CN110139657A - 肺纤维化治疗剂、ptprr表达促进剂及肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒 - Google Patents
肺纤维化治疗剂、ptprr表达促进剂及肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110139657A CN110139657A CN201880005555.1A CN201880005555A CN110139657A CN 110139657 A CN110139657 A CN 110139657A CN 201880005555 A CN201880005555 A CN 201880005555A CN 110139657 A CN110139657 A CN 110139657A
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Abstract
本发明的目的在于,提供目前尚未确立有效的药物疗法的肺纤维化的新型治疗剂。本发明为一种肺纤维化治疗剂,其含有间充质干细胞。上述肺纤维化优选为寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)、或特发性肺纤维化(IPF)。另外,上述间充质干细胞优选脂肪组织来源、异体来源。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及肺纤维化治疗剂、PTPRR表达促进剂及肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒。
背景技术
特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)是指具有相似的临床特征的、原因不明的间质性肺炎疾病组,根据组织型可分为6种亚型。所有亚型虽然程度不同但均具有炎症和纤维化的特征,均引起呼吸困难和典型的X射线异常。特发性间质性肺炎的基于组织型的6种亚型按照频率从高到低的顺序依次为寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)、非特异性间质性肺炎、闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎、呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺疾病(ILD)、脱屑性间质性肺炎及急性间质性肺炎。
特发性肺纤维化(IPF、特发性纤维化肺泡炎)与组织型分类中的上述UIP相同,占IIP病例的50%。IPF虽然也被称为肺炎,但通常认为:炎症在其中所发挥的作用小,环境、遗传或其它未知的因素首先引起肺泡上皮细胞的损伤。并且认为,持续且异常的间质成纤维细胞及间充质细胞的增殖(伴有胶原蛋白沉积及纤维化)则为临床疾病的成因。在诊断时,几乎所有患者都有中度至重度的临床疾病,即使接受治疗也会恶化。目前,证明对IPF有效的特异性治疗方法还不存在。一直以来,为了阻止炎症加剧而根据经验向IPF患者给予皮质类固醇及细胞毒性药物(环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤),但支持其有效性的数据有限(非专利文献1)。
作为抗纤维化药的吡非尼酮、尼达尼布,已经使用作为肺纤维化模型常用的“博来霉素模型”确认了其药效。但是,“博来霉素模型”与肺纤维化的病状未必一致,吡非尼酮、尼达尼布仅确认了抑制病情加剧的效果。另外据报道,在使用在“博来霉素模型”中显示了有效性的药物的临床试验中,IPF患者几乎都没有得到有效的治疗效果(非专利文献2),尽管在“博来霉素模型”中确认了对肺病的治疗效果,也不能说实际上确认了对肺纤维化的治疗效果。另外,作为肺纤维化的治疗方法有肺移植,但供体不足且移植后的排斥反应也成为问题。因此,期望开发出肺纤维化的新型治疗方法。
另一方面,间充质干细胞是由Friedenstein(1982)首次从骨髓分离的具有多分化能力的前体细胞(非专利文献3)。已经明确了该间充质干细胞存在于骨髓、脐带、脂肪等各种各样的组织中,间充质干细胞移植有望成为针对各种难治性疾病的新型治疗方法(专利文献1~4)。最近,已知存在具有与脂肪组织、胎盘、脐带、卵膜等胎儿附属物的基质细胞同等功能的细胞。因此,有时也将间充质干细胞称为基质细胞(Mesenchymal Stromal Cell)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特表2002-506831号公报
专利文献2:日本特表2000-508911号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2012-157263号公报
专利文献4:日本特表2012-508733号公报
非专利文献
非专利文献1:Merck Manual第18版日语版,pp.466-471,2007年2月22日,日经BP社发行
非专利文献2:Timothy S.B.et al.,American Journal of Respiratory andCritical Care Medicine,p.214-222,189(2),2014
非专利文献3:Pittenger F.M.et al.,Science 284,pp.143-147,1999
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
在上述状况下,本发明的目的在于,提供目前尚未确立有效的药物疗法的肺纤维化、特别是特发性肺纤维化(IPF)的新型治疗剂。
用于解决问题的方案
为了解决上述课题,本发明人使用采集自肺纤维化病变组织的细胞检验了间充质干细胞对肺纤维化的治疗效果。其结果发现,间充质干细胞可以抑制纤维化。本发明提供肺纤维化的新型治疗剂。即,本发明的主旨如下。
[1]一种肺纤维化治疗剂,其含有间充质干细胞。
[2]根据[1]所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,肺纤维化为寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)或特发性肺纤维化(IPF)。
[3]根据[1]或[2]所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,间充质干细胞是脂肪组织来源。
[4]根据[1]~[3]中任一项所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,间充质干细胞是异体来源。
[5]一种肺纤维化治疗剂,其含有蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体R(PTPRR)表达促进剂。
[6]根据[5]所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体R表达促进剂使磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(磷酸化ERK,extracellular signal-regulated kinasephosphorylation)去磷酸化。
[7]一种肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒,其包含[1]~[6]中任一项所述的肺纤维化治疗剂、容器及标签。
发明的效果
根据本发明,可以提供肺纤维化的新型治疗剂、PTPRR表达促进剂及肺纤维化的新型治疗用试剂盒。
附图说明
图1是示出本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂对源自肺纤维化病变的细胞的纤维化相关基因表达(α-SMA、CDH2、胶原蛋白1)的效果的图。
图2是示出源自肺纤维化病变的细胞内的磷酸化ERK分子的去磷酸化中的、本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的效果的图。
图3是示出本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂对肺泡上皮样细胞株的纤维化相关基因表达(α-SMA、CDH2、FN1)的效果的图。
图4是示出给予了源自肺纤维化病变的细胞的重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠(肺纤维化模型)的肺组织影像的图。
具体实施方式
对本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂及肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒进行详细说明。
<肺纤维化治疗剂>
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂包含间充质干细胞。间充质干细胞对引起肺纤维化的组织的细胞起作用,发挥使细胞的纤维化相关基因的表达下调的效果。另外,不仅是在细胞水平,而且对发生纤维化的动物给予间充质干细胞,也可以期待纤维化的减轻。本发明中的肺纤维化治疗剂除了含有间充质干细胞以外,还可以在不损害本发明的效果的范围内含有其它成分。以下对间充质干细胞、其它成分进行详细说明。
(间充质干细胞)
本发明中间充质干细胞是指:具有分化为属于间充质系统的一种以上、优选为两种以上、进一步优选为三种以上的细胞(骨细胞、心肌细胞、软骨细胞、肌腱细胞、脂肪细胞等)的能力,并在维持该能力的状态下能够增殖的细胞。本发明中使用的间充质干细胞的术语是指与基质细胞相同的细胞,不对两者进行特别区分。另外,有时也简记为间充质细胞。作为包含间充质干细胞的组织,例如可列举出:脂肪组织、脐带、骨髓、脐带血、子宫内膜、胎盘、羊膜、绒毛膜、蜕膜、真皮、骨骼肌、骨膜、牙囊、牙周组织、牙髓、牙胚等。例如脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞是指脂肪组织中含有的间充质干细胞,还可称为脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞。这些当中,从对肺纤维化的治疗的有效性的观点、获得容易性的观点等出发,优选脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞、脐带来源间充质干细胞、骨髓来源间充质干细胞、胎盘来源间充质干细胞、牙髄来源间充质干细胞,更优选脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞、脐带来源间充质干细胞,进一步优选脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞。
本发明中的间充质干细胞可以是与被处置的对象(被检体)为同种来源或异种来源。作为本发明中的间充质干细胞的种类,可列举出:人、猴、马、牛、绵羊、猪、狗、猫、兔子、小鼠、大鼠,优选为与被处置的对象(被检体)为同种来源细胞。本发明中的间充质干细胞可以源自被处置的对象(被检体)、即为自体细胞(同种同系),或可以源自同种的其它对象、即为异体细胞(同种异体)。优选为异体细胞(同种异体)。
由于间充质干细胞对于同种异体的被检体也不易发生排斥反应,因此可以使用对预先制备的供体的细胞进行扩大培养并冷冻保存后的细胞,作为本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂中的间充质干细胞。因此,与制备自身的间充质干细胞来使用的情况相比商品化也容易、且容易稳定地得到恒定效果,从这样的观点出发,本发明中的间充质干细胞更优选为同种异体。
本发明中,间充质干细胞是指:包含间充质干细胞的任意的细胞群体。该细胞群体的至少20%以上、优选为30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、93%、96%、97%、98%或99%为间充质干细胞。
本发明中脂肪组织是指:含有脂肪细胞和包含微血管细胞等的间充质干细胞的组织,例如,是将哺乳动物的皮下脂肪外科切除或吸取哺乳动物的皮下脂肪而得到的组织。脂肪组织可以由皮下脂肪获得。优选从与后述的脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞的给药对象为同种的动物获得,考虑到对人给药,更优选为人的皮下脂肪。皮下脂肪的供给个体可以是存活或死亡的,但本发明中使用的脂肪组织优选为从存活个体采集的组织。从个体采集时,吸脂例如可示例出:PAL(动力辅助)吸脂、Erchonia激光吸脂或Body-jet吸脂等,从维持细胞的状态这样的观点出发,优选不使用超声波。
本发明中脐带是连接胎儿和胎盘的白色的管状组织,由脐带静脉、脐带动脉、胶状组织(华顿氏胶;Wharton’s Jelly)、脐带基质本身等构成,富含间充质干细胞。脐带优选从与使用本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的被检体(给药对象)为同种的动物获得,考虑到将本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂对人给药,更优选为人的脐带。
本发明中骨髓是指填充骨的内腔的实质组织(parenchyma),为造血器官。骨髓中存在骨髓液,将存在于其中的细胞称为骨髓细胞。骨髓细胞中除了红细胞、粒细胞、巨核细胞、淋巴细胞、脂肪细胞等之外,包含间充质干细胞、造血干细胞、血管内皮祖细胞等。骨髓细胞例如可以由人髂骨、长骨或其它骨采集。
本发明中,所谓脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞、脐带来源间充质干细胞、骨髓来源间充质干细胞的各组织来源间充质干细胞是指:分别包含所谓脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞、脐带来源间充质干细胞、骨髓来源间充质干细胞的各组织来源间充质干细胞的任意的细胞群体。该细胞群体的至少20%以上、优选30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、93%、96%、97%、98%或99%为所谓脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞、脐带来源间充质干细胞、骨髓来源间充质干细胞的各组织来源间充质干细胞。
本发明中的间充质干细胞还可以利用生长特征(例如,从传代至老化为止的群体的倍增能力、倍增时间)、核型分析(例如,正常的核型、母体系统或新生儿系统)、通过流式细胞仪(例如,FACS分析)进行的表面标记物表达、免疫组织化学和/或免疫细胞化学(例如,表位检测)、基因表达谱(例如,基因芯片阵列;逆转录PCR、实时PCR、传统型PCR等聚合酶链式反应)、miRNA表达谱、蛋白质阵列、细胞因子等蛋白质分泌(例如,血浆凝血解析、ELISA、细胞因子阵列)、代谢产物(代谢组学解析)、本领域中公知的其它方法等而赋予特征。
(间充质干细胞的制备方法)
间充质干细胞可以通过本领域技术人员利用公知的方法来制备。以下作为一个例子对脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞的制备方法进行说明。脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞可以利用例如美国专利第6,777,231号中记载的制造方法得到,例如,可以利用包括以下的工序(i)~(iii)的方法来制造:
(i)通过酶消化脂肪组织而得到细胞悬浮物的工序;
(ii)使细胞沉淀,将细胞再悬浮于适合的培养基的工序;以及
(iii)在固体表面培养细胞,去除不显示出与固体表面结合的细胞的工序。
工序(i)中使用的脂肪组织优选使用经清洗的脂肪组织。清洗可以通过使用生理学允许的生理盐水溶液(例如磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)),并剧烈地搅拌使其沉淀来进行。其原因在于,从组织中去除脂肪组织中包含的杂质(也称为残骸(debris),例如损伤组织、血液、红细胞等)。因此,通常重复进行清洗和沉淀直至从上清液中整体上去除了残骸。残留的细胞以各种各样的尺寸的块的形式存在,因此为了将细胞本身的损伤抑制在最小限度并且使其解离,而优选用使细胞间结合变弱或破坏细胞间结合的酶(例如,胶原酶、分散酶或胰蛋白酶等)对清洗后的细胞块进行处理。这样的酶的量和处理期间依赖于所使用的条件而变化,在本技术领域中是已知的。可以替代这样的酶处理或组合地利用机械的搅拌、超声波能量、热能等其它处理法将细胞块分解,但为了将细胞的损伤抑制在最小限度而优选仅通过酶处理进行。使用了酶的情况,为了将对细胞的有害作用抑制在最小限度,期望的是在经过适合的期间后使用培养基等使酶失活。
通过工序(i)而得到的细胞悬浮物包含聚集状的细胞的浆料或悬浮物、以及各种夹杂细胞、例如红细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞。接着,还可以分离、去除聚集状态的细胞和它们的夹杂细胞,但由于能够通过后述的工序(iii)中的粘接和清洗来去除,因此可以省略该分离、去除。在分离、去除夹杂细胞时,可以通过将细胞强制分成上清液和沉淀的离心分离来实现。将包含得到的夹杂细胞的沉淀悬浮于生理学允许的溶剂中。虽然有悬浮状的细胞中包含红细胞的担心,但由于红细胞会通过后述的由粘附于个体表面进行的选择而被排除,因此未必一定需要溶解的工序。作为选择性地溶解红细胞的方法,可以使用本技术领域中公知的方法例如通过用氯化铵溶解在高渗培养基或低渗培养基中进行孵育等。溶解后,还可以通过例如过滤、离心沉淀或密度分级从期望的细胞分离溶解物。
工序(ii)中,对于悬浮状的细胞,为了提高间充质干细胞的纯度,还可以进行1次或连续多次清洗、离心分离,并再悬浮于培养基中。此外,还可以基于细胞表面标记物曲线或基于细胞的尺寸和颗粒性对细胞进行分离。
再悬浮时使用的培养基只要是能培养间充质干细胞的培养基就没有特别限定,这样的培养基还可以通过如下方式制作:在基础培养基中添加血清、和/或添加白蛋白、运铁蛋白、脂肪酸、胰岛素、亚硒酸钠、胆固醇、胶原蛋白前体、微量元素、2-巯基乙醇、3’-硫代甘油等中的1种以上的血清替代物。这些培养基还可以根据需要进一步添加脂质、氨基酸、蛋白质、多糖、维生素、生长因子、低分子化合物、抗生素、抗氧化剂、丙酮酸、缓冲剂、无机盐类等物质。
作为上述基础培养基,例如可列举出:IMDM培养基、Medium 199培养基、伊格尔最低必需培养基(Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium,EMEM)、αMEM培养基、达尔伯克改良伊格尔培养基(Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s Medium,DMEM)、Ham’s F12培养基、RPMI 1640培养基、Fischer’s培养基、MCDB201培养基以及它们的混合培养基等。
作为上述血清,例如可列举出:人血清、胎牛血清(FBS)、牛血清、仔牛血清、山羊血清、马血清、猪血清、绵羊血清、兔子血清、大鼠血清等,但不限定于这些。使用血清时,可以相对于基础培养基添加5v/v%~15v/v%、优选添加10v/v%。
作为上述脂肪酸,可示例出:亚油酸、油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸(palmitoyl acid)、棕榈酸(palmitic acid)和硬脂酸等,但不限定于这些。脂质可示例出:磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆碱等,但不限定于这些。氨基酸例如包括:L-丙氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-天冬氨酸、L-天冬酰胺、L-半胱氨酸、L-胱氨酸、L-谷氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺、L-甘氨酸等,但不限定于这些。蛋白质例如可示例出:大肠杆菌素、还原型谷胱甘肽、纤维连接蛋白和β2-微球蛋白等,但不限定于这些。多糖可示例出糖胺聚糖,糖胺聚糖中尤其可示例出透明质酸、硫酸乙酰肝素等,但不限定于这些。生长因子例如可示例出:血小板来源生长因子(PDGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)等,但不限定于这些。从将本发明中得到的脂肪来源间充质干细胞用于细胞移植这样的观点出发,优选使用血清等不包含异种来源成分(无异源,xeno-free)的培养基。这样的培养基例如以由PromoCell公司、Lonza公司、Biological Industries公司、Veritas公司、R&DSystems公司、Corning公司和Rohto公司等提供,作为预先制备间充质干细胞(基质细胞)的培养基。
接着,工序(iii)中,对于工序(ii)中得到的细胞悬浮液中的细胞,不使之分化而在固体表面上、在适合的细胞密度和培养条件下使用上述的适合的细胞培养基对其进行培养。本发明中,“固体表面”是指:能够结合/粘附本发明中的脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞的任意材料。在特定的方式中,这样的材料是为了促进哺乳类细胞与该表面的结合/粘附而经处理的塑料材料。具有固体表面的培养容器的形状没有特别限定,可适宜地使用培养皿、烧瓶等。为了去除非结合状态的细胞和细胞的碎片,在孵育后清洗细胞。
本发明中,可以选择最终以与固体表面结合/粘附的状态滞留的细胞作为脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞的细胞群体。
对于所选择的细胞,为了确认为本发明中的脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞,还可以使用流式细胞仪等利用现有的方法对表面抗原进行解析。进而,还可以对分化为各细胞系列的能力进行检测,这样的分化可以利用现有的方法进行。
本发明中的间充质干细胞可以如上所述地制备,可以定义为具有如下特性的细胞:
(1)在使用标准培养基的培养条件下,对塑料显示粘附性;
(2)表面抗原CD44、CD73、CD90为阳性,CD31、CD45为阴性;和
(3)在培养条件下能分化为骨细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞。
(间充质干细胞的冷冻保存)
本发明中的间充质干细胞只要具备针对肺纤维化的治疗效果就可以是适宜重复进行了冷冻保存和融解的细胞。本发明中,冷冻保存可以通过如下方式进行:本领域技术人员将间充质干细胞悬浮于公知的冷冻保存液中进行冷却。悬浮可以通过如下方式进行:利用胰蛋白酶等剥离剂使细胞剥离,转移至冷冻保存容器中进行适宜处理后,加入冷冻保存液。
冷冻保存液作为冷冻保护剂还可以含有二甲基亚砜(DMSO:Dimethylsulfoxide),但DMSO除了细胞毒性之外还具有分化诱导间充质干细胞的特性,因此优选减少DMSO含量。作为DMSO的替代物,可示例出:甘油、丙二醇或多糖类、糖醇类。使用DMSO时,含有5%~20%的浓度、优选含有5%~10%的浓度、更优选含有10%的浓度。此外还可以包含WO2007/058308中记载的添加剂。作为这样的冷冻保存液,例如还可以使用由BioverdeInc.、NIPPON Genetics Co,Ltd.、REPROCELL Inc.、ZENOAQ公司、Cosmo Bio Co.,Ltd.、Kohjin Bio Co.,Ltd.、Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.等提供的冷冻保存液。
冷冻保存上述悬浮的细胞时,在-80℃~-100℃之间的温度(例如,-80℃)下保管为宜,可以使用能达到该温度的任意的冷冻仪来进行。没有特别限定,为了避免急剧的温度变化,还可以使用程序冷冻仪来适宜控制冷却速度。冷却速度可以根据冷冻保存液的成分进行适宜选择,可以依据冷冻保存液的制造者指示来进行。
保存期间只要在上述条件下经冷冻保存的细胞融解后保持与冷冻前同等性质就没有特别限定,例如可列举出:1周以上、2周以上、3周以上、4周以上、2个月以上、3个月以上、4个月以上、5个月以上、6个月以上、1年以上或更长时间。通过在更低的温度下保存而能够抑制细胞毒性,因此还可以移至液氮上的气相(从-180℃以上至约-150℃以下)中进行保存。在液氮上的气相中保存时,可以使用本领域技术人员公知的保存容器来进行。没有特别限定,例如保存2周以上时,优选在液氮上的气相中进行保存。
融解的间充质干细胞还可以适宜培养至接下来的冷冻保存。间充质干细胞的培养使用能培养上述的间充质干细胞的培养基进行,没有特别限定,还可以在30~40℃、优选为在约37℃的培养温度下、在含有CO2的空气气氛下进行。CO2浓度为约2~5%、优选为约5%。在培养时,在相对于培养容器到达适合的汇合(例如可列举出相对于培养容器,细胞占50%至80%的情况)后,还可以用胰蛋白酶等剥离剂使细胞剥离,以适合的细胞密度接种于另行准备的培养容器中继续进行培养。在接种细胞时,作为典型的细胞密度,可示例出:100细胞/cm2~100000细胞/cm2、500细胞/cm2~50000细胞/cm2、1000~10000细胞/cm2、2000~10000细胞/cm2等。在特定的方式中,细胞密度为2000~10000细胞/cm2。优选为3天~7天到达适合的汇合的方式进行调节。在培养时,还可以根据需要适宜更换培养基。
经冷冻保存的细胞的融解可以通过本领域技术人员利用公知的方法来进行。例如可示例出通过在室温~37℃,优选为37℃的恒温槽内或热水浴中静置或振荡来进行的方法。
(间充质干细胞的形态)
本发明的间充质干细胞可以是任意状态的细胞,例如可以是将培养中的细胞剥离并回收的细胞,还可以是在冷冻保存液中被冷冻的状态的细胞。使用将扩大培养而得到的相同批次的细胞分成小部分进行冷冻保存后的细胞时,在稳定地得到同样的作用效果方面、操作性优异方面等是优选的。冷冻保存状态的间充质干细胞可以在即将使用之前进行融解并悬浮于冷冻保存液的状态下直接混合于输液或培养基等的间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液中。另外,可以利用离心分离等方法去除冷冻保存液后悬浮于输液或培养基等的间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液中。此处,本发明中的“输液”是指:对人进行治疗时所使用的溶液,没有特别限定,例如可列举出:生理盐水、日本药典生理盐水、5%葡萄糖液、日本药典葡萄糖注射液、林格氏液、日本药典林格氏液、乳酸林格氏液、乙酸林格氏液、1号液(初始溶液)、2号液(脱水补充剂)、3号液(维持液)、4号液(术后恢复液)等。需要说明的是,上述的输液或培养基等间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液还可以以包含后述的其它成分(药学上可接受的载体、添加物)的方式来制备。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂除了包含上述间充质干细胞以外,还可以在不损害本发明的效果的范围内根据其用途、形态并按照常规方法使其含有药学上可接受的载体、添加物。作为这样的载体、添加物,例如可列举出:等渗剂、增稠剂、糖类、糖醇类、防腐剂(保存剂)、杀菌剂或抗菌剂、pH调节剂、稳定化剂、螯合剂、油性基质、凝胶基质、表面活性剂、悬浮化剂、粘结剂、赋形剂、润滑剂、崩解剂、发泡剂、流动化剂、分散剂、乳化剂、缓冲剂、助溶剂、抗氧化剂、甜味剂、酸味剂、着色剂、呈味剂、香料或清凉化剂等,但不限定于这些。作为代表性的成分,例如可列举出以下的载体、添加物等。
作为载体,例如可列举出:水、含水乙醇等的水性载体。另外,作为等渗剂(无机盐),例如可列举出:氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、氯化镁等;作为多元醇,例如可列举出:甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇等;作为增稠剂,例如可列举出:羧乙烯基聚合物、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、藻酸、聚乙烯醇(完全、或部分皂化物)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇等;作为糖类,例如可列举出:环糊精、葡萄糖等;作为糖醇类,例如可列举出:木糖醇、山梨醇、甘露糖醇等(它们可以是d构型、l构型或dl构型中的任意者);作为防腐剂、杀菌剂或抗菌剂,例如可列举出:二丁基羟基甲苯、丁基羟基茴香醚、烷基二氨基乙基甘氨酸盐酸盐、苯甲酸钠、乙醇、苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、葡萄糖酸洗必泰、氯丁醇、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、氨丁三醇、脱氢醋酸钠、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯、羟基喹啉硫酸盐、苯乙醇、苄醇、双胍化合物(具体而言,聚己缩胍盐酸盐(聚六亚甲基双胍盐酸盐)等)、Glokill(Rhodia公司制商品名)等;作为pH调节剂,例如可列举出:盐酸、硼酸、氨基乙基磺酸、ε-氨基己酸、柠檬酸、乙酸、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙、氢氧化镁、碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠、硼砂、三乙醇胺、单乙醇胺、二异丙醇胺、硫酸、硫酸镁、磷酸、多聚磷酸、丙酸、草酸、葡萄糖酸、富马酸、乳酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、葡萄糖酸内酯、乙酸铵等;作为稳定化剂,例如可列举出:二丁基羟基甲苯、氨丁三醇、甲醛次硫酸氢钠(RONGALIT)、生育酚、焦亚硫酸钠、单乙醇胺、单硬脂酸铝、单硬脂酸甘油酯、亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸钠等;作为油性基质,例如可列举出:橄榄油、玉米油、大豆油、芝麻油、棉籽油等植物油、中链脂肪酸甘油三酯等;作为水性基质,例如可列举出:聚乙二醇400等;作为凝胶基质,例如可列举出:羧乙烯基聚合物、胶质等;作为表面活性剂,例如可列举出:聚山梨醇酯80、氢化蓖麻油、脂肪酸甘油酯、山梨坦倍半油酸酯等;作为悬浮化剂,例如可列举出:白蜂蜡、各种表面活性剂、阿拉伯胶、阿拉伯胶粉末、黄原胶、大豆磷脂等;作为粘结剂,例如可列举出:羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇等;作为赋形剂,例如可列举出:蔗糖、乳糖、淀粉、玉米淀粉、结晶纤维素、轻质硅酸酐等;作为润滑剂,例如可列举出:蔗糖脂肪酸酯、硬脂酸镁、滑石等;作为崩解剂,例如可列举出:低取代度羟丙基纤维素、交联聚维酮、交联羧甲基纤维素钠等;作为发泡剂,例如可列举出:碳酸氢钠等;作为流动化剂,例如可列举出:偏硅酸铝钠、轻质硅酸酐等。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂可以根据目的以各种形态、例如固体制剂、半固体制剂、液体制剂等各种剂型提供。例如可以以固体制剂(片剂、粉末、散剂、颗粒剂、胶囊剂等)、半固体制剂[软膏剂(硬软膏剂、软软膏剂等)、霜剂等]、液体制剂[洗剂、萃取剂、悬浮剂、乳剂、糖浆剂、注射剂(包括输液剂、嵌入式注射剂、缓释型注射、使用时制备型的注射剂)、透析用剂、气雾剂、软胶囊剂、营养剂等]、贴剂、巴布剂等的形态加以利用。另外,本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂还可以以油性或水性的赋形剂中的溶液或乳液等的形式加以利用。进而,本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂还可以通过喷雾应用于患处,本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂还可以以喷雾后在患处被凝胶化或片化的形态加以利用。本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂还可以在将上述间充质干细胞制成片状或立体结构体后应用于患处。
对于本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂而言,可以将上述的间充质干细胞、其它成分(药学上可接受的载体、添加物)使用生理盐水、日本药典生理盐水、5%葡萄糖液、日本药典葡萄糖注射液、林格氏液、日本药典林格氏液、乳酸林格氏液、乙酸林格氏液、碳酸氢盐林格氏液、1号液(初始溶液)、2号液(脱水补给液)、3号液(维持液)、4号液(术后恢复液)等输液、或、DMEM等细胞培养培养基等间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液进行悬浮或稀释来使用,优选用生理盐水、5%葡萄糖液、1号液(初始溶液)、更优选用5%葡萄糖液、1号液(初始溶液)进行悬浮或稀释来使用。另外,上述间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液可以以预先包含上述其它成分(药学上可接受的载体、添加物)的方式来制备。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂可以将间充质干细胞及间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液封入不同的容器中进行保管,在使用时将两者混合来使用。需要说明的是,在保管时,上述间充质干细胞和间充质干细胞悬浮用的溶液可以是冷冻状态或冷藏状态。
在本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂为液体制剂的情况下,肺纤维化治疗剂的pH只要在药物上、药理学上(制药上)或生理学上可接受的范围内就没有特别限定,作为一个例子,可列举出为2.5~9.0、优选为3.0~8.5、更优选为3.5~8.0的范围。需要说明的是,在将间充质干细胞和间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液封入不同的容器中进行保管的情况下,间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液只要满足上述条件即可。
在本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂为液体制剂的情况下,肺纤维化治疗剂的渗透压只要在生物体可接受的范围内则没有特别限制。作为本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的渗透压比的一例,可列举优选为0.7~5.0、更优选为0.8~3.0、进一步优选为0.9~1.4的范围。渗透压的调节可以使用无机盐、多元醇、糖醇、糖类等利用该技术领域中已知的方法进行。渗透压比是基于第十五次修订日本药典、试样的渗透压相对于286mOsm(0.9w/v%氯化钠水溶液)的渗透压之比,渗透压参考日本药典中记载的渗透压测定法(冰点下降法)进行测定。需要说明的是,对于渗透压比测定用标准液(0.9w/v%氯化钠水溶液),可以如下制备:将氯化钠(日本药典标准试剂)在500~650℃下干燥40~50分钟后,在干燥器(硅胶)中进行自然冷却,准确称量其0.900g,溶解于纯化水中准确地制成100mL,或使用市售的渗透压比测定用标准液(0.9w/v%氯化钠水溶液)。需要说明的是,在将间充质干细胞和间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液封入不同的容器中进行保管的情况下,间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液只要满足上述条件即可。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂对对象的给药途径可列举:口服给药、皮下给药、肌肉给药、静脉内给药、动脉内给药、髄腔内给药、腹腔内给药、舌下给药、直肠给药、阴道给药、经鼻给药、吸入、经皮给药、植入物、向肺表面的喷雾及通过片等的粘贴进行的直接给药等,从本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的有效性的观点出发,优选为植入物、动脉内给药、静脉内给药和向肺表面的喷雾和通过片等的粘贴进行的直接给药,从减轻对象者的负担的观点出发,更优选为肺动脉内给药或静脉内给药,最优选静脉内给药。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂中,其用量(给药量)可根据患者的状态(体重、年龄、症状、身体状况等)、及本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的剂型等不同,从发挥充分的肺纤维化症的治疗效果的观点出发,有其量越多越优选的倾向,另一方面从抑制副作用的出现的观点出发,有其量越少越优选的倾向。通常在对成人给药时,以细胞数计为1×103~1×1012个/次、优选为1×104~1×1011个/次、更优选为1×105~1×1010个/次、进一步优选为5×106~1×109个/次。另外,以患者的单位体重的给药量计为1×10~5×1010个/kg、优选为1×102~5×109个/kg、更优选为1×103~5×108个/kg、进一步优选为1×104~5×107个/kg。需要说明的是,可以将本用量作为1次量而多次给药,也可以将本用量分成多次而给药。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂向对象的给药速度可根据患者的状态(体重、年龄、症状、身体状况等)及本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的给药途径等而不同,通常在对成人给药的情况下为50mL/小时~1000mL/小时,优选为75mL/小时~500mL/小时,更优选为100mL/小时~250mL/小时。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂向对象的给药温度可根据患者的状态(体重、年龄、症状、身体状况等)及本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂的给药途径等而不同,通常为4℃~45℃,优选为15℃~37℃,更优选为室温~37℃。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂可以与1或2种以上其它药剂一起给药。作为其它药剂,可列举可作为呼吸系统用药、免疫抑制剂使用的任意药剂,可列举例如:双吗啉胺、盐酸多沙普仑水合物、西维来司他钠水合物、肺表面活性物质、链道酶α、吡非尼酮、干扰素-γ-1b、强的松、皮质类固醇、吡非尼酮(Pirfenidone,Pirespa(注册商标))、尼达尼布(Ofev(注册商标))、血管紧张素受体阻断剂、环孢菌素、硫唑嘌呤、咪唑立宾、巴利昔单抗、他克莫司水合物、胍立莫司盐酸盐、霉酚酸酯、依维莫司、乙酰半胱氨酸等。需要说明的是,本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂与1或2种以上其它药剂一起给药的情况包括:将本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂与其它药剂同时使用的情况;将任一者给药后经过一定时间再给药另一药剂的情况;将这些组合的情况等各种情况。
本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂还可以表述为含有PTPRR表达促进剂。在此,PTPRR是指蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体R(Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type R),是受体型酪氨酸磷酸酶的一种。PTPRR是对被酪氨酸激酶磷酸化的蛋白质的酪氨酸进行去磷酸化的酶。受体型酪氨酸磷酸酶包含具有酶活性的细胞内区域、跨膜结构域和细胞外区域,通过配体结合在细胞外区域而控制酶活性。本发明中的PTPRR表达促进剂是指显示出促进细胞、组织中的PTPRR基因和/或PTPRR蛋白的表达的作用的组合物。以下对本发明的PTPRR表达促进剂进行说明。
[PTPRR表达促进剂]
本发明中的PTPRR表达促进剂通过促进成为肺纤维化的原因的细胞、组织中的PTPRR表达而使发生了酪氨酸磷酸化的蛋白质的去磷酸化亢进,结果可以抑制该细胞的增殖、进而抑制组织的纤维化。作为这样的发生了酪氨酸磷酸化的蛋白质,可列举例如ERK、JNK、p38等,这些中,从肺纤维化抑制效果优异的观点出发,优选ERK。
本发明的PTPRR表达促进剂优选包含:具有作用于成为肺纤维化的原因的细胞、组织从而促进它们的PTPRR表达的功能的间充质干细胞。对于本发明的PTPRR表达促进剂所含的间充质干细胞,可以直接适用上述肺纤维化治疗剂所含的间充质干细胞的说明。
作为本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂显效的疾病,可列举例如寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)、特发性肺纤维化(IPF、特发性纤维化肺泡炎)、非特异性间质性肺炎、闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎(原因不明的器质化肺炎)、呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺疾病(ILD)、脱屑性间质性肺炎、急性间质肺炎(急性进行性间质性肺炎、hamman rich综合症)、特发性间质性肺炎、药物诱发性肺疾病、嗜酸粒细胞性肺疾病及慢性嗜酸粒细胞性肺炎。其中,对寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)、特发性肺纤维化(IPF、特发性纤维化肺泡炎)显示出显著的效果。
<肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒>
本发明还包括肺纤维化治疗用的试剂盒,其包含间充质干细胞和间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液。对于本发明的试剂盒所含的间充质干细胞、间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液,可以适用肺纤维化治疗剂章节的说明。
另外,本发明的肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒也可以表述为包含本发明的肺纤维化治疗剂、容器及标签的试剂盒。作为本发明的试剂盒所含的合适的容器,没有特别限定,可列举例如细胞冷冻用的冷冻管、间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液用的瓶、小瓶、试管等。这些容器可以由玻璃、金属、塑料或这些的组合等多样的材料形成。这些容器上的标签记载有对作为内容物的间充质干细胞、间充质干细胞悬浮用溶液等进行说明的内容。
本发明的试剂盒可以包含其它添加剂、其它药剂、稀释剂、过滤器、针、注射器、记载有使用方法的附加说明书之类的、从商业及利用者的观点出发而期望包含的其它材料。
<肺纤维化的治疗方法、PTPRR表达的促进方法>
本发明还包括肺纤维化的治疗方法,其特征在于,使用间充质干细胞。根据本发明的治疗方法,通过间充质干细胞来抑制促进肺纤维化的基因的表达,从而能够有效治疗肺纤维化。另外,本发明还包括促进细胞/组织等中的PTPRR表达的方法,其特征在于,使用间充质干细胞。根据本发明的促进方法,间充质干细胞会作用于细胞、组织,可以有效促进PTPRR表达的表达。需要说明的是,关于间充质干细胞的说明可以适用肺纤维化治疗剂章节的说明。
实施例
以下列举实施例及试验例来详细说明本发明,但本发明不受这些实施例等的限定。
1.脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞的制备(实施例1)
向市售细胞(Lonza公司制PT-5006)中加入间充质干细胞用无血清培养基(Rohto公司),以400g的该细胞悬浮液进行5分钟离心分离,除去上清后再悬浮于间充质干细胞用无血清培养基(Rohto公司),将细胞接种到烧瓶中。将细胞在37℃下、5%CO2中传代培养数天。数天后,将培养物用PBS洗涤而除去培养液中所含的血细胞、脂肪组织的残留等,得到粘附于塑料容器的间充质干细胞。
将得到的脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞分注到离心管中,以800g离心分离5分钟而得到细胞的沉淀。除去上清后,加入适量细胞冷冻保存液(STEM-CELLBANKER(Zenoaq公司))进行悬浮。将该细胞悬浮溶液分注到冷冻管中后,在冷冻仪内于-80度保存后,转移到液氮上的气相中继续保存。以下将脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞也称为ADMSC或ASC。
2.脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞对源自UIP患者的肺成纤维细胞的纤维化相关基因表达的效果(实施例2)
从被指出肺纤维化病变、且由于肺癌而接受手术的病例采集被检体。将未见纤维化的部位(纤维化(-))、可见纤维化的部位(纤维化(+))区分开并分别将组织切碎,用加入了15%血清的DMEM培养基(Wako公司制)在37℃、10%CO2中开始培养,分别在第1、2、4、7天用PBS(Wako公司制)洗涤后进行培养基更换,总计培养10天,得到来自UIP(Usualinterstitial pneumonia;寻常型间质性肺炎)患者的肺成纤维细胞(以下称为“UIP细胞”)。
将悬浮于加入了15%血清的DMEM培养基的UIP细胞(5.0×104个细胞/孔)接种到24孔板的各孔中,在CO2培养箱(37℃、10%CO2)中培养一晩,将培养液替换为加入了1%血清的DMEM培养基。将上述传代培养并冷冻保存的人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞(实施例1)浸入37℃的恒温槽中而使细胞悬浮液融解后,分取到15mL离心管中,用DMEM培养基(Wako公司制)定容到10mL,在室温下以400×g离心5分钟(Eppendorf公司制、5702)。在24孔板中设置Transwell insert(Corning、#3460),向Transwell insert中添加:仅加入1%血清的DMEM培养基(Control)、包含终浓度100ng/ml的HGF的加入1%血清的DMEM培养基及悬浮在加入1%血清的DMEM中的人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞(2.0×105个细胞/孔)。从开始共培养起24小时后回收UIP细胞的RNA,用定量PCR测定纤维化相关因子ACTA2(α平滑肌肌动蛋白:α-SMA)、CDH2(钙黏着蛋白2)及胶原蛋白1的mRNA表达量。另外,进行UIP细胞的蛋白质印迹。将定量PCR的结果示于图1。另外,将蛋白质印迹的结果示于图2。
如图1所示,通过将UIP细胞和人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞进行共培养,UIP细胞中的ACTA2(α-SMA)、CDH2及胶原蛋白1的表达显著减少。其效果与HGF相比更显著。另外,如图2所示可知:通过将UIP细胞和人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞进行共培养,UIP细胞中的磷酸化ERK的量减少。
需要说明的是,通过微阵列分析可确认:通过添加人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞,UIP细胞中PTPRR基因的表达上调。这表明:在UIP细胞中,通过由人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞的作用而表达得到促进的PTPRR,磷酸化ERK发生去磷酸化,结果UIP细胞这样的参与纤维化的细胞的增殖受到抑制,从而启示了纤维化治疗相关的可能性。
3.脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞对肺泡上皮细胞株A549的纤维化相关基因表达的效果(实施例3)
向24孔板中接种悬浮于加入1%血清的DMEM培养基的肺泡上皮样细胞株(A549;5.0×104个细胞/孔),放入CO2培养箱(37℃、5%CO2)内开始培养。从开始培养起12小时后,以最终浓度100ng/ml的TGF-β诱导上皮间充质转化。培养1天后,用DMEM培养基彻底洗去TGF-β,在ADMSC共培养组中设置Transwell insert(corning、#3460),向Transwell insert中,将进行了与实施例1同样制备的传代培养、冷冻保存的人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞(2.0×105个细胞/孔)悬浮于加入1%血清的DMEM培养基中来进行添加。从开始共培养开始起24小时后回收A549细胞的RNA,用定量PCR测定纤维化相关基因ACTA2(α平滑肌肌动蛋白:α-SMA)、CDH2(钙黏着蛋白2)及FN1(纤连蛋白1)的mRNA表达量。
将结果示于图3。
如图3所示,通过将A549细胞和人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞进行共培养,从而A549细胞中的α-SMA、CDH2及FN1的表达显著减少。以上结果表明,人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞抑制了通过添加TGF-β而诱导的作为纤维化原因的上皮间充质转化(EMT),使纤维化相关基因α-SMA、CDH2及FN1量减少。
4.使用重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠制作纤维化模型小鼠(实施例4)
对于作为重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠的SCID-Beige(CB17.Dg-PrkdcscidKystbg-J/CrlCrli)小鼠(7-10周龄、雌、日本Charles River株式会社),静脉内给药与实施例2同样制备的UIP细胞。需要说明的是,将对UIP细胞进行离心而除去培养基后、悬浮于PBS(Wako公司制)而得到的细胞(2×106个细胞)500μL用于上述给药。将仅给药PBS的小鼠作为阴性对照。在给药PBS及UIP细胞悬浮液63天后,制作肺病理切片,进行Masson三色染色。将结果示于图4。如图4所示,UIP细胞悬浮液给药组中可见明显的纤维化,确认到与人类中所观察到的病变同样的UIP特异性病变。
5.上述纤维化模型小鼠中的ADMSC治疗效果(实施例5)
与实施例4同样地对作为重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠的SCID-Beige(CB17.Dg-PrkdcscidKystbg-J/CrlCrli)小鼠(7-10周龄、雌、日本Charles River株式会社)静脉内给药与实施例2同样制备的UIP细胞。在给药UIP细胞35天后,分别将仅PBS(200μL、Lonza公司制;PBS组)及与实施例1同样制备并传代培养的人脂肪组织来源的间充质干细胞(200μL、1.5×106个细胞;ADMSC组)静脉内给药。在给药UIP细胞63天后制作肺病理切片,进行Masson三色染色,进行组织学分析。ADMSC组与PBS组相比可见纤维化减轻,显示对肺纤维化具有治疗效果。
产业上的可利用性
根据本发明,可以提供肺纤维化的新型治疗剂、PTPRR表达促进剂及肺纤维化的新型治疗用试剂盒。本发明的肺纤维化的新型治疗剂及肺纤维化的新型治疗用试剂盒对于目前尚未确立有效的药物疗法的肺纤维化发挥显著的治疗效果。
Claims (7)
1.一种肺纤维化治疗剂,其含有间充质干细胞。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,肺纤维化为寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)或特发性肺纤维化(IPF)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,间充质干细胞是脂肪组织来源。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任一项所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,间充质干细胞是异体来源。
5.一种肺纤维化治疗剂,其含有蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体R表达促进剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的肺纤维化治疗剂,其中,蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体R表达促进剂使磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶去磷酸化。
7.一种肺纤维化治疗用试剂盒,其包含权利要求1~6中任一项所述的肺纤维化治疗剂、容器及标签。
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