CN110049944A - 从源自于废物气化的合成气中制备纯氢气的方法和相关装置 - Google Patents

从源自于废物气化的合成气中制备纯氢气的方法和相关装置 Download PDF

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CN110049944A
CN110049944A CN201680090365.5A CN201680090365A CN110049944A CN 110049944 A CN110049944 A CN 110049944A CN 201680090365 A CN201680090365 A CN 201680090365A CN 110049944 A CN110049944 A CN 110049944A
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synthesis gas
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CN110049944B (zh
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G·亚夸涅洛
A·萨拉迪尼
E·安东内蒂
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Nestor Chemical Co Ltd
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Abstract

来自有机废物HT气化的粗合成气,在适当的热回收锅炉或淬火器中一经冷却,便在洗涤部分中通过加入酸溶液,然后加入碱溶液以及通过WESP进行处理,除去颗粒和氯化合物,且合成气在其压缩后准备进行转化。在转化步骤中,通过加入蒸汽将CO转化为CO2和H2;H2S以固体形式还原成硫,CO2通过低温单元或胺单元除去,并产生纯H2

Description

从源自于废物气化的合成气中制备纯氢气的方法和相关装置
摘要
一种从城市、农业或工业衍生废物通过高温气化产生的合成气中制备纯氢气的方法和装置。该方法能够使纯氢气进一步与氮气反应制备氨和尿素。
说明
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及将废物材料转化为化学品和/或氮基肥料。更具体地,本发明提供了用于将废物材料(如城市废物、垃圾衍生燃料或工业废物)通过高温气化产生的合成气纯化为纯氢气的方法、系统和装置。
这样的氢气可以进一步与氮气反应生成氨,并且氨又可以与CO2反应生成尿素。
背景技术
一方面全球气候变化和另一方面全球范围内废物产量的增加推动着寻求新的碳中和方法,其中废物可以用作替代天然气或其他碳氢化合物的原料。
这些方法还将比生产生物柴油和乙醇更具优势,因为它们不会与可能需要用于生产食物的农田竞争。
生产合成气体(合成气)的方法是本领域已知的。例如,WO2011/008236 A2公开了使用等离子体气化或热解生产合成气,然后在水煤气变换(WGS)反应器中由合成气生产氢气。
WO 2009/091325 A1公开了一种用于生产富含氢气的合成气的生物质气化的方法和装置;美国专利号5,584,255公开了一种气化有机材料的方法和装置。美国专利号6,958,136公开了一种处理含氮废物流的方法,该方法可以利用碱金属和碳自由基形成从碳源中产生合成气。
WO 2008130260 A1公开了一种废物到液态烃的精炼系统,该系统设计用于将城市和工业废物、生物质和其他含碳原料转化为柴油、汽油和其他产品。该系统涉及高温液态铁床,该铁床从固体、液体原料中产生粗合成气,以及温度非常高的等离子体使粗合成气中的污染物转化为离子。
美国专利号6,455,011 B1公开了一种用于将废物处理为两级气化的方法和装置,该方法和装置回收处于这样状态的废物中的金属或灰分含量,该状态为它们是可回收的,并且它们可以是含有一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(H2)的用作氨(NH3)的合成气体的气体。
CN 103242134公开了一种涉及生活垃圾处理方法的发明,其中废物经过热裂解以通过完全气化的方法形成混合可燃气体,该混合可燃气体包含CO、CO2、H2、氮气(N2)和惰性氩(Ar)。该合成气经过纯化和分离,然后用于合成甲醇和/或二甲醚(DME)、发电以及合成尿素。该系统产生大量的可被处置或使用的焦油。
美国专利号2014/0364517 A1公开了一种用于从含碳的源材料中生产液体燃料和气体燃料和其它有用化学品的方法和系统,该方法和系统包括冷等离子体气化和/或热解以产生合成气,合成气又可以用于生产烃、甲醇、氨、尿素和其它产品。该系统是碳中和的,但相对复杂和昂贵,需要相对大量的能量用于等离子体气化,并且具有相当高的维护成本。
因此,仍然需要一种用于从含碳废物(如城市、RDF和工业废物)中生产氢气的碳中和方法、装置和系统。此外,仍然需要一种具有最小或零排放(特别是CO2排放)的方法、装置和系统。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种用于生产纯氢气(H2)的方法和装置,其中该方法包括预处理方法以纯化粗合成气,并使其与随后的转化/纯化步骤相匹配。
通过未经处理或处理过的城市或工业或农业废物的高温气化产生的合成气几乎不含污染物和组分。尽管其组分取决于废物组分,但我们仍可以识别出合成气中以下污染物/组分的种类。
由有机基质、盐和其他金属材料如铅、铬、铜等产生的颗粒,
a)氯化合物主要以HCl的形式存在
b)氮化合物主要以N2和痕量的HCN和NH3的形式存在
c)硫化合物以COS和H2S的形式存在,该COS和H2S的比例通常为约1至5,低至1至10以及低至1至2。
d)碳基质化合物以比例约为3比1的CO和CO2的形式存在
要点a)b)和c)中列出的组分将通过纯化方法从合成气中除去,该方法包括:
-酸洗涤
-碱洗涤
-使用湿式静电除尘器(WESP)进行处理
在整个这种纯化步骤中产生液体流,并进一步至浓缩单元中处理,其中所有污染物都以固体形式回收。
这种预处理将减少:
-范围为1-5ppm的颗粒
-范围为1-5mg/Nm3的HCl
一经预热,合成气适合用于在H2S和COS存在下将CO转化为CO2和H2和将COS转化为H2S的转化步骤。H2S转化为S,这使气体转化为液态和固态,通过深冷法或胺单元除去CO2,最后通过变压吸附(PSA)单元纯化氢气。
本发明的方法和装置的优势是能够在不排放氮和硫的情况下纯化氢气。
当用在本说明书中时,术语“包括(comprises)/包括(comprising)”用于指定存在或添加一个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、组件或它们的组。
附图说明
本发明的实施方式的这些和其他方面、特征和优点将从以下对本发明的实施方式的描述中变得显而易见并得以阐述,参考附图,其中:
-图1是从废物气化产生的合成气中制备纯H2的整个方法200的示意图;
-图2和图3是根据图1的合成气处理的示意图,在图1中,单元200分别被分成四个主要部分210-220和230、240;
-图4是利用通过图1的方法获得的H2制备尿素的整体框图。
具体实施方式
参考附图描述了本发明的具体的实施方式。但是,本发明可以以许多不同形式呈现,并且不应该构造为限制于本文提出的实施方式。相反,提供这些实施方式是为了使本公开将是彻底和完整的,并且将本发明的范围完全地传达给本领域技术人员。
图1中示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的概述。
来自有机废物高温气化的粗合成气,在适当的热回收锅炉或淬火器中一经冷却,便在洗涤部分中通过加入酸溶液,然后加入碱溶液以及通过WESP进行处理,除去颗粒和氯化合物,且合成气在其压缩后准备进行转化。在转化步骤中,通过加入蒸汽将CO转化为CO2和H2;H2S以固体形式还原成硫,CO2通过深冷单元或胺单元除去,并产生纯H2
通过图2给出了单元200的更详细描述。预处理部分210、CO转化部分220、H2S除去部分230以及CO2除去和H2纯化部分240。子系统210由四个子单元组成,该四个子单元为酸洗涤柱211、碱洗涤柱212、湿静电除尘器(WESP)213和液体流浓缩器214。液体流从一个子部分泵送至另一个子部分,并且置于214中,在214中污染物以固体形式被除去,并且水被回收回来。
部分220由以下组成:
-合成气压缩221
-脱氯和脱金属部分222
-高温酸变换部分223,其中COS、CO和其他组分通过以下反应进行转化:
2HCN+2H2O→N2+2CO+3H2
230部分可以由方法或单元组成,废物中硫的含量非常少,其中H2S转化为单质硫并与合成气分离。
部分230由以下组成:
-吸收部分231,其中从合成气中除去H2S并且转移至吸收液中
-再生部分232,其中吸收液再生并且H2S转化为S
-硫回收部分,其中S被液体分离并离开单元
流体离开H2S除去部分230,进入部分240以进行最终H2纯化,由以下组成:
-最终硫除去241以降低硫含量
-深冷单元或胺单元242,用于除去CO2
-PSA单元243,用于制造纯H2
在深冷单元242中,除去合成气中的所有CO2并将CO2以液体形式储存。在使用前需要对CO2进行深冷分离以纯化CO2。由该单元产生的废气可以回收到气化炉中或者配置在蒸汽锅炉的整个燃烧室中。
通过多床PSA进一步纯化粗氢气流以获得高于99.9%的纯度。废气将被回收到气化炉或传送至锅炉房中。
纯氢气在15-30barg的压力范围内产生,在部分200中,在20-35barg的压力下压缩合成气。

Claims (17)

1.从碳基质废物气化产生的合成气中制备氢气的方法,该方法不排放任何氮和硫,包括以下步骤:
-预处理步骤(210),以从粗合成气中除去颗粒和大量的金属、氯和NH3化合物;
-转化步骤(220),其中预处理过的合成气中存在的HCN、CO和COS在H2S的存在下转化为N2、CO2和H2S;
-除去步骤(230),其中从合成气中除去H2S,然后H2S转化为单质S;
-纯化步骤(240),其中通过深冷单元或胺步骤除去CO2,并且通过PSA单元产生纯氢气,
-其中通过最终将包含S的废物加入到气化反应器中来控制进入合成气的H2S水平。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述预处理步骤包括以下子部分:
-酸洗涤(211)
-碱洗涤合成气(212)和
-使用湿式静电除尘器(213)处理和
-液体流浓缩器(214)
-其中合成气在50-200℃的温度范围内进入预处理和
-其中液体流从一个子部分泵送至另一个子部分,并置于(214)中,在(214)中污染物以固体形式被除去,并且水被回收回来。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述转化步骤依次包括:
合成气压缩(221)
-脱氯和脱金属步骤(221);
-高/低温酸变换反应(223),其中HCN、COS和CO通过以下反应转化:
-2HCN+2H2O→N2+2CO+3H2
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述除去步骤(230)包括:
-吸收部分(231),其中从合成气中除去H2S并将H2S转移至吸收液中;
-再生部分(232),其中吸收液再生并且H2S转化为S;和
-硫回收部分(233),其中S被液体分离并离开单元。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中最终H2纯化步骤(240)依次包括:
-最终H2S除去(241)以降低离开吸收部分(231)的流体的硫含量;
-深冷单元或胺单元(242),用于除去CO2,和
-PSA,用于最终纯化氢气。
6.根据前述权利要求5所述的方法,其中在深冷单元(242)中,除去合成气中的所有CO2并将该CO2以液体形式储存。
7.根据前述权利要求5所述的方法,其中通过多床PSA进一步纯化粗氢气流以获得高于99.9%的纯度。
8.根据前述权利要求中每一项所述的方法,其中纯氢气在15-30barg的压力范围内产生,在纯化过程中,在20-35barg的压力下压缩合成气。
9.根据前述权利要求中每一项所述的方法,其中通过以下步骤使用氢气制备尿素:
-氨合成,其中纯H2和N2反应制备氨;
-尿素合成,其中氨和CO2反应制备尿素。
10.根据权利要求1、2、3和4所述的方法,其中将以液体形式离开子部分(242)的CO2泵送至尿素合成反应器。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述碳基质废物选自固体城市废物、衍生废物燃料如RDF、农业废物、城市和/或工业污泥、生物质、固体化学废物及它们的组合,并且其中废物组合物使得合成气中的H2S浓度保持足够高以进行酸性CO变换。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法和装置,其中通过水电解获得要求最小化或避免任何CO2排放的H2
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法和装置,其中仅当从电网可获得过量电力时,通过电解产生要求最小化或避免任何CO2排放的额外H2
14.一种用于从源自于废物气化的合成气中制备纯氢气的装置,不排放任何氮和硫,其特征在于,其提供:
预处理部分(210),从粗合成气中除去颗粒和大量金属、氯和NH3化合物;
转化部分(220),其中预处理过的合成气中存在的HCN、CO和COS在H2S的存在下转化为HCN、CO2和H2S;
除去单元(230),其中从合成气中除去H2S,然后H2S转化为S;
纯化部分(240),其中通过深冷单元或胺单元除去CO2,并且通过PSA单元产生纯氢气,和
构件,该构件通过最终将包含S的废物加入到气化反应器中来控制进入合成气的H2S水平。
15.根据权利要求14所述的装置,其特征在于,其提供:
进行预处理过程以纯化粗合成气的构件,包括:
酸洗涤柱(211);
碱洗涤柱(212);
湿式静电除尘器(WESP)(213);
将液体流从一个单元泵送至另一个单元,再至液体流浓缩器(214)的构件,其中污染物以固体形式被除去,并且水被回收回来;
用于对来自WESP(231)的合成气(101)进行压缩的构件(221);
用于将压缩的合成气脱氯和脱金属的构件(222);
高/低温酸变换反应器(223),其中合成气中存在的HCN、COS和CO通过反应转化:
-2HCN+2H2O→N2+2CO+3H2
吸收单元(231),其中从合成气中除去H2S并将其转移至吸收液中;
再生单元(232),其中吸收液再生并且H2S转化成S;
硫回收单元(233),其中S被液体分离并离开该单元;
而离开吸收单元(231)的流体进入最终硫除去单元(241)以降低硫含量;
所述装置还设置有用于除去CO2的深冷单元(242)和用于最终纯化氢气的变压吸收(PSA)单元(243)。
16.根据权利要求13和14所述的装置,其特征在于,PSA单元是多床PSA以获得高于99.9%的纯度。
17.根据权利要求12所述的装置,其特征在于,其还包括水电解槽以产生要求最小化或避免任何CO2排放的H2
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