CN110158000B - Method for reducing residual stress of alloy plate - Google Patents
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- CN110158000B CN110158000B CN201910454838.0A CN201910454838A CN110158000B CN 110158000 B CN110158000 B CN 110158000B CN 201910454838 A CN201910454838 A CN 201910454838A CN 110158000 B CN110158000 B CN 110158000B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, which is to perform cold pressing deformation treatment after solution quenching on at least one alloy plate with a corrugated surface structure on the surface, wherein the cold pressing deformation is less than or equal to the corrugation height of a corrugated surface. The method is mainly applied to solid solution strengthening type alloy plate forgings and citron strip forgings, and belongs to the field of alloy plate processing. In the method, a plane structure pressure head is adopted to press the wave crests of the corrugated curved surface during cold pressing deformation; through the optimization of the parameters of the corrugated structure, the cold pressing mold is only in direct contact with the metal wave crests of the forge piece in the cold pressing process, so that the contact area between the mold and the sample is greatly reduced, and the pressing load is reduced while the residual stress is reduced. The upper die and the lower die are simple in structure, low in operation cost and remarkable in residual stress reduction effect in the implementation process of the method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, in particular to a novel cold pressing method for reducing the residual stress of the alloy plate, and belongs to the technical field of alloy material processing.
Background
The high-strength aluminum alloy structural member is widely applied to the industries of aerospace, transportation, precision instruments and the like. The 7XXX series ultrahigh strength aluminum alloy has excellent mechanical property and processing property, and is the most widely applied high strength and high toughness aluminum alloy of the current light high strength metal structural member. In order to obtain high strength, the 7XXX series ultra-high strength aluminum alloys must be solution quenched. In the process of solution quenching treatment, the aluminum alloy member is unevenly cooled, so that large quenching residual stress is induced, and particularly for large, integral and structurally complex members, the magnitude of the quenching residual stress is close to the yield strength of the material. In the machining process of the structural member, due to the removal of the metal of the machining layer, the self-balance state of the initial residual stress of the structural member is broken, the residual stress is redistributed, the initial constraint of the material of the removal layer on the residual metal disappears, and the influence of a reverse additional moment on the residual metal is the same as that on the residual metal. Under the dual action of rigidity change and additional moment, the machined parts generate serious deformation phenomena such as bending, torsion and the like in a free state. In addition, the distribution and the magnitude of the residual stress can have significant influence on the fatigue strength, the dimensional stability and the stress corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy structural member, thereby threatening the service life and the safety performance of the structural member during service. Therefore, how to effectively control and reduce the quenching residual stress in the 7XXX series ultra-high strength aluminum alloy member is an extremely important research direction in the application field of the high strength aluminum alloy at present.
The existing quenching residual stress relief method generally adopts heat treatment and mechanical methods. Wherein the heat treatment process comprises artificial aging, cryogenic treatment and the like. The mechanical method mainly comprises a pre-stretching method, a cold compression method, vibration aging and the like.
(1) And (5) artificial aging. The artificial aging is one of the important processes for obtaining excellent mechanical properties of the high-strength high-toughness aluminum alloy. Generally, the quenched aluminum alloy is heated to 120-190 ℃, and cooled after heat preservation for a certain time, and the residual stress level can be greatly influenced by changing aging process parameters. When the quenching residual stress is large, the material generates creep in the modes of grain boundary diffusion, dislocation motion and the like under the condition of artificial aging, and the residual stress is gradually relaxed. When the relaxation reaches the relaxation limit to some extent, the residual stress tends to be stable. The effect of reducing the residual stress of the T74 process widely applied at present is only about 25-30%. However, artificial aging treatment for a long time or at an excessively high temperature causes a significant decrease in mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy.
(2) The cryogenic treatment is a method for reducing residual stress in the component by putting the component into a low-temperature medium (such as liquid nitrogen and dry ice) for heat preservation for a certain time, then quickly transferring the component into a high-temperature medium for heat preservation, and transferring and cooling the component to room temperature after the temperature reaches equilibrium. The larger the temperature gradient between the high-temperature medium and the low-temperature medium is, the better the residual stress reduction effect is, and the residual stress reduction efficiency is between 20% and 85% according to the temperature gradient, so that the reverse quenching in the high-speed steam can achieve the better stress reduction effect.
(3) And (5) vibration aging. The working principle of the vibration aging is that a certain vibration force is applied to a component in a vibration mode through vibration excitation equipment, so that the vibration frequency is close to the natural frequency of the component, the vibration load and the original initial residual stress in the material are superposed in a stress concentration area to achieve the purpose that the yield state of the material generates micro-deformation, the residual stress is reduced, and the micro-deformation sequentially occurs in the stress concentration area to achieve the purpose of reducing the residual stress. During the vibration aging process, crystal grains deflect, the content of small-angle crystal boundaries is reduced, the amount of large-angle crystal boundaries is increased, and the dislocation density is reduced. The vibration aging has obvious reduction effect on the area with larger stress gradient (shot blasting, welding, rolling and the like), overcomes the defect that the residual stress of the large-scale component can not be reduced by the thermal aging, and is mainly applied to the stress reduction of the large-scale component, especially the welding component.
(4) A pre-stretching method. The principle of reducing quenching residual stress by a pre-stretching method is that a certain amount of stretching plastic deformation is applied along a certain specific direction of a component, so that the generated additional residual stress is superposed with the original quenching residual stress, and the purpose of reducing the stress is achieved. The stretching amount is between 2 and 3 percent, which is the best stretching effect, namely, the internal stress is greatly reduced, and the mechanical property sacrifice is the minimum. The method is only suitable for workpieces with simple shapes, has poor adaptability to workpieces with complex shapes, is mainly used for reducing the residual stress of rolled plates in production, is limited by multidirectional factors such as the tonnage of a stretcher, process conditions and the like, and limits the cross-sectional area of the stretched plates.
(5) Cold compression method. The cold compression is to apply a certain compression external load to the workpiece, so that the workpiece and the residual stress in the component act together, and the material is subjected to uneven plastic deformation, so that the quenching residual stress is reduced. The molding method in the cold compression method can relieve part of residual stress of the complex component, but can also increase the residual stress of other parts. Thus, molding is a process that adjusts the distribution of residual stresses in the structural member rather than a purely subtractive process. The residual stress of the aluminum alloy component in a quenching state can be reduced by 60-90% by using a cold compression method, and the effect is very obvious. However, for large members, the load required by the die pressing method is large, and the common press machine cannot meet the requirement.
The common aluminum alloy residual stress reduction method has respective characteristics and defects, and has a certain application range. At present, quenching residual stress of the 7XXX ultrahigh-strength aluminum alloy structural member needs to be reduced by adopting a corresponding method, and the requirements on the size stability and the mechanical property after subsequent machining and assembly are met.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method which is simple in process and convenient to operate, effectively reduces the cold pressing pressure of a component die and greatly reduces the residual stress of an alloy plate.
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, which is to perform cold pressing deformation treatment after solution quenching on at least one alloy plate with a corrugated surface structure on the surface, wherein the cold pressing deformation is less than or equal to the corrugation height of a corrugated surface.
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, which is one of a forged piece, a rolled piece and an extruded piece.
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, wherein the alloy is selected from a solid solution strengthening type alloy, and is specifically selected from one of an aluminum alloy and a high-temperature alloy.
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate.
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, wherein in a corrugated curved surface, the corrugation is a sine wave, the corrugation height d is 1% -5% of the thickness of the alloy plate, and the wavelength h is 1.5-3 times of the thickness of the alloy plate.
The invention relates to a method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate, which adopts a plane structure pressure head to press wave crests of a corrugated curved surface during cold pressing deformation; the crest metal flows when deforming with the mould contact production, and the trough metal takes place to warp along with the crest metal flow, and the difference in height of crest and trough makes cold pressing in-process trough not receive the direct action of holding power to take place inhomogeneous plastic deformation between crest and trough.
The invention relates to a method for reducing the residual stress of an alloy plate, which is characterized in that cold pressing deformation treatment is carried out within 1-5 hours after the alloy plate is subjected to solution quenching; in the cold pressing process, a lubricant is coated between the pressing head and the plate; the lubricant is uniformly coated on the surface of the plate.
According to the method for reducing the residual stress of the alloy plate, the cold pressing deformation is 60-90% of the height of the corrugation.
According to the method for reducing the residual stress of the alloy plate, the surface corrugated surface structure can be obtained by directly forging and forming through a die forging die design, and can also be finished through a surface machining mode;
the solid solution temperature is 470-480 ℃, the heat preservation time is 3-8h, the quenching medium is water, and the quenching process is accompanied with strong stirring.
And (4) carrying out cold pressing on the corrugated curved surface member through a plane die. The cold pressing treatment comprises the following steps: the surface of a component with the corrugated curved surface structural characteristics is loaded through a cold pressing die, the die is of a planar structure, only the wave crest position is in direct contact with the surface of the component in the deformation process, the wave trough position is not directly cold-pressed in the whole process, and the corrugation height is larger than the actual deformation amount of the cold pressing so as to achieve the purpose of reducing the pressing load, namely the wave crest height is 1% -5% of the plate thickness; the length of the corrugation ensures that the metal flow kinetic energy at the wave peak position in the cold pressing process is better transferred to the wave trough and achieves the purpose of reducing the residual stress, namely the wavelength is about 1.5-3 times of the thickness of the plate. The cold pressing treatment is carried out within 2-3 hours after the solution treatment, and the actual deformation amount of the cold pressing is 60-90% of the height of the corrugation.
Preferably, the height of the peak is 3% of the thickness of the plate, the wavelength is 2 times of the thickness of the plate, the cold pressing treatment is carried out within 2 hours after the solution treatment, and the actual deformation amount of the cold pressing is 60% -90% of the height of the peak.
The cold pressing process is characterized in that: the contact area of the die and the structural member is greatly reduced, thereby significantly reducing the load required for pressing. Meanwhile, due to the inconsistent deformation of the wave crests and the wave troughs, the residual stress value at the wave crest on the surface of the sample is reduced, and the residual compressive stress value at the wave trough is gradually reduced and converted into smaller tensile stress, so that a tensile-compressive alternative stress distribution state is generated, wherein the wave crest is compressive stress, and the wave trough is tensile stress.
The invention aims to reduce the contact area between the die and the forge piece in the cold pressing process and simultaneously enable the whole forge piece to be stretched and deformed. And reserving a gap for deformation of the forging on the corrugated curved surface of the forging during cold pressing, namely, the height d of the surface corrugation is larger than the actual deformation of the cold pressing, so that the contact area between the forging and the die is reduced, and the pressing load is reduced. Thus, the positions of the wave troughs of the test sample are not in direct contact with the cold pressing die after the cold pressing deformation is finished.
The principle and the advantages are as follows:
the corrugated surface has the structural characteristics that: to obtain better residual stress distribution state after cold pressing, the corrugated structure parameters need to be designed reasonably, so that large residual stress can not be generated between the surface wave crest and the wave trough position due to overlarge uneven plastic deformation after a certain pressing amount. The corrugation pattern mainly depends on the geometrical structural characteristics of the upper surface and the lower surface of the structural part, and the corrugation height and the wave length mainly depend on the thickness of the sample.
The cold pressing process of the corrugated curved surface structure comprises the following steps: the upper die and the lower die are simple plane structures, the dies only contact with wave crests of the corrugated surface structure in the whole pressing process, and the cold pressing deformation is about 60-90% of the height of the corrugations; the height difference between the wave crests and the wave troughs ensures that the wave troughs are not directly acted by pressing force in the cold pressing process, so that uneven plastic deformation is generated between the wave crests and the wave troughs;
the cold pressing process of the corrugated curved surface structure is characterized in that: the contact area of the die and the structural member is greatly reduced to significantly reduce the load required for pressing. The deformation of the wave crest and the wave trough is asynchronous, the wave crest metal deforms under the direct action of an external load and is gradually transmitted to the wave trough, so that the residual stress value at the wave crest on the surface of the sample is gradually reduced, the residual compressive stress value at the wave trough is reduced firstly and then is converted into tensile stress, and finally, a wave crest area is generated and is the compressive stress, and the wave trough area is in a tensile stress and compressive stress alternative stress distribution state.
The method provides a new idea for reducing the residual stress of the large-scale plate structural member by cold pressing, the high load requirement required by the aluminum alloy during cold pressing treatment is greatly reduced, the effect is obvious after the treatment by the method, the residual stress value of a quenching sample is reduced by about 60-70%, and the cold pressing pressure is reduced by 40-60%.
The cold pressing die of the corresponding surface of the corrugated curved surface structure is of a large plane structure, the wave crests of the corrugated curved surface of the forge piece are pressed through the cold pressing die, and the wave crest metal flows when contacting with the die to deform; the valley metal deforms as the peak metal flows.
And the lubricant is uniformly coated on the forging in the cold pressing process. The cold pressing amount is about 3%, so that the residual stress is released, and simultaneously, due to the difference of metal plastic deformation and flow at the wave crest and the wave trough of the forge piece, a tension-compression alternative stress state with the wave crest area as compression stress and the wave trough area as tension stress is generated, namely a method for reducing the residual stress by the corrugated surface structure.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cold pressing of corrugated test specimens in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2(a) is a front view of a sample used in example 1;
FIG. 2(b) is a top view of FIG. 2 (a);
FIG. 2(c) is a graph showing the residual stress curve after quenching and the stress curve after cold pressing of the sine wave curved surface sample, and the residual stress curve after quenching and the stress curve after cold pressing of the flat plate sample in example 1.
FIG. 3 is a residual stress curve corresponding to 1/2 width cross-sections of cold-pressed samples of example 2 with different corrugation heights.
FIG. 4 is a residual stress curve corresponding to 1/2 width cross-sections of cold-pressed samples of different corrugation lengths of example 3.
In the figure:
in FIG. 1, d is the height of the corrugation, and h is the length of the corrugation;
in FIG. 2(a), A is the 1/4 width cross-sectional position of the sample; b is the 1/2 width cross-sectional location of the specimen; p1, P3, P5 correspond to the peaks in FIG. 2(b), and P2, P4, P6 correspond to the valleys in FIG. 2 (b).
In the attached figure 2(c), the curve formed by connecting triangles in series is the residual stress curve of the sine wave curved surface sample after quenching and cold pressing treatment in the embodiment 1, the curve formed by connecting inverted triangles in series is the residual stress curve of the plane sample after quenching and cold pressing treatment in the embodiment 1, the curve formed by connecting squares in series is the residual stress curve of the sine wave curved surface sample after quenching in the embodiment 1, and the curve formed by connecting circles in series is the residual stress curve of the plane sample after quenching in the embodiment 1. Comparing the four curves in FIG. 2(c) shows that: the residual stress on the surface of the corrugated sample can be well eliminated after the cold pressing process, the residual stress can be reduced to be within 30MPa, the residual stress is reduced by more than 70%, wherein the positions of wave crests P1, P3 and P5 are expressed as compressive stress (-30MPa), the positions of wave troughs P2, P4 and P6 are expressed as tensile stress (30MPa), and the surface of the sample is in a tensile-compression alternating stress state. And the residual stress of the flat plate sample after cold pressing with the same deformation is-30 MPa to-60 MPa. Therefore, the residual stress reduction effect is better after the cold pressing of the corrugated sample, and the cold pressing pressure is greatly reduced.
As can be seen from the attached figure 3, the corrugated plate after cold pressing treatment has the advantages that the compressive stress in the wave crest area of the sample is reduced and then increased along with the change of the corrugation height, and the wave trough position is changed from the initial compressive stress to the tensile stress and is increased gradually. The residual stress reduction effect takes an optimum value when the peak height is 5% of the sheet thickness.
In FIG. 4, h is the corrugation length and D is the sheet thickness; as can be seen in fig. 4: after quenching, cold pressing treatment is carried out, along with the increase of the length of the corrugation, the intermetallic non-uniform plastic deformation in the wave crest and wave trough areas is increased, the quenching compressive stress of the sample is gradually reduced and is gradually changed into a tension-compression alternative stress state that the wave crest is compressive stress and the wave trough is tensile stress, when the wavelength is about 2 times of the plate thickness, the stress value is small and is within-40 to +30MPa, and the stress reduction effect is good; compared with the stress value of 100-140 MPa in a quenching state, the stress value of the surface of the sample is reduced by more than 70% after the sample is treated by the method.
The specific implementation method comprises the following steps:
the invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
A square sample is taken from a 7050 aluminum alloy forging, and is processed into a flat plate sample with the size of 60mm multiplied by 10mm and a sine wave curved surface sample with the size of 60mm multiplied by 10mm, the height of the upper surface and the lower surface of the sample is 5% of the thickness of the sample, and the wavelength of the sample is twice of the thickness of the sample by a wire cutting mode. After the sample is subjected to solid solution and heat preservation for 3 hours at 470 ℃ in a heat treatment furnace, the sample is quickly put into an aqueous medium at 20 ℃ for quenching, and after the quenching is finished, the residual stress on the surfaces of the corrugated sample and the flat plate sample is tested, as shown in the attached figure 2 (c); after the residual stress test is finished, cold pressing process treatment is carried out on the corrugated sample and the flat plate sample, the transfer interval time between quenching and cold pressing processes is less than or equal to 2h, and the cold pressing deformation is 3%. And recording the pressing load after cold pressing is finished, and testing the residual stress of the pressed sample.
The results show that: the pressing load required for cold pressing of the corrugated test piece was 95t, which is a 45% reduction in pressing load compared to the 172t required for cold pressing of the flat test piece. Meanwhile, the quenching residual stress of the corrugated sample is compared with the residual stress after cold pressing in the figure 2(c), as can be seen from the figure 2(c), the surface residual stress of the width (B) and the width (A) 1/4 of the quenched sample 1/2 along the length direction are compressive stress (the negative value is the compressive stress), the residual compressive stress is between-100 MPa and-140 MPa, wherein the residual compressive stress at the wave crests P1, P3 and P5 is slightly larger than the residual compressive stress at the wave troughs P2, P4 and P6. The residual stress on the surface of the corrugated sample can be well eliminated after the cold pressing process, the residual stress can be reduced to be within 30MPa, the residual stress is reduced by more than 70%, wherein the positions of wave crests P1, P3 and P5 are expressed as compressive stress (-30MPa), the positions of wave troughs P2, P4 and P6 are expressed as tensile stress (30MPa), and the surface of the sample is in a tensile-compression alternating stress state. And the residual stress of the flat plate sample after cold pressing with the same deformation is-30 MPa to-60 MPa. Therefore, the residual stress reduction effect is better after the cold pressing of the corrugated sample, and the cold pressing pressure is greatly reduced.
Example 2:
three square samples are taken from a 7050 aluminum alloy forging and are respectively processed into samples with the size of 60mm multiplied by 10mm in a wire cutting mode, the upper surface and the lower surface of each sample are provided with symmetrical sine ripple curved surface structures, the height of ripple wave crests is respectively 3%, 5% and 7% of the thickness of each sample, and the ripple length is twice of the thickness of each sample. After the sample is subjected to solid solution and heat preservation for 3 hours at 470 ℃ in a heat treatment furnace, the sample is quickly put into an aqueous medium at 20 ℃ for quenching; and cold-pressing the sample after quenching, wherein the transfer interval time between the quenching process and the cold-pressing process is less than or equal to 2h, and the cold-pressing deformation is 3%. The residual stress reduction effect corresponding to different ripple heights is shown in figure 3 (the abscissa 1, 3 and 5 is the peak position, and the abscissa 2, 4 and 6 is the trough position), and it can be seen that along with the change of the ripple height, the compressive stress in the peak area of the sample is firstly reduced and then increased, the trough position is changed from the initial compressive stress to the tensile stress and is gradually increased, and the optimal residual stress reduction effect appears when the peak height is 5% of the plate thickness.
Example 3:
three square samples are taken from a 7050 aluminum alloy forging and are respectively processed into samples with the size of 60mm multiplied by 10mm in a wire cutting mode, the surface of each sample is provided with a symmetrical sine corrugated surface structure, the height of each corrugation is 5% of the thickness of each sample, and the length of each corrugation is 1, 2 and 3 times of the thickness of each sample. After the sample is subjected to solid solution and heat preservation for 3 hours at 470 ℃ in a heat treatment furnace, the sample is quickly put into an aqueous medium at 20 ℃ for quenching; and cold-pressing the sample after quenching, wherein the transfer interval time between the quenching process and the cold-pressing process is less than or equal to 2h, and the cold-pressing deformation is 3%. The residual stress reduction effect corresponding to cold pressing with different corrugation lengths is shown in the attached figure 4: as can be seen from the figure, along with the increase of the corrugation length, the intermetallic non-uniform plastic deformation of the wave crest and the wave trough area is increased, the quenching compressive stress of the sample is gradually reduced and gradually changed into a tension-compression alternative stress state that the wave crest is compressive stress and the wave trough is tensile stress, when the wavelength is about 2 times of the plate thickness, the stress value is small and is within-40 to +30MPa (the stress value is less than 40MPa), the stress reduction effect is good, and compared with the stress value of 100 to 140MPa in the quenching state, the stress value is reduced by more than 70 percent.
Claims (8)
1. A method for reducing residual stress of an alloy plate comprises the steps of carrying out cold pressing deformation treatment after solution quenching on at least one alloy plate with a corrugated curved surface structure on the surface, wherein the cold pressing deformation is less than or equal to the corrugation height of the corrugated curved surface; in the corrugated curved surface, the corrugation is sine wave, the height of the corrugation is 1% -5% of the thickness of the alloy plate, and the wavelength is 1.5-3 times of the thickness of the plate.
2. The method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel of claim 1, wherein: the alloy plate is one of a forged piece, a rolled piece and an extruded piece.
3. The method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel of claim 1, wherein: the alloy is selected from solid solution strengthened alloys.
4. A method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the upper and lower surfaces of the alloy plate are provided with corrugated curved surfaces.
5. The method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel of claim 4, wherein: and pressing the wave crests of the corrugated curved surface by adopting a plane structure pressing head during cold pressing deformation.
6. The method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel of claim 5, wherein: and carrying out cold pressing deformation treatment within 1-5 hours after the alloy plate is subjected to solution quenching.
7. The method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel of claim 5, wherein: and in the cold pressing process, a lubricant is coated between the pressing head and the plate.
8. The method of reducing residual stress in an alloy panel of claim 5, wherein: the cold pressing deformation amount is 60-90% of the corrugation height.
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