CN1100956C - 能够经受极高热通量密度的管子或软管及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种主要用于防火目的并能够经受高热通量密度的管子或软管(10)。管子或软管有一个内管状橡胶层(11)和一个带孔套管(12),套管包裹于管状橡胶层(11)上并与其紧密接触。套管(12)上的孔密集排布,且截面积非常有限,这使得管子或软管(10)中以高于大气压的当前液体压力输送的液体能够形成一股独立的液体喷流;液体通过一个具有喷嘴作用的媒介和套管(12)直接接触,随后从所述套管接触中喷出。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可以经受极高热通量密度的管子或软管,主要用于防火目的。
背景技术
在发生火灾时,根据火的特性,伴随着高温可产生不同的高热通量密度。在涉及固体燃料燃烧的、即所谓纤维质火的难以对付的火灾情况下,火灾区域的温度持续增加,在60分钟后将达到约900℃,在120分钟后将达到约1050℃,而在240分钟后将达到约1150℃的最高温度。同时,遍布的热通量密度平均约为60kW/m2,热通量密度最高可达约100kW/m2。对于碳氢化合物池中的火灾或类似火灾来说,温度升高要快得多,将在20分钟后达到约1150℃的最高温度。热通量密度比纤维质火的情况高得多,平均约为200kW/m2,最高峰值约为225kW/m2。所谓的喷射火是最严重的一类火灾,当天然气和不同的浓缩物在海面上或陆地上于高压下燃烧,比如在天然气池中燃烧,可产生喷射火。海上平台和地面上相应的装置可能遭受这些火灾,而且不幸的是,这些火灾的发生会造成灾难性的后果和众多生命财产的损失。对于喷射火,温度很快(10-15秒)升高至1300-1400℃,在此温度下,火典型的热通量密度为360kW/m2,其上限约为500kW/m2。
针对这种情形,回收海上和陆上的油、气非常需要安全和防火措施;因此,海上平台装备了高级的基于从海里泵上大量海水的洒水系统,所述系统的分支遍及平台各个部分。因为肆虐的高盐含量海水导致的腐蚀问题,当今传统的洒水系统通常是用不同钢质制成的;虽然也进行了其他更耐腐蚀材料或贵金属的试验,前者如SMO类型的高合金防酸钢,后者如钛及铜-镍合金。
然而,能够实用的所有金属材料都只有有限的抗腐蚀能力。此外,主要因为所述金属或所述合金成分的原材料价格较高,使这些金属材料和合金也极其昂贵。因为由这些材料制成部件的制造和装配成本也很高,所以非常需要一种另外的同时也更抗腐蚀的材料。
多种塑料材料,如利用环氧树脂加强的玻璃纤维,在油气工业的许多管道系统中已得到一定数量的使用,如用于海上平台和类似环境。虽然塑料管道自身在成本方面很有竞争力,但它们需要非常小心地来处理和操作,在安装时需要非常精确,即使在海上平台和类似领域最简单的使用中,也需要全面的防火隔离。这同样导致很高的安装、维护和保养成本。本质上,这些材料抗喷射火的能力也变化很大;虽然一般来说对喷射火的抵抗力越强,则必须采取越为全面的附加保护措施,并使得相关的重量增加,管道系统的成本更高。
对用于防火目的的洒水系统或其他管道系统的一个要求是:在至少基本维持泵产生的压力和液体量的同时,能够输送液体,以便分送给火灾点或多个火灾点。这项功能使得洒水系统能够以需要的方式工作,并通过安装于洒水系统的喷嘴分送液体,用于灭火并防止这些火的蔓延。洒水系统的管道系统因此必须紧紧地密封,或至少基本上紧紧地密封,以便能在将液体导向各个洒水喷嘴,包括管道系统的最外围部分,甚至在整个灭火过程中都暴露在喷射火下时,都能在管道中维持必要的压力。
如我们同时完成的名为“抗腐蚀、防火管道系统”的专利申请SE-A-9703109-0所述,试图开发基于增强型橡胶的可弯曲、抗腐蚀管道,并能够取代金属和塑料管道,作为用于海上工业的抗腐蚀管道;与此开展的工作相配合,进行了使用所谓的金属布火焰护罩的试验。在此开发工作中,意外发现当在一个所谓喷射火试验台架上作检验时,制造一个自密封并且事实上甚至是自保护的管道是可能的,使管道具有作为压力液体分送器的功能,该功能主要是其对喷射火的极高热通量密度的效果不太敏感。
同时还发现这些以前未知的或未描述过的现象涉及内增强层的某些有益特征;需要内增强层是为使橡胶层和增强层的结合体具有弯曲刚度,这是具有管道特性和性质的产品所必需的;管道可能有一个或多个另外的增强层。还发现这些有益特征有普遍的作用,因此将所述自密封和自保护特性赋予了用这种材料组合制成的管道或软管,而不管这种材料组合是如何与置于这种组合外部的其他层相结合的;因此该发明可用来制造管子或软管,用于防火系统或其他防火目的。
发明内容
因此本发明的目标是提供一种更适合防火目的的管子或软管,其能够经受的热通量密度可高至所谓的喷射火灾中遍布的热通量密度,以便在一段基本不受限制的时间里、或至少在一段能够将火扑灭的足够时间里,维持管子或软管将灭火液体输送至火灾地的功能;灭火液体通常是海水。
为此目的,发明的管子或软管的特征是:其包括一个内管状橡胶层和一个带孔的套管,套管包裹于所述橡胶层上。套管上的孔紧密排布,截面积非常有限,这样管子或软管中以高于大气压的压力输送的液体可直接和套管接触,在液体通过喷嘴等形式喷出后,将形成一股持续、连贯和独立的喷流。当洒水车管子或类似物用于灭火时,管子或软管具有自密封和自保护特性,因此可抵抗喷射火产生的高达约500kW/m2的热通量密度,并且在整个灭火过程中,维持所述管子或软管中的压力和流体基本连续。
套管最好是由一种有效导热的金属材料制成,最好是一种耐热钢;或由一种耐热复合材料制成,最好是碳纤维基体材料,如凯夫拉尔(Kevlar)类型的材料。套管可为网状形式,虽然也可采用其他生成所需孔洞的技术;因此套管可以是一个编织、盘绕、编或钩成的结构。带孔的套管也可由一个单独的管状单元组成,在管状单元上用机械方法加工出孔,或在制造软管时形成这些孔,如利用喷射模塑或类似方法。
发明的管子或软管主要用于洒水系统,也通用于海上装置或矿井装置的管道系统和类似领域;这些领域对抗腐蚀、抗冲击、使用寿命的长度和困难的安装条件有较高的要求。
上述管子或软管的自密封和自保护功能或特性,与内橡胶层和置于所述橡胶层上的带孔套管的结合体紧密相接。“自密封和自保护”意味着当所述管子或软管受到喷射火的热量或其相应的高温时,在外部环境影响下,管子或软管壁上形成的所有孔将相继自我密封,并依靠随后将从孔中流出的水流来暂时保护自身;在关闭这样形成的孔所费的时间里,和火进行局部“战斗”,从而缓和一下温度。此现象背后的机理将在下文详述,直至理解或理论阐明该机理的程度。正在讨论的材料结合体可以被包括在不同类型的软管和管子中;在这个方面,另外的层覆盖于管子或软管的层外侧并不特别危险,因为这些层不需要抗喷射火的能力,可以选来给管子或软管赋予其他预定特性。假定在喷射火温度下,外层将较快燃尽。
在管子用于洒水车的情况下,比如用于油井平台,管子可以是抗腐蚀管,这是我们前面提过的同时完成的专利申请的主题。这些管子的内增强层然后可根据本发明加工出孔,并形成包括在本发明概念中的套管。然而,作为另一种选择,套管可在本发明范围内使用其他一些方法来制造,且必需的抗弯功能由一个或多个独立的增强层来实现,这些独立的增强层不必带有具有“喷嘴功能”的孔。
自密封和自保护功能的机理与一个尚未被完全研究或从理论上得以解释的现象相关。然而,其习性已通过透彻的实验和其他东西一起记录在录像带上;这些实验是在挪威Mjndalen的Trelleborg Viking工厂所谓的“喷射火试验台架”上进行的。这使得试验可以被重复追踪。
还发现:在压力液体流经管子时,当具有本发明概念意义上的自密封功能的管子遭受喷射火,管子的外橡胶层和增强层将较快地燃尽,并暴露出带孔套管。当位于套管内部的橡胶层因为喷射火中发生的强烈的、局部有限的热通量密度峰值(高达约500kW/m2),而开始融成小块时,内橡胶层上将出现孔,液体喷流开始增长,并通过套管上的孔向外喷射至喷射火上,由此可大大降低火焰温度。然而,在一小段时间后,通常在10-20秒之间,最多到1-2分钟,如此形成的孔将被未冷却的位于内部、附近的材料所密封,而液体喷流将开始减弱,最终停止。
在喷射火的影响下,这种现象持续一段较长的时间;长期试验显示管子中的水压不会以任何显著的程度下降。因此,如果管子已形成部分洒水系统,随着灭火液体的少量下降,洒水喷嘴中不会发生任何压力下降。换言之,在此整个过程中,管子非常圆满地充当一个导管,用于不断地输送水或其他灭火液体,而压力没有任何大的下降、液体也不会少量下降;而这种下降可能对灭火过程起抑制作用。因此,从管子或软管上喷嘴状的孔中流至火焰上的液体起两个作用:局部冷却管子或软管,及大大降低所涉及区域的火焰温度。
然而,一些关于自密封和自保护功能的理论仍值得提及,也是此上下文所感兴趣的。因此,内橡胶层获得紧密性是可能的:其中液体压力将其压向孔形成及液体喷出的区域,此喷射水流也冷却着该区域的材料,直至橡胶块被压入孔中,从而中断强有力的喷流。如果孔变得太大而不能产生喷嘴效果,也就不能产生强有力喷流,液体将平稳地流过橡胶层上形成的孔,不再具有“喷射”至喷射火焰的压力和速度。这意味着将得不到足够的凝固附近橡胶层所需的冷却效果,且在橡胶层上形成的孔将开始迅速以不可控制的方式扩大,而不是缩小,并逐渐导致橡胶层破坏增加,使压力和液体输送很快停止。
附图说明
现在将结合优选实施例和附图来描述本发明;附图为一幅管子的透视图,其中有多层被部分切除。
具体实施方式
图中所示的是根据本发明的管子10,适用于油井平台的洒水系统。管子10有五个不同的子层11-15。最里面的层11由橡胶组成,以3-5毫米厚为宜,由氯丁二烯橡胶、EPDM橡胶或一些类似橡胶构成。该层被套管12包裹,该套管的整个表面上分布着紧密排布的孔。根据液体压力、体积和管子适用的火灾安全要求来选择所述孔的截面积。比如,区域上的液体压力为1.5-100巴(bar)时,孔的尺寸可以是0.1-10毫米。图中的套管12是一个金属网,但其可以有不同的形式,如前所述。带孔套管12也可以通过加强金属丝而带有增强层的作用,其中反向的金属丝间成一角度排列,这样,增强层将带有预定的抗弯力,同时,还通过喷出带有速度的液体喷流来提供针对喷射火的保护、提供冷却火焰温度所需的外形。倘若带孔套管12外侧有另一橡胶层13,根据火的行为,橡胶层可以由特定的绝热和不可燃橡胶构成,如标明VIKING NOFLAME 815或915的橡胶。橡胶层13被包括加强金属丝的增强层14包裹,该金属丝与管子的纵轴成一角度分布,使得管子具有抗弯刚度。增强层14又被另一橡胶层15所包裹,橡胶层15由橡胶材料组成,将给管子表面增添预定的特性,比如使得管子表面防火、无烟或无毒,并在火灾时改善其绝热效果。增强层上的开口尺寸也根据液体压力、体积和防火安全要求来确定,可以在0.20至10平方毫米之间变化。
Claims (6)
1.一种主要用于防火目的并能够经受高热通量密度的管子或软管(10),其特征在于,所述管子或软管(10)带有一个内管状橡胶层(11)和一个带孔套管(12),所述套管包裹管状橡胶层(11)并与其紧密接触;套管上的孔密集排布,截面积很有限,这使得管子或软管(10)中以高于大气压的当前液体压力输送的液体能够形成一股独立的液体喷流,液体通过一个喷嘴作用的形式和套管(12)直接接触,随后从所述套管接触中排出,其中当用来作为灭火的洒水管子等时,管子或软管被赋予自密封和自保护特性,因此可经受喷射火形成的热通量密度,而在灭火过程中仍基本保持液体压力和液体在所述管子中不断流动,所述喷射火热通量密度包括高达约500kW/m2的热通量密度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的管子或软管,其特征在于,所述套管(12)由金属制成,最好是耐热钢,或由复合材料制成,最好是凯夫拉尔(Kevlar)类型的碳纤维基体材料。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的管子或软管,其特征在于,所述套管(12)包括金属丝或带子,其通过盘绕、编、织或一些其他方法处理,以在相互之间形成角度。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的管子或软管,其特征在于,所述套管(12)是一个单一的一致单元,带有用机械方法或连同单元一起制造形成的孔。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的管子或软管在洒水系统的管道系统中的应用。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的管子或软管在海上工业、造船行业、矿井企业和有类似要求的环境中的应用。
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SE97031108 | 1997-08-29 | ||
SE9703110A SE510679C2 (sv) | 1997-08-29 | 1997-08-29 | Rör eller slang som kan utstå hög värmeflödestäthet samt användning av röret eller slangen |
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CN1237237A CN1237237A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
CN1100956C true CN1100956C (zh) | 2003-02-05 |
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CN98801246A Expired - Fee Related CN1100956C (zh) | 1997-08-29 | 1998-08-28 | 能够经受极高热通量密度的管子或软管及其应用 |
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US (1) | US6158476A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0935724B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3286324B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100327308B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1100956C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE232272T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU715274B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9806137A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2268341C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69811202T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0935724T3 (zh) |
EA (1) | EA001882B1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2191325T3 (zh) |
HU (1) | HU222891B1 (zh) |
ID (1) | ID21947A (zh) |
NO (1) | NO307432B1 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT935724E (zh) |
SE (1) | SE510679C2 (zh) |
TR (1) | TR199900765T1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1999011962A1 (zh) |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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DE69811202D1 (de) | 2003-03-13 |
AU715274B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 |
HUP0002237A3 (en) | 2000-11-28 |
CN1237237A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
SE9703110D0 (sv) | 1997-08-29 |
EP0935724A1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
KR100327308B1 (ko) | 2002-03-06 |
NO307432B1 (no) | 2000-04-03 |
KR20000068720A (ko) | 2000-11-25 |
NO992037L (no) | 1999-04-28 |
HUP0002237A2 (hu) | 2000-10-28 |
DE69811202T2 (de) | 2003-11-13 |
NO992037D0 (no) | 1999-04-28 |
EA001882B1 (ru) | 2001-10-22 |
ID21947A (id) | 1999-08-12 |
EA199900379A1 (ru) | 1999-12-29 |
SE510679C2 (sv) | 1999-06-14 |
HU222891B1 (hu) | 2003-12-29 |
ATE232272T1 (de) | 2003-02-15 |
PT935724E (pt) | 2003-06-30 |
AU8896098A (en) | 1999-03-22 |
DK0935724T3 (da) | 2003-05-26 |
SE9703110L (sv) | 1999-03-01 |
JP2000505537A (ja) | 2000-05-09 |
EP0935724B1 (en) | 2003-02-05 |
ES2191325T3 (es) | 2003-09-01 |
TR199900765T1 (xx) | 1999-11-22 |
JP3286324B2 (ja) | 2002-05-27 |
BR9806137A (pt) | 1999-10-26 |
WO1999011962A1 (en) | 1999-03-11 |
CA2268341A1 (en) | 1999-03-11 |
US6158476A (en) | 2000-12-12 |
CA2268341C (en) | 2004-01-13 |
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