CN110049738A - 基于光的组织处置设备 - Google Patents

基于光的组织处置设备 Download PDF

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CN110049738A
CN110049738A CN201780076225.7A CN201780076225A CN110049738A CN 110049738 A CN110049738 A CN 110049738A CN 201780076225 A CN201780076225 A CN 201780076225A CN 110049738 A CN110049738 A CN 110049738A
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R·费尔哈亨
B·瓦尔盖塞
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Abstract

一种基于光的处置设备包括光纤的光出射端部处的光学装置。所述光学装置包括基于半导体光学激光器和晶体光学放大器的主振荡器功率放大器。以这种方式,沿着所述光纤提供的所述峰值功率能够减小以防止对所述光纤的损害,同时使得足够高的脉冲功率能够被递送用于组织处置。

Description

基于光的组织处置设备
技术领域
本发明涉及基于光的组织处置设备。在这样的设备中,光源用于提供入射光束,所述入射光束用于通过产生病变或其他组织的损伤来对组织进行处置。一个范例是激光诱发的光学击穿(LIOB),其例如被用于对皮肤组织的处置或者用于毛发去除。本发明特别用于基于光纤的系统,诸如基于导管的系统。
背景技术
使用光纤的基于导管的激光系统对于体内动脉内和心脏应用是已知的。当诸如在用于激光皮肤护理处置的应用中需要光纤耦合高强度脉冲光源时,也能够使用基于光纤的系统。这可以在包含用于引导激光的关节臂的系统上支持耦合到机头的基站光纤的情况下使用。
基于光的皮肤处置设备例如被用于抗皱处置并且用于理发。在基于光的抗皱处置中,设备在待处置的真皮层中产生焦斑。选择激光的功率和脉冲持续时间以及焦斑的尺寸,使得激光诱发的光学击穿(LIOB)现象影响皮肤以便刺激皮肤组织的再生长并且由此减少皱纹。在基于光的理发中,入射光束被聚焦在头发内部并且LIOB现象使得头发被剪断。
例如,被公开为WO 2005/011510的国际专利申请描述了一种用于缩短头发的设备,其包括:激光源,其用于在预定脉冲时间期间生成激光束;光学系统,其用于将激光束聚焦到焦斑中;以及激光束操纵器,其用于将焦斑定位在靶位置中。焦斑的尺寸和所生成的激光束的功率使得在焦斑中激光束具有高于针对头发组织的特性阈值的功率密度,其中,在针对头发组织的特性阈值之上,在预定脉冲时间内在头发组织中发生激光诱发的光学击穿(LIOB)现象。
一般而言,激光诱发的光学击穿(LIOB)在介质中发生,当焦斑中的激光束的功率密度(W/cm2)超过作为针对该特定介质的特性的阈值时,所述介质对于该波长的激光束是透明或半透明的。在阈值之下,该特定介质具有针对特定波长的激光束的相对低的线性吸收性质。在阈值之上,所述介质具有针对特定波长的激光束的强烈的非线性吸收性质,其是介质的电离和等离子的形成的结果。该LIOB现象导致许多机械效应,诸如空化和冲击波的生成,其对围绕LIOB现象的位置的位置中的介质造成损伤。
已经发现,LIOB现象能够被用于破坏并且缩短头发从皮肤生长。头发组织对于近似地500nm与2000nm之间的波长是透明或半透明的。对于该范围内的波长的每个值而言,当焦斑中的激光束的功率密度(W/cm2)超过作为针对头发组织的特性的阈值时,LIOB现象在焦斑的位置处的头发组织中发生。所述阈值相当接近于作为针对水介质和组织的特性的阈值并且取决于激光束的脉冲时间。特别地,当脉冲时间增加时,所要求的功率密度的阈值减小。
为了实现机械效应,作为足够有效以便引起显著损伤(即,头发的至少初始破损)的LIOB现象的结果,例如大约10ns的脉冲时间足够。对于脉冲时间的该值而言,焦斑中的激光束的功率密度的阈值是大约2*1010W/cm2。对于所描述的脉冲时间并且利用例如借助于具有足够大的数值孔径的透镜获得的足够小的尺寸的焦斑,能够利用仅数十毫焦耳的总脉冲能量来实现该阈值。
除了皮肤处置和毛发去除之外,体内基于激光的系统对于许多微创性医学流程也是众所周知的。这些流程通常包含用于在身体的靶组织区域内部(例如,在患者的心脏内部)产生病变的激光能量的使用。
这些类型的病变中的特定挑战在于:心脏内部的内皮细胞层优选应当不受太多影响,以便避免血液凝固以及栓塞的风险。针对例如心率失常的常规基于能量的处置通常依赖于影响心脏组织以破坏或者隔离特定窦房结,但是优选避免对内皮组织结疤。由于大多数这些设备施加能量通过内皮组织,存在这些将被影响的高概率。
还已经报告了借助于激光诱发的光学击穿(LIOB)的动脉或静脉内处置,其中,利用内皮组织在处置期间不受影响的益处。然而,特定挑战仍然在于确保能量在组织内部被有效地递送。该上下文中的有效性隐含在要产生病变的位置处的组织内部实现足够的强度。
特定挑战在于:如果能量以将在组织内部有效地产生病变的方式被施加到导管,则其通常也将破坏导管。如果认为LIOB过程通常在(半)透明介质(光纤是那些之一)中是最有效的,则这是相当明显的。
例如,如果提供了用于在组织内部生成LIOB的足够强度的光脉冲(使用主振荡器功率放大器MOPA或者直接地通过闪光灯泵浦激光器),则该脉冲将足够强烈,使得其将通过光纤内部的LIOB的发生而破坏任何光束质量保护光纤。基于光纤的MOPA设计通常使用种子激光和掺杂光纤(例如,Yb+或其他掺杂剂)来放大种子激光。然而,一旦放大接近于足以在组织内部生成LIOB,则光纤放大器将被破坏。
用于降低发射脉冲的功率的已知方法包括在空间上或者在时间上扩展激光脉冲以降低光纤中的强度。然而,对于基于光纤的微型化脉冲递送系统而言,这些方法是不实际的。在空间扩展方法中,由于光纤传播期间的光束质量的劣化此后恢复强度是非常困难的(如果不是不可能的话)。在时间扩展方法中,然后由于所要求的硬件的大小在光纤顶端处重新组合脉冲是不实际的。
因此,需要使用基于光纤(诸如由导管所提供的)的方法在组织内部的靶位置处获得足够高的强度同时保护光纤完整性的方案。还期望减少对光纤的要求,使得替代将另外被要求输送高强度脉冲激光的光子晶体光纤,能够使用简单阶跃折射率多模或类似的光纤。
发明内容
本发明由权利要求书来定义。
根据本发明的第一方面的范例提供了一种基于光的组织处置设备,其包括:
光纤光导,其用于接收脉冲式入射光束;
在所述光纤的光出射端部处的光学装置,其包括:
聚焦透镜,其具有与所述入射光束对齐的中心区域;
在所述中心区域的下游的梯度折射率透镜;
微芯片激光振荡器,其接收所述梯度折射率透镜的输出作为输入泵浦光;
光学放大器,其用于放大所述激光振荡器的所述输出并且用于提供脉冲式激光处置输出;以及
反射器,其用于将所述中心区域周围的穿过所述聚焦透镜的光反射到所述光学放大器以形成放大器泵浦光。
该装置在光纤的顶端处提供了主振荡器功率放大器MOPA。以这种方式,沿着光纤提供的峰值功率能够被减小以防止对光纤的损害,同时使得足够高的脉冲功率能够被递送用于组织处置。所述激光振荡器与光学放大器相组合以使输出功率升高。所述激光振荡器包括微芯片激光振荡器(例如:基于Nd:Cr:YAG的),并且所述光学放大器包括晶体放大器(例如,基于Nd:YAG的)。因此,光纤部件未被用于承载所述高强度光学脉冲。以这种方式,能够在不引起所述光纤自身的击穿的情况下在所述光纤的端部处提供足够的强度。
所述微芯片激光振荡器优选包括晶体微芯片激光振荡器,并且所述光学放大器包括晶体放大器。在该设计中,使用晶体部件实现所述高光学功率脉冲的生成。使用来自所述光纤的中心光作为所述激光器的泵浦输入并且使用周围光作为所述光学放大器的泵浦而提供了能够被提供在所述光纤的端部处的小体积中的紧凑布置。
在该设备中,所述脉冲强度因此仅在所述设备的远侧顶端中生成并且不沿着光纤的长度输送。所得到的空间约束特别是通过在所述光纤的顶端处提供反射器来解决的,其确保了所述泵浦光在所述光学放大器内部形成所要求的焦点(诸如线焦点),使得所述放大器增益曲线(profile)与所述微芯片激光振荡器的中心传输模式(TEM00)的模式重叠。所述激光振荡器用作种子振荡器。
所述放大器晶体掺杂可以径向地变化以确保所述激光振荡器信号与所述放大器晶体增益的良好的模式重叠。
由所述光纤承载的所述入射光束被用作针对所述微芯片激光振荡器(其用作针对所述放大器的种子激光器)的泵浦光并且还用作针对所述光学放大器的泵浦光。
所述反射器例如包括用于在所述光学放大器级内部产生线焦点的锥形反射器。该线焦点用作针对所述晶体放大器的泵浦光。
所述晶体激光振荡器例如包括被动式q开关微芯片激光振荡器。
所述晶体激光振荡器可以包括:Cr:YAG饱和吸收体芯片,其用于接收泵浦光;以及Nd:YAG激光振荡器芯片,其用于产生所述激光处置输出。所述泵浦光是如由所述梯度折射率透镜聚焦的脉冲式入射光束。
所述饱和吸收体芯片例如具有出射表面,其具有针对所述泵浦光的波长的高反射涂层。这通过所述吸收器芯片提供泵浦光的双通道。
所述微芯片激光振荡器例如具有泵浦光输入表面,其具有针对所述泵浦光的波长的抗反射涂层以及针对所述激光处置输出的波长的高反射涂层。以这种方式,所述激光处置输出能够仅从所述激光振荡器的输出侧处逸出。
所述脉冲式入射光束例如具有808nm的波长,并且所述激光处置输出具有1064nm的波长。
所述晶体放大器可以包括掺杂的YAG棒。
所述光学装置可以包括蓝宝石主体,其限定所述聚焦透镜和反射器。以这种方式,所述反射器可以是全内反射反射器,因此将大小保持到最小值并且允许与待处置的组织直接接触。
所述光学装置优选包括所述光学放大器级的输出处的输出透镜。这被用于在待处置的组织中形成焦斑。
本发明还提供了一种处置系统,其包括:
光源,其用于提供脉冲式入射光束;以及
如上文所定义的设备,其用于接收所述入射光束并且生成所述脉冲式激光处置输出。
在一个范例中,所述光纤光导可以包括导管。所述系统因此适合于内部组织处置。
在另一范例中,所述光源是基本单元的部分,并且所述设备是用于抵着皮肤应用的手持式单元的部分。
附图说明
现在将参考附图详细描述本发明的范例,在附图中:
图1示意性示出了已知的LIOB皮肤处置设备;
图2示出了基于光的处置设备;并且
图3更详细示出了图2的设备的光学部件。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种基于光的处置设备,其包括在光纤的光出射端部处的光学装置。所述光学装置包括基于半导体光学激光器和晶体光学放大器的主振荡器功率放大器。以这种方式,沿着光纤而提供的峰值功率能够减小以防止对光纤的损害,同时使得足够高的脉冲功率能够被递送用于组织处置。高脉冲功率在光纤外部生成并且不由光纤输送。
在详细描述本发明之前,将给出对本发明涉及的设备的类型的一个范例的概述。
图1示出了用于对具有表面5的皮肤3的处置的系统1。
系统1包括在至少预定脉冲时间期间生成激光束11的光源9,并且其包括用于将激光束11聚焦到焦斑15中并且用于将焦斑15定位在皮肤3内的靶位置中的光学系统13,其对于来自光源9的光至少部分地透明。
图1中示意性指示的光学系统13的范例包括光束反射系统17、光束成形系统19、光束扫描系统21以及聚焦系统23,所述系统可以包括一个或多个反光镜、棱镜、光束分离器、偏振器、光纤、透镜、孔径、快门等。例如,所述扫描系统包括扫描棱镜。光束反射系统17是分色光束分离器。光束反射和光束成形向光束提供扩展或压缩并且引入额外的会聚或发散。
所述聚焦系统具有聚焦深度选择、光束成形和聚焦以及接触/输出窗口。存在跟随维持对接触/输出窗口的接触的暂停的轮廓。
光学系统13的至少一部分和/或激光束11的光束路径可以是封闭的,例如为了眼睛安全,例如包括不透明管和/或者一条或多条光纤。
光源9被配置为在预定波长处并且利用预定脉冲持续时间和重复率来发射预定数量的激光脉冲。系统1是可配置的,使得焦斑15的靶位置在皮肤的表面下方。焦斑15的尺寸和所生成的激光束的功率使得在焦斑15中激光束11具有高于针对皮肤组织的特性阈值的功率密度,在针对皮肤组织的特性阈值之上,在预定脉冲时间内发生激光诱发的光学击穿事件。
在激光源9与分色光束分离器17之间可能存在关节臂。光束反射系统17和后续部件形成机头的一部分。由于关节臂的反光镜中的对准误差,因而光束可以在进入关节臂之前扩展并且然后在光束转向和误差校正之前向后压缩。
皮肤3包括具有不同的光学性质的多个层。表皮由最外层组成并且形成防水保护屏障。表皮的最外层是角质层,角质层由于其粗糙度方面的微观波动,妨碍设备1与皮肤3之间的光耦合。出于该原因,优选在聚焦系统与皮肤之间提供耦合流体,旨在使折射率与皮肤和/或聚焦系统的出射透镜的折射率相匹配。
在表皮下方,坐落有真皮。真皮包括皮肤处置所瞄准的胶原纤维。
皮肤处置的目的是在真皮的胶原中产生脉冲激光束11的焦点15以便产生导致新胶原形成的微观病变。
光源9是利用任选的控制器25可控制的,其可以提供用户接口。同样地,光学系统13的一个或多个部分可以是利用任选的控制器(未示出)可控制的,其可以与光源控制器25集成以控制靶位置和/或焦斑的一个或多个性质。
可以通过对光束成形和/或聚焦系统的适当的设置(例如,通过对聚焦系统的数值孔径的调节)来确定激光束聚焦参数。可以从范围0.05<NA<nm中选取用于聚焦系统的数值孔径NA的适合值,其中,nm是在操作期间的针对激光波长的介质的折射率。
适合的光源包括发射在大约1064nm的波长处的激光脉冲与大约5-10ns的脉冲持续时间的Q开关Nd:YAG激光器,但是也可以使用其他激光器,例如Nd:Cr:Yag三层激光器和/或二极管激光器。还可以使用较短的脉冲,例如亚纳秒脉冲,例如向下到数十或数百皮秒,诸如100ps。微芯片激光器的小的大小使这成为可能。
光束反射系统17包括分色光束分离器,其反射激光但是使可见波长光通过。因此,来自皮肤3的接收到的可见波长光由光学系统采集并且被提供为反馈信号11',其可以被用于要么手动地要么自动地控制所述系统。
本发明涉及其中设备的处置部分替代地通过光纤被连接到激光源的系统。以这种方式,所述处置部分可以在导管的端部处,因此实现内部处置,或者其可以是手持式便携式设备,由此避免对于昂贵并且笨重的关节臂的需要。
本发明的系统利用两步方法,由此,完整的主振荡器功率放大器和光学系统以所谓的主振荡器功率放大器(MOPA)布局的形式被集成到光纤顶端中。光纤自身被用于将泵浦激光从主体外部引导到顶端,其中,泵浦光通过许多振荡器晶体以及包括透镜和反光镜的光学系统的组合被转换为短的强烈激光脉冲。尽管进入光纤的平均光学功率显著更高,但是峰值功率能够低6至7个数量级,这确保了光纤能够在不引起中间击穿的情况下有效地支持光。
图2示出了系统的实施方式的范例。
所述系统包括导管30,导管30包含光导32,光导32引导来自二极管激光源35的例如在808nm处的泵浦激光。
激光从光纤顶端发散并且然后入射在光学元件36的透镜表面34上。
光学元件36被形成为固态主体,其在光输入侧具有非球面透镜表面34并且在输出表面处具有锥形反射器38。透镜表面具有中心区域40和径向地在中心区域外部的外部区域。所述中心区域可以是通孔40。所述中心区域的下游是梯度折射率(GRIN)透镜42、被动式q开关微芯片激光振荡器44和晶体光学放大器46。
所述光学元件可以包括具有在其中形成透镜42、振荡器44和放大器46的中心通孔的主体。通孔的前端然后形成所述中心区域并且通孔周围的固态主体的前端形成透镜表面。在主体处可以替代地存在分离的透镜元件可以然后具有平面前表面。
所生成的激光从光学元件36发出并且通过非球面透镜48聚焦以在组织内部形成紧密斑。该斑被用于产生病变或者提供LIOB。
为了生成激光脉冲,入射泵浦光的中心部分由GRIN透镜42收集并且被聚焦到激光振荡器芯片44中。
入射泵浦光的外围部分初始由透镜表面34准直并且然后通过锥形反射器表面38偏转以形成集中在晶体光学放大器46内部的线焦点。
晶体放大器内部的线焦点确保了放大器增益曲线与微芯片激光振荡器的中心传输模式(TEM00)的模式重叠。放大器晶体掺杂可以径向地变化以确保激光振荡器信号与放大器晶体增益的良好的模式重叠。
图3更详细示出了各部件。
激光振荡器芯片44包括融合在一起的Cr:YAG饱和吸收体芯片50和高掺杂的Nd:YAG激光振荡器芯片52的双堆叠体。
振荡器芯片52的泵浦光束进入表面54被抛光并且被提供有针对808nm泵浦光束的抗反射涂层并且具有针对1064nm激光束的高反射涂层。
饱和吸收体芯片50的输出侧56具有针对808nm的高反射涂层以利用通过芯片的泵浦光58的双通道。在1064nm处的反射率能够被设计为允许所生成的光60的最佳脉冲持续时间和强度性质。
晶体放大器46由通过光纤发射的光的外围部分泵浦,所述光由透镜表面35准直并且由锥形反光镜表面38偏转。锥形反光镜可以要么被涂敷以确保对808nm泵浦激光的反射要么其可以利用全内反射的原理,这取决于光学元件36的介质与周围介质之间的折射率差。
如果光学元件36由蓝宝石(折射率n=1.76)制成,则能够在没有任何涂层的情况下使用与血液和组织直接接触的顶端,这仅仅依赖于全内反射的原理使光偏转。
所述放大器晶体自身可以是低钕掺杂的YAG棒。所述掺杂可以是均匀的,或者备选地,其可以采用要么径向地要么纵向地变化的掺杂浓度。特别地,径向分布可以被用于将增益限于晶体的中心,以确保泵浦光与晶体的掺杂区域的良好的重叠并且确保泵浦光和激光的适当的模式重叠。棒的各表面能够被涂敷以在适当的情况下向泵浦和激光波长提供最小损耗。
能够容易地通过改变光学元件36到光纤30的距离来调谐周围光量相对于中心泵浦光量的比率。任选地,透镜表面34和38可以直接被实施在光学元件36中,或者其可以分离地制造并且在制造期间融合/胶合到主体。
所述设计能够容易地微型化并且非常容易对齐并且由于其对称性是热稳定的。此外,使用蓝宝石作为激光发射器的主体确保了其将容易地由周围的血流冷却。光学元件4的典型直径将小于1cm。
光纤顶端安装的MOPA激光设计可以有效地被用于生成具有数十微焦耳直到数毫焦耳每脉冲的脉冲能量的亚纳秒激光秒冲,用于直到数百脉冲每秒的单个激光脉冲。
圆对称和最佳的热设计实现了良好的光束质量,其对于获得对于组织中的LIOB事件的产生必要的紧密聚焦是重要的。
在需要能够仅通过纤维光束内窥镜和/或基于光纤的光导可访问的区域中的高峰值功率和高强度激光脉冲的任何地方应用本发明。例如,这些可以与体内内窥镜应用有关。在手持式设备的领域中,本发明可以实现基站中的光纤耦合的激光二极管的使用,其借助于光纤被连接到容纳激光晶体和聚焦光学器件的轻量机头。以这种方式,能够避免用于引导高强度激光脉冲的笨重并且昂贵的关节臂的使用。
以上范例基于Cr:YAG晶体饱和吸收体芯片50和高掺杂的Nd:YAG激光振荡器芯片。然而,可以使用其他基于微芯片的激光器以及其他饱和吸收体。还可以使用半导体饱和吸收体。
以上范例基于作为晶体放大器的钕掺杂的YAG棒。其他范例是Yb:YAG、Nd:Yb:YAG和Yb:Cr:YAB。
上文所描述的范例利用晶体激光振荡器和放大器,特别是实现期望的脉冲能量。然而,如果当前或未来设计具有适合的性能,则可以替代地使用半导体微芯片激光振荡器(和对应的半导体光学放大器)。
应当注意,上文所提到的实施例例示而非限制本发明,并且本领域技术人员将能够在不脱离随附的权利要求书的范围的情况下设计许多备选实施例。在权利要求中,被放置在圆括号之间的任何附图标记不应当被解释为对权利要求的限制。动词“包括”和其词形变化的使用不排除除了权利要求中所陈述的那些之外的元件或步骤的存在。在元件前面的量词“一”或“一个”不排除多个这样的元件的存在。本发明可以借助于包括若干不同的元件的硬件并且借助于适合地编程的计算机来实施。在枚举若干装置的设备权利要求中,可以通过硬件的同一项实现这些装置中的若干装置。互不相同的从属权利要求中记载了特定措施的仅有事实并不指示不能有利地使用这些措施的组合。

Claims (15)

1.一种基于光的组织处置设备,包括:
光纤光导(30),其用于接收脉冲式入射光束;
在所述光纤的光出射端部处的光学装置(36),其包括:
聚焦透镜(34),其具有与所述入射光束对齐的中心区域(40);
在所述中心区域的下游的梯度折射率透镜(42);
微芯片激光振荡器(44),其接收所述梯度折射率透镜的输出作为输入泵浦光;
光学放大器(46),其用于放大所述微芯片激光振荡器的输出并且用于提供脉冲式激光处置输出;以及
反射器(38),其用于将所述中心区域周围的穿过所述聚焦透镜的光反射到所述光学放大器以形成放大器泵浦光。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述微芯片激光振荡器包括晶体激光振荡器,并且所述光学放大器包括晶体放大器。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其中,所述反射器(38)包括用于在所述光学放大器(46)内部产生线焦点的锥形反射器。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其中,所述光学放大器的增益曲线与所述微芯片激光振荡器的中心传输模式的模式重叠。
5.根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备,其中,所述微芯片激光振荡器(44)包括被动式q开关微芯片激光振荡器。
6.根据权利要求5所述的设备,其中,所述激光振荡器包括:Cr:YAG饱和吸收体芯片(50),其用于接收泵浦光;以及Nd:YAG激光振荡器芯片(52),其用于产生所述激光处置输出。
7.根据权利要求6所述的设备,其中,所述饱和吸收体芯片(50)具有出射表面(56),所述出射表面具有针对所述泵浦光(58)的波长的高反射涂层。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的设备,其中,所述微芯片激光振荡器(52)具有泵浦光输入表面(54),所述泵浦光输入表面具有针对所述泵浦光(58)的波长的抗反射涂层以及针对所述激光处置输出(60)的波长的高反射涂层。
9.根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备,其中,所述脉冲式入射光束具有波长808nm,并且所述激光处置输出(60)具有波长1064nm。
10.根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备,其中,所述光学放大器(46)包括掺杂的YAG棒。
11.根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备,其中,所述光学装置(36)包括蓝宝石主体,所述蓝宝石主体限定所述聚焦透镜和所述反射器。
12.根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备,其中,所述光学装置(36)包括在晶体光学放大器(46)的输出部处的输出透镜(48)。
13.根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备,其中,所述中心区域包括孔径。
14.一种处置系统,包括:
光源(35),其用于提供脉冲式入射光束;以及
根据任一前述权利要求所述的设备(30、36),其用于接收所述入射光束并且生成脉冲式激光处置输出。
15.根据权利要求14所述的系统,其中:
所述光纤光导(30)包括导管;或者
所述光源(35)是基本单元的部分,并且所述设备是用于抵着皮肤应用的手持式单元的部分。
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