘性复杂等原因，不能满足日益增长的电压测量要求。光学电压传感器由于其绝缘性好，封装体积小等因素，越来越受到各国科研工作者的青睐。With the continuous increase of the transmission capacity of the power system, the continuous improvement of the transmission voltage level, and the continuous increase of long-distance power transmission, the requirements for the measurement accuracy of the working voltage are also getting higher and higher. Current existing voltage sensors include electromagnetic voltage sensors, capacitive voltage sensors and optical voltage sensors. At present, the first two are the most widely used and the technology is relatively mature. However, due to the large size and complex insulation, they cannot meet the increasing voltage measurement requirements. Due to its good insulation and small packaging volume, optical voltage sensors are more and more favored by scientific researchers in various countries.
电场测量包括电流、电压等多种物理量的测量，用于测量电压的光纤电场传感器叫光纤电压传感器。目前大多数用于测量电场的光纤电压传感器都是基于线性电光效应的透射式结构，包括偏振片、电光晶体和四分之一波片。一种传统的透射式光纤电场传感器结构如图1所示。Electric field measurement includes the measurement of various physical quantities such as current and voltage. The optical fiber electric field sensor used to measure voltage is called optical fiber voltage sensor. Most current fiber optic voltage sensors used to measure electric fields are transmissive structures based on the linear electro-optic effect, including polarizers, electro-optic crystals, and quarter-wave plates. A traditional transmission fiber optic electric field sensor structure is shown in Figure 1.
公布号为CN106093599A的中国专利文献公开了一种光学探头与电磁场测量设备及它们的测量方法，探头按照准直器、起偏器、石英波片、电光晶体以及高反射率介质片的顺序依次组装在石英玻璃管中，入射光纤接到准直器并固定在玻璃管管壁上。这种反射式光学探头具有体积小、集成度高、对被测电磁场干扰小等优点，但目前仍然存在一大问题，便是稳定性较差，要如何提高稳定性，可以从特殊的装调方法入手。The Chinese patent literature with the publication number CN106093599A discloses an optical probe, electromagnetic field measuring equipment and their measuring method. The probe is assembled sequentially in the order of collimator, polarizer, quartz wave plate, electro-optic crystal and high reflectivity dielectric plate In a quartz glass tube, the incident fiber is connected to a collimator and fixed on the wall of the glass tube. This reflective optical probe has the advantages of small size, high integration, and little interference to the measured electromagnetic field, but there is still a big problem, that is, the stability is poor. How to improve the stability can be obtained from a special installation and adjustment method to get started.
透射式光纤电场传感器探头结构入射需要接光源，出射需要接光电探测器和数据采集设备，两头都要接设备导致灵活性降低，不利于探测狭小空间的电场。相比于透射式，反射式探头所需光学元件更少，集成度更高，且因采用反射结构，相同长度的电光晶体能实现两倍的有效长度，灵敏度更高。但如何调节各光学元件之间的相对角度和位置关系以实现最优性能仍然需要探索。The probe structure of the transmission fiber optic electric field sensor needs to be connected to the light source for the incident, and the photodetector and data acquisition equipment for the exit. Both ends must be connected to the equipment, which reduces the flexibility and is not conducive to detecting the electric field in a small space. Compared with the transmissive probe, the reflective probe requires fewer optical elements and higher integration, and because of the reflective structure, the same length of the electro-optic crystal can achieve twice the effective length and higher sensitivity. However, how to adjust the relative angle and positional relationship between each optical element to achieve optimal performance still needs to be explored.
影响光纤电场传感器测量稳定性的一个因素是电光晶体存在自然双折射和热电效应，这两种效应都具有温度依赖性。当光束沿晶体光轴精确对准，则不会产生自然双折射，热电效应也能大大降低。但如何保证晶体光轴与光束方向精确对准则是一个难题。微小的失误便会导致传感器的温度不稳定。One factor affecting the measurement stability of fiber optic electric field sensors is the natural birefringence and pyroelectric effects of electro-optic crystals, both of which are temperature dependent. When the beam is precisely aligned along the optical axis of the crystal, there is no natural birefringence and the pyroelectric effect is greatly reduced. However, how to ensure that the crystal optical axis and the beam direction are precisely aligned is a difficult problem. A small mistake can cause the temperature of the sensor to become unstable.
影响光纤电场传感器测量稳定性的另一个因素是波片。光纤电压传感器在对大信号进行强度调制时，通过贝塞尔函数分析可以发现光强调制波会出现失真，除线性项外还会产生大量谐波分量，这和起偏置作用的波片相位有关。因此波片的质量和位置角度对光纤电场传感器探头测量精度影响较大。Another factor that affects the measurement stability of the fiber optic electric field sensor is the wave plate. When the optical fiber voltage sensor performs intensity modulation on a large signal, it can be found through Bessel function analysis that the optical intensity modulation wave will be distorted, and a large number of harmonic components will be generated in addition to the linear term, which is different from the phase of the wave plate that acts as a bias. related. Therefore, the quality and position angle of the wave plate have a great influence on the measurement accuracy of the fiber optic electric field sensor probe.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的为提供一种反射式光纤电场传感器的探头及其装调方法，解决反射式光纤电场传感器中探头结构的装调问题，降低各元件本身缺陷产生的不利影响，实现各元件相对位置最优化，提高测量灵敏度和稳定性。The object of the present invention is to provide a probe of a reflective optical fiber electric field sensor and its installation and adjustment method, solve the problem of installation and adjustment of the probe structure in the reflective optical fiber electric field sensor, reduce the adverse effects of the defects of each component itself, and realize the relative position of each component Optimized to improve measurement sensitivity and stability.
为了实现上述目的，一方面，本发明提供的反射式光纤电场传感器的探头，其中，反射式光纤电场传感器包括激光器、保偏光纤、三端口环形器和光电探测器，保偏光纤从三端口环形器的第一端口接入，光电探测器设于三端口环形器的第三端口；探头包括：In order to achieve the above object, on the one hand, the probe of the reflective fiber optic electric field sensor provided by the present invention, wherein the reflective fiber optic electric field sensor includes a laser, a polarization maintaining fiber, a three-port circulator and a photodetector, and the polarization maintaining fiber is connected from the three port ring The first port of the circulator is connected, and the photodetector is set at the third port of the three-port circulator; the probe includes:
固定装置，具有凹槽结构，凹槽结构内固定有依次布置的偏振片、铌酸锂晶体、1/8波片和反射片；The fixing device has a groove structure, and a polarizer, a lithium niobate crystal, a 1/8 wave plate and a reflection plate are fixed in sequence in the groove structure;
石英套管，其一端插设有准直透镜，另一端套封有石英圆柱体，固定装置固定在石英套管中部，准直透镜连接三端口环形器的第二端口。A collimating lens is inserted into one end of the quartz sleeve, and a quartz cylinder is sleeved on the other end. The fixing device is fixed in the middle of the quartz sleeve, and the collimating lens is connected to the second port of the three-port circulator.
上述技术方案中，激光器发出的光依次通过三端口环形器、准直透镜、偏振片、铌酸锂晶体和1/8波片，然后通过反射片反射回来再次经过1/8波片、铌酸锂晶体、偏振片、准直透镜后从三端口环形器三端口出射，用光电探测器测量将输出光强转换为电流或电压以便于测量分析。被测电场通过铌酸锂晶体的pockel效应以位相差形式加载到光路中，反射使得铌酸锂晶体有效长度增加一倍，灵敏度明显提高。In the above technical scheme, the light emitted by the laser passes through the three-port circulator, collimating lens, polarizer, lithium niobate crystal and 1/8 wave plate in sequence, and then is reflected by the reflector and then passes through the 1/8 wave plate, niobate Lithium crystal, polarizer, and collimator lens exit from the three ports of the three-port circulator, and the output light intensity is converted into current or voltage by photodetector measurement for easy measurement and analysis. The measured electric field is loaded into the optical path in the form of phase difference through the pockel effect of the lithium niobate crystal, and the reflection doubles the effective length of the lithium niobate crystal, and the sensitivity is obviously improved.
作为优选，偏振片的消光比至少为40dB。整个探头结构中，需要保证偏振片消光比达到40dB以上，便于装调过程中确定电光晶体的确切位置，同时在测量中能提高测量灵敏度。偏振片透光轴沿水平方向。Preferably, the extinction ratio of the polarizer is at least 40 dB. In the entire probe structure, it is necessary to ensure that the extinction ratio of the polarizer reaches above 40dB, which is convenient for determining the exact position of the electro-optic crystal during the installation and adjustment process, and at the same time can improve the measurement sensitivity during the measurement. The light transmission axis of the polarizer is along the horizontal direction.
在整个探头结构中，需要保证电光晶体的光轴与光束方向精确对准，这样便不会产生自然双折射，同时热电效应也能大大降低。自然双折射效应会降低探头测量灵敏度，而且自然双折射和热电效应会导致电光晶体的温度依赖性。根据线性电光效应耦合波理论，可以得到电光晶体光轴与光束方向的精确关系。作为优选，铌酸锂晶体的光轴与激光光束的方向平行。In the entire probe structure, it is necessary to ensure that the optical axis of the electro-optic crystal is precisely aligned with the beam direction, so that natural birefringence will not occur, and the pyroelectric effect can be greatly reduced. Natural birefringence effects reduce probe measurement sensitivity, and natural birefringence and pyroelectric effects cause temperature dependence of electro-optic crystals. According to the linear electro-optic effect coupling wave theory, the precise relationship between the optical axis of the electro-optic crystal and the beam direction can be obtained. Preferably, the optical axis of the lithium niobate crystal is parallel to the direction of the laser beam.
作为优选，偏振片的透光轴和1/8波片的快轴夹角为45°。光路经过反射片会两次通过1/8波片，从而产生90°位相延迟，从而让探头工作在线性区，实现待测电压与输出光强之间的线性关系，提高测量灵敏度。Preferably, the angle between the light transmission axis of the polarizer and the fast axis of the 1/8 wave plate is 45°. The optical path will pass through the 1/8 wave plate twice through the reflector, resulting in a 90° phase delay, so that the probe can work in the linear region, realize the linear relationship between the voltage to be measured and the output light intensity, and improve the measurement sensitivity.
为了提高1/8波片的质量，减少大量谐波分量的引入，从而提高探测灵敏度，作为优选，1/8波片镀有增透膜，确保1/8波片生产时快轴沿对角线方向。In order to improve the quality of the 1/8 wave plate and reduce the introduction of a large number of harmonic components, thereby improving the detection sensitivity, as a preference, the 1/8 wave plate is coated with an anti-reflective coating to ensure that the fast axis is along the diagonal when the 1/8 wave plate is produced line direction.
为了确保反射片的反射损耗小，作为优选，反射片镀有与激光器发射的激光波长相对应的高反膜。目前所用激光器中心波长1550nm，因此反射片需要镀膜(比如HR膜)实现在1550波段反射率大于98％。In order to ensure that the reflection loss of the reflection sheet is small, preferably, the reflection sheet is coated with a high-reflection film corresponding to the laser wavelength emitted by the laser. The center wavelength of the currently used laser is 1550nm, so the reflector needs to be coated (such as HR film) to achieve a reflectivity greater than 98% in the 1550 band.
另一方面，本发明提供的反射式光纤电场传感器的探头装调方法包括以下步骤：On the other hand, the probe installation and adjustment method of the reflective optical fiber electric field sensor provided by the present invention includes the following steps:
1)激光器发出激光，经保偏光纤传输，通过三端口环形器第一端口后从第二端口出射并进入准直透镜，用六维调节架固定准直透镜，用夹具固定凹槽结构，使准直透镜出来的激光通过凹槽中心；1) The laser emits laser light, which is transmitted through a polarization-maintaining optical fiber. After passing through the first port of the three-port circulator, it exits from the second port and enters the collimator lens. The collimator lens is fixed with a six-dimensional adjustment frame, and the groove structure is fixed with a fixture. The laser light from the collimating lens passes through the center of the groove;
2)将偏振片放入凹槽结构，用六维调节架转动准直透镜，同时调节偏振片，至最小光功率在-40dB以下后，调节透过偏振片后的光功率达最大，将偏振片固定；2) Put the polarizer into the groove structure, rotate the collimating lens with a six-dimensional adjustment frame, and adjust the polarizer at the same time until the minimum optical power is below -40dB, adjust the optical power after passing through the polarizer to the maximum, and adjust the polarizer piece fixed;
3)在凹槽结构的另一端用三维调节架固定一个反射片，调节反射片直到从三端口环形器的第三端口测得的光功率最大；3) Fix a reflector with a three-dimensional adjustment frame at the other end of the groove structure, and adjust the reflector until the optical power measured from the third port of the three-port circulator is maximum;
4)在偏振片和反射片之间用360°可转动调节架固定一个1/4波片，转动1/4波片，直到第三端口测得的光功率小于-40dB后固定；4) Fix a 1/4 wave plate with a 360° rotatable adjustment frame between the polarizer and the reflector, rotate the 1/4 wave plate until the optical power measured at the third port is less than -40dB and then fix it;
5)将铌酸锂晶体放入凹槽结构，使透射和反射回的激光均能通过铌酸锂晶体，用光纤戳动铌酸锂晶体，直到第三端口所测得的光功率小于-40dB，确保光功率小于-40dB情况下固化铌酸锂晶体；5) Put the lithium niobate crystal into the groove structure, so that both the transmitted and reflected laser can pass through the lithium niobate crystal, and poke the lithium niobate crystal with an optical fiber until the optical power measured at the third port is less than -40dB , to ensure that the lithium niobate crystal is solidified when the optical power is less than -40dB;
6)将反射片用导热硅脂粘在三维调节架上，调节三维调节架，直到反射回第三端口的激光功率最大，边观察第三端口激光功率变化边调节三维调节架直到将反射片移进凹槽内。随后，将1/8波片放进晶体和反射片之间，调节1/8波片看第三端口激光功率是否恰好减半(与未放1/8波片前激光功率相比)。若成功减半，拿掉1/8波片并固化反射片；若调节1/8波片无法使激光功率成功减半(偏大或偏小)，拿掉1/8波片，微调反射片，再将1/8波片放入看能否减半，多次调节直到放入1/8波片后能成功减半(判断标准：反射片反射回的激光功率尽可能大，同时加1/8波片后成功减半)。调好反射片后拿掉1/8波片，固化反射片；6) Stick the reflector on the three-dimensional adjustment frame with heat-conducting silicone grease, adjust the three-dimensional adjustment frame until the laser power reflected back to the third port is maximum, and adjust the three-dimensional adjustment frame while observing the change of the laser power at the third port until the reflector is moved into the groove. Then, put the 1/8 wave plate between the crystal and the reflector, and adjust the 1/8 wave plate to see if the laser power of the third port is just halved (compared with the laser power before the 1/8 wave plate is not placed). If it is successfully halved, remove the 1/8 wave plate and cure the reflector; if adjusting the 1/8 wave plate cannot halve the laser power successfully (too large or too small), remove the 1/8 wave plate and fine-tune the reflector , and then put the 1/8 wave plate in to see if it can be halved, and adjust it several times until it can be successfully halved after putting in the 1/8 wave plate (judgment standard: the laser power reflected by the reflector is as large as possible, and at the same time add 1 /8 wave plate and successfully halved). After adjusting the reflector, remove the 1/8 wave plate and cure the reflector;
7)将1/8波片放入凹槽结构的铌酸锂晶体和反射片之间，调节1/8波片位置直到第三端口激光功率为放波片前的一半后固定；7) Put the 1/8 wave plate between the lithium niobate crystal of the groove structure and the reflector, adjust the position of the 1/8 wave plate until the laser power of the third port is half of that before releasing the wave plate, and then fix it;
8)将固定好偏振片、铌酸锂晶体、1/8波片和反射片的凹槽结构放置到套管中部，将准直透镜的透镜端套入石英套管端部，连接光纤的一端裸露在外，转动六维调节架并调节凹槽结构，直到从第三端口测得光功率与步骤7)中固定好1/8波片后的光功率一样后进行固定；8) Place the groove structure fixing the polarizer, lithium niobate crystal, 1/8 wave plate and reflector in the middle of the sleeve, insert the lens end of the collimator lens into the end of the quartz sleeve, and connect one end of the optical fiber Exposed to the outside, turn the six-dimensional adjustment frame and adjust the groove structure until the optical power measured from the third port is the same as the optical power after fixing the 1/8 wave plate in step 7), and then fix it;
9)在石英套管的另一端用石英小圆柱封口。9) Seal the other end of the quartz sleeve with a small quartz cylinder.
作为优选，凹槽结构内各元件以及石英套管内各元件均采用紫外胶粘贴，并采用紫外灯进行照射固定。Preferably, each element in the groove structure and each element in the quartz sleeve are pasted with ultraviolet glue, and are irradiated and fixed by ultraviolet lamps.
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果为：Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:
本发明的反射式光纤电场传感器的探头及其装调方法，解决可反射式光纤电压传感器探头结构的装调问题，降低各元件本身缺陷产生的不利影响，实现各元件相对位置最优化，提高测量灵敏度和稳定性。The probe of the reflective optical fiber electric field sensor and its installation and adjustment method of the present invention solve the problem of installation and adjustment of the probe structure of the reflective optical fiber voltage sensor, reduce the adverse effects of the defects of each component itself, realize the optimization of the relative position of each component, and improve the measurement accuracy. sensitivity and stability.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明背景技术中传统的透射式光纤电场传感器结构示意图；Fig. 1 is the structural representation of traditional transmissive fiber optic electric field sensor in the background technology of the present invention;
图2为本发明实施例的反射式光纤电场传感器的结构示意图；Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the reflective fiber optic electric field sensor of the embodiment of the present invention;
图3为本发明实施例的探头结构示意图；Fig. 3 is the probe structure schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention;
图4为本发明实施例中调节铌酸锂晶体光轴所用光路中通过各光学元件后光的偏振态变化图，包括从环形器第二端口出射激光通过准直透镜和偏振片后的偏振态(1)；激光继续通过铌酸锂晶体后的偏振态(2)；激光继续通过1/4波片后的偏振态(3)；激光从反射片反射回来的偏振态(4)；激光从反射片反射回来并通过1/4波片后的偏振态(5)；激光从反射片反射回来并通过1/4波片和铌酸锂晶体后的偏振态(6)；Fig. 4 is a diagram of the polarization state change of the light after passing through each optical element in the optical path used to adjust the optical axis of the lithium niobate crystal in the embodiment of the present invention, including the polarization state of the light emitted from the second port of the circulator after passing through the collimating lens and the polarizer (1); the polarization state (2) after the laser continues to pass through the lithium niobate crystal; the polarization state (3) after the laser continues to pass through the 1/4 wave plate; the polarization state (4) that the laser reflects back from the reflector; The polarization state (5) after the reflector is reflected back and passes through the 1/4 wave plate; the polarization state of the laser light reflected from the reflector and passed through the 1/4 wave plate and lithium niobate crystal (6);
图5为本发明实施例中调节铌酸锂晶体光轴所用光路中通过各光学元件后光的偏振态变化comsol模拟图；5 is a comsol simulation diagram of the polarization state change of light passing through each optical element in the optical path used to adjust the optical axis of the lithium niobate crystal in the embodiment of the present invention;
图6为本发明实施例中铌酸锂晶体光轴与光束方向偏角与温度稳定性的关系图，其中，(a)图模拟了偏角为1.8°，18°，90°，被测电场20000V时在正交偏振系统中温度和相对输出光强的关系曲线；(b)图模拟了偏角0～18°之间，被测电场为0时在正交偏振系统中铌酸锂晶体偏角与温度稳定性的关系。Fig. 6 is the relationship diagram of lithium niobate crystal optical axis and beam direction declination angle and temperature stability in the embodiment of the present invention, wherein, (a) figure simulates declination angle is 1.8 °, 18 °, 90 °, the measured electric field The relationship between temperature and relative output light intensity in the orthogonal polarization system at 20000V; (b) figure simulates the deflection angle of lithium niobate crystal in the orthogonal polarization system when the measured electric field is 0° between 0° and 18° The relationship between angle and temperature stability.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，以下结合实施例及其附图对本发明作进一步说明。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings.
实施例Example
参见图2和图3，本发明实施例的反射式光纤电场传感器包括激光器001、保偏光纤002、三端口环形器003和光电探测器004，保偏光纤002从三端口环形器003的第一端口接入，光电探测器004设于三端口环形器的第三端口。Referring to Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the reflective optical fiber electric field sensor of the embodiment of the present invention comprises a laser 001, a polarization maintaining fiber 002, a three-port circulator 003 and a photodetector 004, and the polarization maintaining fiber 002 starts from the first of the three-port circulator 003 port access, the photodetector 004 is set at the third port of the three-port circulator.
探头包括：Probes include:
固定装置005，具有凹槽结构，凹槽结构内通过紫外胶固定有依次布置的偏振片3、铌酸锂晶体4、1/8波片5和反射片6；The fixing device 005 has a groove structure, and the polarizer 3, the lithium niobate crystal 4, the 1/8 wave plate 5 and the reflection plate 6 arranged in sequence are fixed in the groove structure through ultraviolet glue;
石英套管006，其一端插设有准直透镜2，并通过紫外胶固定，另一端套封有石英圆柱体1，同样通过紫外胶固定，固定装置005通过紫外胶固定在石英套管006中部，准直透镜2连接三端口环形器003的第二端口。Quartz sleeve 006, one end of which is inserted with a collimating lens 2, and is fixed by ultraviolet glue, and the other end is sealed with a quartz cylinder 1, which is also fixed by ultraviolet glue, and the fixing device 005 is fixed in the middle of the quartz sleeve 006 by ultraviolet glue , the collimating lens 2 is connected to the second port of the three-port circulator 003.
激光器001发出的光依次通过三端口环形器003、准直透镜2、偏振片3、铌酸锂晶体4和1/8波片5，然后通过反射片6反射回来再次经过1/8波片5、铌酸锂晶体4、偏振片3、准直透镜2后从三端口环形器003的第三端口出射，用光电探测器004测量将输出光强转换为电流或电压以便于测量分析。被测电场通过电光晶体的pockel效应以位相差形式加载到光路中，反射使得铌酸锂晶体有效长度增加一倍，灵敏度明显提高。The light emitted by the laser 001 passes through the three-port circulator 003, the collimating lens 2, the polarizer 3, the lithium niobate crystal 4 and the 1/8 wave plate 5 in sequence, and then is reflected by the reflection plate 6 and then passes through the 1/8 wave plate 5 again , lithium niobate crystal 4, polarizer 3, and collimating lens 2 are emitted from the third port of the three-port circulator 003, and the output light intensity is converted into current or voltage by photodetector 004 for measurement and analysis. The measured electric field is loaded into the optical path in the form of phase difference through the pockel effect of the electro-optic crystal, and the reflection doubles the effective length of the lithium niobate crystal, and the sensitivity is obviously improved.
整个探头结构中，保证偏振片3消光比达到40dB以上，便于装调过程中确定铌酸锂晶体4的确切位置，同时在测量中能提高测量灵敏度。偏振片3透光轴沿水平方向。In the entire probe structure, the extinction ratio of the polarizer 3 is guaranteed to be above 40dB, which is convenient for determining the exact position of the lithium niobate crystal 4 during the installation and adjustment process, and can improve the measurement sensitivity during the measurement. The light transmission axis of the polarizer 3 is along the horizontal direction.
在整个探头结构中，保证铌酸锂晶体4的光轴与光束方向精确对准，这样便不会产生自然双折射，同时热电效应也能大大降低。自然双折射效应会降低探头测量灵敏度，而且自然双折射和热电效应会导致铌酸锂晶体4的温度依赖性。根据线性电光效应耦合波理论，可以得到电光晶体光轴与光束方向的精确关系。图6是晶体光轴与光束方向偏角与温度稳定性的关系图。在被测电场为0时，偏角与温度稳定性之间存在一定关系。要同时保证自然双折射和热电效应较小，则需要尽可能使晶体光轴与光束方向平行。In the entire probe structure, ensure that the optical axis of the lithium niobate crystal 4 is precisely aligned with the beam direction, so that natural birefringence will not occur, and the pyroelectric effect can also be greatly reduced. Natural birefringence effects reduce probe measurement sensitivity, and natural birefringence and pyroelectric effects cause temperature dependence of lithium niobate crystals4. According to the linear electro-optic effect coupling wave theory, the precise relationship between the optical axis of the electro-optic crystal and the beam direction can be obtained. Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the optical axis of the crystal, the deflection angle of the beam direction, and the temperature stability. When the measured electric field is 0, there is a certain relationship between the deflection angle and the temperature stability. To ensure that the natural birefringence and pyroelectric effects are small at the same time, it is necessary to make the crystal optical axis parallel to the beam direction as much as possible.
在整个探头结构中，保证偏振片3透光轴和1/8波片5的快轴夹角为45°，光路经过反射片会两次通过1/8波片，从而产生90°位相延迟，从而让探头工作在线性区，实现待测电压与输出光强之间的线性关系，提高测量灵敏度。此外波片要求高质量，否则会引入大量谐波分量，降低探测灵敏度。1/8波片生产时确保快轴沿对角线方向，镀增透膜。In the entire probe structure, the angle between the transmission axis of the polarizer 3 and the fast axis of the 1/8 wave plate 5 is guaranteed to be 45°, and the light path will pass through the 1/8 wave plate twice through the reflector, resulting in a 90° phase delay. Therefore, the probe can work in the linear region, realize the linear relationship between the voltage to be measured and the output light intensity, and improve the measurement sensitivity. In addition, the wave plate requires high quality, otherwise a large number of harmonic components will be introduced and the detection sensitivity will be reduced. When the 1/8 wave plate is produced, the fast axis is guaranteed to be along the diagonal direction, and the anti-reflection coating is coated.
在整个探头结构中，保证反射片6的反射损耗非常小，在反射片6的表面镀与激光波长相应的高反膜。In the entire probe structure, the reflection loss of the reflection sheet 6 is guaranteed to be very small, and the surface of the reflection sheet 6 is coated with a high-reflection film corresponding to the laser wavelength.
本实施例的反射式光纤电场传感器的探头装调方法包括以下步骤：The probe installation and adjustment method of the reflective optical fiber electric field sensor of the present embodiment includes the following steps:
S100激光器001发出激光，经保偏光纤002传输，通过三端口环形器003的第一端口后从第二端口出射，进入准直透镜2，用六维调节架固定准直透镜2，用夹具固定凹槽结构，使准直透镜2出来的激光大致通过凹槽结构的中心。S100 laser 001 emits laser light, transmits it through polarization-maintaining fiber 002, passes through the first port of three-port circulator 003, exits from the second port, enters the collimator lens 2, fixes the collimator lens 2 with a six-dimensional adjustment frame, and fixes it with a fixture The groove structure makes the laser light from the collimating lens 2 roughly pass through the center of the groove structure.
S200凹槽结构一端粘少许紫外胶，将偏振片3放上去，用六维调节架转动准直透镜2，同时微调偏振片3，确定最小光功率在-40dB以下后，调到透过偏振片3后的光功率达最大，保持准直透镜2和偏振片3位置不变，用紫外灯照射固化并加热固化。Stick a little UV glue on one end of the S200 groove structure, put the polarizer 3 on it, use the six-dimensional adjustment frame to rotate the collimator lens 2, and fine-tune the polarizer 3 at the same time, after confirming that the minimum optical power is below -40dB, adjust it to transmit the polarizer After 3, the optical power reaches the maximum, keep the positions of the collimating lens 2 and the polarizer 3 unchanged, irradiate and cure with ultraviolet light and heat for curing.
S300凹槽结构后隔约10cm用三维调节架固定一个反射片6，调节反射片6直到从三端口环形器003的第三端口测得的光功率最大。Fix a reflector 6 with a three-dimensional adjustment frame about 10cm behind the S300 groove structure, and adjust the reflector 6 until the optical power measured from the third port of the three-port circulator 003 reaches the maximum.
S400凹槽结构和反射片6之间用360°可转动调节架固定一个1/4波片5，转动1/4波片5，确定第三端口测得光功率最大值和最小值(最小值需小于-40dB)；转动1/4波片直到3端口测到光功率小于-40dB后固定.A 1/4 wave plate 5 is fixed between the S400 groove structure and the reflector 6 with a 360° rotatable adjustable frame, and the 1/4 wave plate 5 is rotated to determine the maximum and minimum values (minimum) of the optical power measured at the third port Need to be less than -40dB); turn the 1/4 wave plate until the optical power measured at port 3 is less than -40dB, then fix it.
S500在凹槽结构上偏振片3后再粘少许紫外胶，将铌酸锂晶体4放上去，使透射和反射回的激光都能通过铌酸锂晶体4，用光纤戳动铌酸锂晶体4，直到第三端口测得光功率小于-40dB，边用紫外灯照射固化，边观察光功率波动情况，确保光功率一直小于-40dB情况下固化铌酸锂晶体4，再加热固化。S500 glues a little ultraviolet glue on the polarizer 3 on the groove structure, puts the lithium niobate crystal 4 on it, so that the transmitted and reflected laser can pass through the lithium niobate crystal 4, and poke the lithium niobate crystal 4 with an optical fiber , until the optical power measured at the third port is less than -40dB, while irradiating and curing with an ultraviolet lamp, observe the fluctuation of the optical power to ensure that the optical power is always less than -40dB to cure the lithium niobate crystal 4, and then heat and cure.
S600凹槽末端粘少许紫外胶，将反射片6用导热硅脂粘在三维调节架上，在距凹槽约5mm处固定并调节三维调节架，直到反射回第三端口的激光功率最大；边观察第三端口激光功率变化边调节三位调节架直到将反射片6移进凹槽内。随后，将1/8波片放进晶体和反射片之间，调节1/8波片看第三端口激光功率是否恰好减半(与未放1/8波片前激光功率相比)。若成功减半，拿掉1/8波片并固化反射片；若调节1/8波片无法使激光功率成功减半(偏大或偏小)，拿掉1/8波片，微调反射片，再将1/8波片放入看能否减半，多次调节直到放入1/8波片后能成功减半(判断标准：反射片反射回的激光功率尽可能大，同时加1/8波片后成功减半)。调好反射片后拿掉1/8波片，用紫外灯照射固化并加热固化，该过程都确保第三端口的激光功率为最大。Stick a little UV glue at the end of the S600 groove, stick the reflector 6 on the three-dimensional adjustment frame with thermal conductive silicone grease, fix and adjust the three-dimensional adjustment frame at a distance of about 5mm from the groove, until the laser power reflected back to the third port is maximum; Observe the change of the laser power at the third port and adjust the three-position adjustment frame until the reflector 6 is moved into the groove. Then, put the 1/8 wave plate between the crystal and the reflector, and adjust the 1/8 wave plate to see if the laser power of the third port is just halved (compared with the laser power before the 1/8 wave plate is not placed). If it is successfully halved, remove the 1/8 wave plate and cure the reflector; if adjusting the 1/8 wave plate cannot halve the laser power successfully (too large or too small), remove the 1/8 wave plate and fine-tune the reflector , and then put the 1/8 wave plate in to see if it can be halved, and adjust it several times until it can be successfully halved after putting in the 1/8 wave plate (judgment standard: the laser power reflected by the reflector is as large as possible, and at the same time add 1 /8 wave plate and successfully halved). After adjusting the reflector, remove the 1/8 wave plate, irradiate and cure with ultraviolet light and heat to cure. This process ensures that the laser power of the third port is at the maximum.
S700凹槽中铌酸锂晶体和反射片之间粘少许紫外胶，将1/8波片5放上去，调节波片位置直到第三端口激光功率为放波片前的一半，这时便能确定偏振片3透光轴和1/8波片5的快轴夹角为45°，用紫外灯照射固化并加热固化。Stick a little ultraviolet glue between the lithium niobate crystal and the reflector in the groove of S700, put the 1/8 wave plate 5 on it, adjust the position of the wave plate until the laser power of the third port is half of that before the wave plate, then you can Determine that the included angle between the light transmission axis of the polarizer 3 and the fast axis of the 1/8 wave plate 5 is 45°, irradiate and cure with an ultraviolet lamp and heat for curing.
S800在石英套管006内中间和一端涂匀一层紫外胶，将固定好偏振片3、铌酸锂晶体4、1/8波片5和反射片6的凹槽结构粘到石英套管006内中部紫外胶上，将准直透镜2的透镜端粘在石英套管006边缘，连接光纤的一端裸露在外，转动六维调节架并微调凹槽结构，直到从第三端口测得光功率与步骤S700中固定好波片后的光功率一样，用紫外灯照射固化并加热固化准直透镜2和凹槽结构。S800 Apply a uniform layer of UV glue in the middle and one end of the quartz sleeve 006, and glue the groove structure of the fixed polarizer 3, lithium niobate crystal 4, 1/8 wave plate 5 and reflector 6 to the quartz sleeve 006 Glue the lens end of the collimator lens 2 on the edge of the quartz sleeve 006 on the inner and middle part of the ultraviolet glue, and expose the end of the connecting fiber to the outside. Turn the six-dimensional adjustment frame and fine-tune the groove structure until the optical power measured from the third port and In step S700, the light power after the wave plate is fixed is the same, and the collimating lens 2 and the groove structure are cured by irradiating with ultraviolet light and heating.
S700以上步骤均做完的情况下，在石英套管006开口的一端内壁涂紫外胶，将石英圆柱体1固定在内以达到封闭的效果，用紫外灯照射固化并加热固化。When the above steps of S700 are completed, apply UV glue to the inner wall of the opening of the quartz sleeve 006, fix the quartz cylinder 1 inside to achieve a closed effect, and then irradiate and cure with UV lamps and heat.
反射式光学电场传感器中探头结构的组装步骤里，铌酸锂晶体4需要调节到晶体的光轴与激光传播方向平行，这样便不会发生自然双折射效应分成o光和e光，从而使更多的光参与到对信号的标定中，提高灵敏度。为了判断晶体光轴是否与激光传播方向平行，需要搭建一个光路：准直透镜-偏振片-铌酸锂晶体-1/4波片-反射片，其中偏振片的透光轴平行或垂直，1/4波片的快轴与水平方向和垂直方向夹角45°。如果偏振片透光轴沿x方向，则激光通过准直透镜和偏振片后，偏振方向沿x轴，如图4(1)；假设铌酸锂晶体的光轴方向与激光传播方向平行，则偏振光通过晶体后不会分成o光和e光，偏振方向仍然沿x轴，如图4(2)；再1/4波片的快轴与x、y轴夹角均为45°，因此光通过波片后从线偏光变成圆偏光，如图4(3)；从反射片反射回来后仍然是圆偏光，如图4(4)；再通过1/4波片后从圆偏光变为沿y轴的线偏光，如图4(5)；因为铌酸锂晶体的光轴方向与激光传播方向平行，因此通过晶体后的光仍然是沿y轴的线偏光，如图4(6)；而偏振片的透光轴沿x轴，因此反射回的偏振光无法通过偏振片，从第三端口测得的光功率为0。这里第三端口测得光功率为0的条件是铌酸锂晶体光轴和光传播方向平行。如果晶体光轴和光传播方向不平行，光通过晶体后会分成o光和e光，因此反射回来的光必有一部分通过偏振片，从而第三端口测得光功率不可能为0。这便是判断晶体光轴是否与光传播方向平行的依据。In the assembly step of the probe structure in the reflective optical electric field sensor, the lithium niobate crystal 4 needs to be adjusted so that the optical axis of the crystal is parallel to the laser propagation direction, so that the natural birefringence effect will not occur and be divided into o light and e light, so that more More light participates in the calibration of the signal, improving the sensitivity. In order to judge whether the optical axis of the crystal is parallel to the laser propagation direction, it is necessary to build an optical path: collimator lens-polarizer-lithium niobate crystal-1/4 wave plate-reflector, where the transmission axis of the polarizer is parallel or vertical, 1 The angle between the fast axis of the /4 wave plate and the horizontal and vertical directions is 45°. If the transmission axis of the polarizer is along the x-direction, after the laser passes through the collimating lens and the polarizer, the polarization direction is along the x-axis, as shown in Figure 4(1); assuming that the optical axis direction of the lithium niobate crystal is parallel to the laser propagation direction, then After the polarized light passes through the crystal, it will not be divided into o light and e light, and the polarization direction is still along the x axis, as shown in Figure 4(2); the angle between the fast axis of the 1/4 wave plate and the x and y axes is 45°, so After passing through the wave plate, the light changes from linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light, as shown in Figure 4(3); after being reflected from the reflector, it is still circularly polarized light, as shown in Figure 4(4); after passing through a 1/4 wave plate, it changes from circularly polarized light to is the linearly polarized light along the y-axis, as shown in Figure 4(5); because the optical axis direction of the lithium niobate crystal is parallel to the laser propagation direction, the light passing through the crystal is still linearly polarized along the y-axis, as shown in Figure 4(6 ); and the light transmission axis of the polarizer is along the x-axis, so the reflected polarized light cannot pass through the polarizer, and the optical power measured from the third port is 0. Here, the condition that the optical power measured at the third port is 0 is that the optical axis of the lithium niobate crystal is parallel to the light propagation direction. If the optical axis of the crystal is not parallel to the direction of light propagation, the light will be divided into o light and e light after passing through the crystal, so part of the reflected light must pass through the polarizer, so the optical power measured at the third port cannot be 0. This is the basis for judging whether the optical axis of the crystal is parallel to the direction of light propagation.
图5为本发明实施例中调节铌酸锂晶体光轴所用光路中通过各光学元件后光的偏振态变化comsol模拟图。和图4理论偏振态完全一样，验证了理论的准确性。Fig. 5 is a comsol simulation diagram of the polarization state change of light after passing through each optical element in the optical path used for adjusting the optical axis of the lithium niobate crystal in the embodiment of the present invention. It is exactly the same as the theoretical polarization state in Figure 4, which verifies the accuracy of the theory.
图6为本发明实施例中晶体光轴与光束方向偏角与温度稳定性的关系图。(a)图中模拟了偏角为1.8°，18°，90°，被测电场20000V时在正交偏振系统中温度和相对输出光强的关系曲线。(b)图模拟了偏角0～18°之间，被测电场为0时在正交偏振系统中晶体偏角与温度稳定性的关系。横轴是晶体与光束方向偏角，纵轴是输出输入光强比对温度的偏导，该值越接近0说明温度稳定性越好。当最大光强为10mW，在保证偏角小于4°的情况下，最小输出光强达到-41dBm以下，就能保证偏角在0.45°以下。Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the optical axis of the crystal, the beam direction deflection angle and the temperature stability in the embodiment of the present invention. (a) The figure simulates the relationship between temperature and relative output light intensity in the orthogonal polarization system when the off angle is 1.8°, 18°, 90°, and the measured electric field is 20000V. Figure (b) simulates the relationship between the crystal declination angle and the temperature stability in the orthogonal polarization system when the measured electric field is 0 between the declination angles of 0° and 18°. The horizontal axis is the deflection angle between the crystal and the beam direction, and the vertical axis is the partial derivative of the ratio of output and input light intensity to temperature. The closer the value is to 0, the better the temperature stability is. When the maximum light intensity is 10mW, and the minimum output light intensity is below -41dBm when the deflection angle is guaranteed to be less than 4°, the deflection angle can be guaranteed to be below 0.45°.
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