CN110103533B - 一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN110103533B
CN110103533B CN201910369822.XA CN201910369822A CN110103533B CN 110103533 B CN110103533 B CN 110103533B CN 201910369822 A CN201910369822 A CN 201910369822A CN 110103533 B CN110103533 B CN 110103533B
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film
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aluminum
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崔国士
赵红英
赵康
束兴娟
樊茹
高俊娜
崔攀
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Henan Kegao Radiation Chemical Technology Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法,该铝塑膜由五层组成:交联塑料膜内层、第一粘合剂层、经过钝化的铝箔层、第二粘合剂层、交联塑料膜外层。进一步提供了所述铝塑膜的制备工艺,具体过程为,采用涂布复合机将经过钝化处理的铝箔与交联塑料膜内层原料膜和交联塑料膜外层原料膜通过本发明专用粘合剂复合在一起,经电子束辐射,使专用粘合剂固化,使交联塑料膜内层原料膜和交联塑料膜外层原料膜分别发生交联反应,制成所述的软包锂电池用铝塑膜。所采用专用粘合剂属于无溶剂胶,受电子束辐射,可在室温条件下快速完全固化,不存在铝箔受热脆化问题,有利于提高铝塑膜的冲深性能;所述制备工艺流程短,生产效率高,节能环保、成本低。

Description

一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及锂离子电池包装材料铝塑膜技术领域,特别涉及一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
铝塑膜是软包锂电池关键材料,对于电池轻量化起着关键作用。软包锂电池因具有安全性能好、重量轻、容量大、内阻小、循环性能好、外形设计灵活等优势,被广泛应用于3C消费电子、汽车、军事、医疗、电动工具等行业,正在逐渐成为市场主流。
现有软包锂电池用铝塑复合膜主要是指由外层尼龙层(ON 层)、中间铝箔层(AL层)、内层热封层(CPP 或PP)构成的复合材料,层与层之间通过粘合剂进行压合粘结。
外层尼龙层可保护中间层铝箔不受外部环境损伤,并且在加工过程中能够连续操作而不破坏外观,以及在电池的使用过程中防止由于跌落等对电池造成的冲击震荡等,从而保护电池内部结构与性能的完整性。这就需要外层具有优异的抗冲击性能、耐穿刺性能、耐热及绝缘性能,耐摩擦性能等。
中间铝箔层是铝塑膜的关键组分,凭借其结构致密性以及延展性,拥有极佳的阻隔性能以及冲深成型性能。用于铝塑膜的铝箔在性能与品质上均优于常规铝箔,具体体现在厚度一致性强、断裂伸长率高、无孔洞、表面缺陷少等。为了进一步提升铝塑膜的阻隔性能,通常需要对铝箔进行钝化处理,钝化的目的是在铝箔表面形成耐腐蚀的氧化膜。
考虑到电芯胀气和漏液是软包电池失效的主要方式,而根本原因是由极耳与聚丙烯薄膜(CPP)和/或CPP间粘合不良引起的。这就要求内层热封层CPP材料必须与金属Ni、Al及极耳胶块有良好的热封粘结性,具有耐电解液、绝缘性和耐穿刺性能,能防止电极与锂离子电池软包装材料之间的短路,同时要求其与铝箔层间的复合强度高。
此外,锂离子电池中的电解液含有六氟磷酸铝等含氟类物质,这些含氟化合物对水具有非常强的敏感性,电解液遇水很容易生成强腐蚀性氢氟酸,还含有溶解能力极强的碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯,一旦电解液透过CPP层,与粘结层和铝箔接触,会严重腐蚀铝箔,使内膜与铝箔分离甚至造成铝箔穿孔,导致电池漏液、膨胀失效。如何改进铝塑膜的耐磨性能、阻隔性能、绝缘热封性能、化学稳定性和加工成型性,对提升锂离子电池质量是十分关键的。为了提高铝塑膜的耐电解液腐蚀性能,现有技术出现了大量针对铝塑膜内层进行改进的方案,例如在铝箔层与热封层之间添加氟膜层、使用含氟聚氨酯树脂贴合胶等,虽然含氟膜能够提高铝塑膜的耐电解液性能,但距离人们的要求还有差距,同时,由于氟材料本身特性,其存在表面能低、表面憎水、粘结性能差等不足,因此这种铝塑膜存在冲深性差、耐腐蚀性差、使用寿命短的问题。
常规市售的软包锂电池用铝塑膜主要采用的生产工艺有“干法”和“热法”两种。所谓的“干法”工艺是指将钝化后的铝箔和聚丙烯膜用粘合剂压合固结而成,所谓的“热法”工艺是将钝化后的铝箔和聚丙烯膜之间用热熔胶膜(MPP)粘结,通过缓慢加热、熔融、压合、固结而成。“干法”生产的铝塑膜产品,厚度低,外观好,具有较好的冲深性能和防短路性能,且工艺简单、成本低,但其耐电解液和耐水性能较差;“热法”生产的铝塑膜产品,其优点在于耐电解液和抗水性能好,但是深冲成型性能、防短路性能较差,外观和裁切性差。另外,“干法”生产工艺采用的粘合剂中含有大量有机溶剂,使用过程中需要首先将溶剂烘除,因此会造成严重的VOCs排放及污染问题。而且溶剂的干燥程度对铝塑膜的层间粘合力有较大影响,粘合剂的固化需要后续熟化期,增加了工艺的难度和复杂性。“热法”工艺需要对加热升温过程进行精细控制,以充分发挥热熔胶膜的粘接作用,工艺相对复杂,生产周期较长,所使用的热熔胶膜价格较高,导致铝塑膜生产成本较高。此外,无论是“干法”工艺还是“热法”工艺,均需要高温加热过程,会导致铝箔层受热变脆,使其延展性下降,进而影响铝塑膜的冲深性能。
基于上述分析,开发一种新型软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法,以提高产品性能、简化生产工艺,消除VOCs排放,降低成本,具有很好的应用价值。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜及其制备方法,该方法简单,制得的铝塑膜具有高阻隔、高耐腐蚀、耐摩擦、加工成型性好、成本低等特点。
基于上述目的,本发明采取如下技术方案:
一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜的制备方法,所述的铝塑膜由五层不同功能的膜层组成,由内至外依次为交联塑料膜内层、第一粘合剂层、经过钝化的铝箔层、第二粘合剂层、交联塑料膜外层,铝塑膜厚度为40~160µm,具体制备过程为:采用涂布复合机将经过钝化的铝箔层与交联塑料膜内层原料膜和交联塑料膜外层原料膜通过专用粘合剂复合在一起,使复合后的多层膜以展开状态通过电子加速器辐照装置,接受电子束辐射,使专用粘合剂固化、使交联塑料膜内层原料膜和交联塑料膜外层原料膜交联,所述电子束辐射的吸收剂量在10~100kGy之间。
进一步地,所述电子加速器辐照装置是单向辐照的能量为500~ 1000keV扫式电子加速器,或者是双向对照的两台能量为100~300 keV的电子帘加速器。
进一步地,交联塑料膜内层原料膜的原料材质包括但不限于聚丙烯、聚乙烯或两者的复合物;膜中含有敏化剂;所述敏化剂选自二乙烯基乙二醇醚、二乙烯基二乙二醇醚、乙烯基三乙二醇醚、乙烯基聚乙二醇醚、二乙烯基丙二醇醚、二乙烯基丁二醇醚、二乙烯基己二醇醚、二丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸二乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸二乙二醇酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸丙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丙二醇酯、二丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸己二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸己二醇酯、三羟基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯、三甲基丙烯酸季戊四醇酯、二乙烯基苯、二乙烯基联苯和三丙烯基异氰酸酯中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物,敏化剂占交联塑料膜内层原料膜质量的0.5~5.0%。
进一步地,交联塑料膜外层原料膜的材质包括但不限于聚酰胺、聚酯或两者的复合物;膜中含有敏化剂;所述敏化剂选自二乙烯基乙二醇醚、二乙烯基二乙二醇醚、乙烯基三乙二醇醚、乙烯基聚乙二醇醚、二乙烯基丙二醇醚、二乙烯基丁二醇醚、二乙烯基己二醇醚、二丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸二乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸二乙二醇酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸丙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丙二醇酯、二丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸己二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸己二醇酯、三羟基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯、三甲基丙烯酸季戊四醇酯、二乙烯基苯、二乙烯基联苯和三丙烯基异氰酸酯中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物,敏化剂占交联塑料膜外层原料膜质量的0~5.0%。
进一步地,所述专用粘合剂由含乙烯基的预聚物和含乙烯基的活性单体组成,所述专用粘合剂中含乙烯基的预聚物为聚氨酯丙烯酸酯类和/或环氧树脂丙烯酸酯类且可辐射固化的低聚合度聚合物,其在粘合剂中的质量分数为70%~ 100%;所述专用粘合剂中含乙烯基的活性单体选自下列化合物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物:丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、苯乙烯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酰吗啉;二乙烯基乙二醇醚、二乙烯基二乙二醇醚、乙烯基三乙二醇醚、乙烯基聚乙二醇醚、二乙烯基丙二醇醚、二乙烯基丁二醇醚、二乙烯基己二醇醚、二丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸二乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸二乙二醇酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯、二丙烯酸丙二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丙二醇酯、二丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸己二醇酯、二甲基丙烯酸己二醇酯、三羟基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯、三甲基丙烯酸季戊四醇酯以及二乙烯基苯、二乙烯基联苯、三丙烯基异氰酸酯,其在粘合剂中的质量分数为0~30%。
优选地,专用粘合剂由重量百分比为70%的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、18%的甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、7%二乙烯基乙二醇醚、3%三羟基丙烷三丙烯酸甲基丙烯酸酯和2%的二乙烯基苯组成。
优选地,专用粘合剂由质量分数为80.0%环氧丙烯酸酯、12.0%丙烯酰吗啉、5.0%丙烯酸异辛酯、3.0%三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯组成。
优选地,专用粘合剂由68%聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、26%环氧丙烯酸酯、4.0%二乙烯基丁二醇醚、2.0%二乙烯基联苯组成。
优选地,专用粘合剂由质量分数为70%的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯和30%的环氧丙烯酸酯组成。
上述制备方法制得的软包锂电池用铝塑膜,所述的交联塑料膜内层是指其在用作电池外壳时为内层,其厚度在20~80µm之间,所述经过钝化的铝箔层的厚度为10~45µm,所述的第一、第二粘合剂层的厚度在2~5µm之间,所述的交联塑料膜外层是指其在用作电池外壳时为外层,其厚度在5~30µm之间。
与通常的铝塑膜及其常规制备工艺相比,本发明的优势在于:所采用专用粘合剂属于无溶剂胶,受电子束辐射,可在室温条件下快速完全固化,不存在铝箔受热脆化问题,有利于提高铝塑膜的冲深性能,不存在VOCs排放问题;经辐射交联的交联塑料膜内层具有更好的机械强度、热封性能、耐溶剂性能和阻隔性能,更有利于防止电解液及其与水产生的氢氟酸对粘合剂层和铝箔层的侵蚀;交联塑料膜外层具有更好的机械强度、耐热性能和抗老化性能,更有利于对铝箔层的保护;所述制备工艺流程短,生产效率高,节能环保、成本低。
附图说明
图1是本发明铝塑膜的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和实施例对本发明的技术方案做进一步详细说明,但不用作对本发明保护范围的限制。
实施例1
一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜,如图1所示,由五层不同功能的膜层组成,由内至外依次为交联塑料膜内层、第一粘合剂层、经过钝化的铝箔层、第二粘合剂层、交联塑料膜外层。
铝箔采用3%质量分数的偶联剂溶液浸渍30~60秒,120℃鼓风干燥1~2分钟完成钝化,所用偶联剂为含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂,如A171、A172等,所用溶剂为乙醇体积分数占10%的乙醇-水混合溶剂,具体比例及烘干条件可根据钝化效果进行调节;交联塑料膜内层材料选用流延聚丙烯薄膜,其厚度为20μm;膜中含有重量百分比为1.8%的敏化剂季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯;钝化铝箔厚度为10μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酯薄膜,其厚度为5μm。专用粘合剂由重量百分比为70%的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、18%的甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、7%二乙烯基乙二醇醚、3%三羟基丙烷三丙烯酸甲基丙烯酸酯和2%的二乙烯基苯组成。
上述铝塑膜的制备方法,具体过程如下:在三层膜涂布复合机上分上中下三层,分别进行流延聚丙烯薄膜、钝化铝箔、聚酯薄膜的平行放卷,在聚丙烯薄膜的下表面、聚酯薄膜的上表面采用五辊式无溶剂涂覆技术涂布专用粘合剂,控制每层的涂胶量为2.5g/m2;经压辊使三层材料层间贴合密实;经电子束辐照实现专用粘合剂的固化以及聚丙烯膜层和聚酯膜层的交联,所用电子束能量为500keV,吸收剂量为30kGy。所制取的铝塑膜表面平整,厚度范围40±1μm,最大冲深为6.0mm,第一、第二粘合剂层厚度为2.5±0.2μm,粘合剂层固化率97%以上,按GB/T8808-1988的规定测试其层间剥离强度为14.2N/15mm,进而在85±2℃电解液中浸泡24小时候测试其层间剥离强度未有明显下降,耐电解液性能、阻隔性能、耐热性能、抗老化性能、耐水性能、裁切性能等优于同厚度市售产品。
实施例2
一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜,如图1所示,交联塑料膜内层材料选用聚乙烯薄膜,其厚度为40μm,膜中含有质量分数为0.6%的敏化剂季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯;钝化铝箔厚度为25μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酰胺薄膜,其厚度为15μm。专用粘合剂由质量分数为80.0%环氧丙烯酸酯、12.0%丙烯酰吗啉、5.0%丙烯酸异辛酯、3.0%三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯组成。
铝塑膜的制备方式同实施例1,所不同的是吸收剂量为50kGy,所制取的铝塑膜表面平整,厚度范围85±1um,最大冲深8.0mm,粘合剂层厚度为2.5±0.2um,粘合剂层固化率97%以上,按GB/T8808-1988的规定测试其层间剥离强度平均值14.5N/15mm,进而在85±2℃电解液中浸泡24小时候测试其层间剥离强度未有明显下降,耐电解液性能、阻隔性能、耐热性能、抗老化性能、耐水性能、裁切性能等优于同厚度市售产品。
实施例3
一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜,如图1所示,交联塑料膜内层材料选用聚丙烯薄膜,其厚度为40um,膜中含有质量分数为3.0%的敏化剂二乙烯基三乙二醇醚;钝化铝箔厚度为40μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酰胺薄膜,其厚度为25μm,膜中含有质量分数为1.3%的敏化剂三丙烯基异氰酸酯。专用粘合剂由68%聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、26%环氧丙烯酸酯、4.0%二乙烯基丁二醇醚、2.0%二乙烯基联苯组成。
铝塑膜的制备方式同实施例1,所不同的是电子束能量为800keV,每层粘合剂的涂布量为4g/m2,吸收剂量为60kGy。所制取的铝塑膜表面平整,厚度范围113±1μm,最大冲深为12mm,粘合剂层厚度为3.0±0.2μm,粘合剂层固化率97%以上,按GB/T8808-1988的规定测试其层间剥离强度平均值为15.1N/15mm,进而在85±2℃电解液中浸泡24小时候测试其层间剥离强度未有明显下降,耐电解液性能、阻隔性能、耐热性能、抗老化性能、耐水性能、裁切性能等优于同厚度市售产品。
实施例4
一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜,如图1所示,交联塑料膜内层材料选用聚乙烯薄膜,其厚度为70μm;钝化铝箔厚度为45μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酰胺薄膜,其厚度为30μm。专用粘合剂由质量分数为70%的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯和30%的环氧丙烯酸酯组成。
铝塑膜的制备方式同实施例1,所不同的是辐照方式为两台250keV的电子帘加速器双向对照,吸收剂量为80kGy,每层粘合剂的涂布量为5g/m2。所制取的铝塑膜表面平整,厚度范围155±1μm,最大冲深为15mm,粘合剂层厚度为3.3±0.2μm,粘合剂层固化率97%以上,按GB/T8808-1988的规定测试其层间剥离强度平均值为15.6N/15mm,进而在85±2℃电解液中浸泡24小时候测试其层间剥离强度未有明显下降,耐电解液性能、阻隔性能、耐热性能、抗老化性能、耐水性能、裁切性能等优于同厚度市售产品。

Claims (3)

1.一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述铝塑膜由五层不同功能的膜层组成,由内至外依次为交联塑料膜内层、第一粘合剂层、经过钝化的铝箔层、第二粘合剂层、交联塑料膜外层,交联塑料膜内层材料选用聚乙烯薄膜,其厚度为40μm,膜中含有质量分数为0.6%的敏化剂季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯;钝化铝箔厚度为25μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酰胺薄膜,其厚度为15μm,钝化的铝箔层为经含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂钝化过的铝箔层,具体过程为:铝箔采用3%质量分数的偶联剂溶液浸渍30~60秒,120℃鼓风干燥1~2分钟完成钝化,所用偶联剂为含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂,所用溶剂为乙醇体积分数占10%的乙醇-水混合溶剂;
上述铝塑膜的制备过程如下:在三层膜涂布复合机上分上中下三层,分别进行聚乙烯薄膜、钝化铝箔、聚酰胺薄膜的平行放卷,在聚乙烯薄膜的下表面、聚酰胺薄膜的上表面采用五辊式无溶剂涂覆技术涂布专用粘合剂,控制每层的涂胶量为2.5g/m2;经压辊使三层材料层间贴合密实;经电子束辐照实现专用粘合剂的固化以及聚乙烯膜层和聚酰胺膜层的交联,所用电子束能量为500keV,吸收剂量为50kGy,专用粘合剂由质量分数为80.0%环氧丙烯酸酯、12.0%丙烯酰吗啉、5.0%丙烯酸异辛酯、3.0%三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯组成。
2.一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述铝塑膜由五层不同功能的膜层组成,由内至外依次为交联塑料膜内层、第一粘合剂层、经过钝化的铝箔层、第二粘合剂层、交联塑料膜外层,交联塑料膜内层材料选用聚丙烯薄膜,其厚度为40μm,膜中含有质量分数为3.0%的敏化剂二乙烯基三乙二醇醚;钝化铝箔厚度为40μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酰胺薄膜,其厚度为25μm,膜中含有质量分数为1.3%的敏化剂三丙烯基异氰酸酯,钝化的铝箔层为经含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂钝化过的铝箔层,具体过程为:铝箔采用3%质量分数的偶联剂溶液浸渍30~60秒,120℃鼓风干燥1~2分钟完成钝化,所用偶联剂为含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂,所用溶剂为乙醇体积分数占10%的乙醇-水混合溶剂;
上述铝塑膜的制备过程如下:在三层膜涂布复合机上分上中下三层,分别进行聚丙烯薄膜、钝化铝箔、聚酰胺薄膜的平行放卷,在聚丙烯薄膜的下表面、聚酰胺薄膜的上表面采用五辊式无溶剂涂覆技术涂布专用粘合剂,控制每层的涂胶量为4g/m2;经压辊使三层材料层间贴合密实;经电子束辐照实现专用粘合剂的固化以及聚丙烯膜层和聚酰胺膜层的交联,所用电子束能量为800keV,吸收剂量为60kGy,专用粘合剂由68%聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、26%环氧丙烯酸酯、4.0%二乙烯基丁二醇醚、2.0%二乙烯基联苯组成。
3.一种软包锂电池用铝塑膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述铝塑膜由五层不同功能的膜层组成,由内至外依次为交联塑料膜内层、第一粘合剂层、经过钝化的铝箔层、第二粘合剂层、交联塑料膜外层,交联塑料膜内层材料选用聚乙烯薄膜,其厚度为70μm;钝化铝箔厚度为45μm;交联塑料膜外层材料选用聚酰胺薄膜,其厚度为30μm,钝化的铝箔层为经含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂钝化过的铝箔层,具体过程为:铝箔采用3%质量分数的偶联剂溶液浸渍30~60秒,120℃鼓风干燥1~2分钟完成钝化,所用偶联剂为含乙烯基的硅烷偶联剂,所用溶剂为乙醇体积分数占10%的乙醇-水混合溶剂;
上述铝塑膜的制备过程如下:在三层膜涂布复合机上分上中下三层,分别进行聚乙烯薄膜、钝化铝箔、聚酰胺薄膜的平行放卷,在聚乙烯薄膜的下表面、聚酰胺薄膜的上表面采用五辊式无溶剂涂覆技术涂布专用粘合剂,控制每层的涂胶量为5g/m2;经压辊使三层材料层间贴合密实;经电子束辐照实现专用粘合剂的固化以及聚乙烯膜层和聚酰胺膜层的交联,辐照方式为两台250keV的电子帘加速器双向对照,吸收剂量为80kGy,专用粘合剂由质量分数为70%的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯和30%的环氧丙烯酸酯组成。
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