CN110034683B - 一种能实现自然双向功率流的llc变换器调制方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。这种调制方法下高压侧和低压侧的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号完全一致,不需要方向的判断和模式的切换,实现了能量的自然双向流动,并且很好地减少了双向系统控制的复杂度,使系统的可靠性也得到改善。工作在这种调制方法下的LLC变换器可以实现恒定电压增益,其本质可以等效为一个直流变压器(DCX)。此外,该调制方法实现了一侧的零电压开关(ZVS)和另外一侧的零电流开关(ZCS)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及双向DC-DC变换器领域,更具体地,涉及一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。
背景技术
近年来,隔离双向DC-DC变换器发展迅速,广泛应用于电动汽车、不间断电源和储能系统中。
考虑到这些应用的功率拓扑结构,一种解决方案是双有源全桥(DAB)变换器。它具有结构对称、零电压开通能力、自然双向功率流控制等优点。但受到软开关范围的限制,加上关断电流较大,导致功率转换效率降低。
考虑到效率问题,LLC谐振变换器是另一种有吸引力的拓扑结构,因为它的软开关特性适用于全负载范围下的所有功率器件。当转换增益范围较窄时,如工作在谐振频率下,它可以实现零电压开通和零电流关断,转换效率很高。而如果转换增益需要大范围调整时,则变换器开关频率需要远离谐振频率,这样会产生大的环流,从而大大降低效率。
为了解决大范围调压下的效率问题,两级式的变换结构得到提出。例如一种拓扑结构,其前级为LLC谐振变换器,固定工作在谐振频率点,实现电气隔离、固定增益,同时工作效率最高。而其第二级可以采用非隔离型DC-DC变换器(如Buck变换器)来实现电压增益范围的调节,这种拓扑结构下的LLC谐振变换器开关频率固定,且不参与调压。
但是大部分研究都还集中在单向电能传输的应用上。单向电能传输时,原边全桥是作为高频逆变器,副边全桥是作为一个同步整流器(SR)。原副边的驱动信号不一致,当功率方向改变时需要切换PWM信号逻辑。因此,工作在传统调制方法下的LLC谐振变换器是不能实现自然双向功率流的。
发明内容
基于上述缺陷,本发明提供了一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。
本发明公开了一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法,在双向电能传输时,双向全桥LLC变换器开关管的高压侧和低压侧驱动信号是相同的、工作完全同步,开关频率固定并且小于谐振频率,并保证开关占空比等于半个谐振周期,即:
D=Tr/2Ts
其中Ts是开关周期,Tr是谐振周期,D是开关占空比;
谐振电流在设计合理的情况下是完全断续(DCM)的,且谐振电流过零点固定不变,只讨论断续模式下的动作,在断续模式下,一旦公式D=Tr/2Ts满足,电压比就取决于开关频率,同时,励磁电感也不参与到整个谐振周期当中,励磁电流仅仅用来实现软开关,所以正向运行和反向运行的工作模态是对称的;
系统的开关动作模态如下:
在t0之前,所有的开关关断,谐振电容电压VCr在它的最小值-ΔVCr,谐振电流iLr是断续的,励磁电流iLm通过体二极管D5和D8;
模态1[t0,t1]:在t0时刻,开关管S1,S4,S5和S8打开,其中S5和S8零电压开通,电感Lr的谐振电流iLr有如下表达式:
iLm,iLr和iLr2之间的关系式可表示为:
iLr2=iLr-iLm
其中iLr2为LLC变换器上变压器高压侧的绕组电流,变压器的励磁电感被钳位在低压侧电压VLV,因此励磁电流iLm可表示如下:
模态2[t1,t2]:在t1时刻,iLr等价于iLm,开关管S5和S8在此刻仍然是导通的,励磁电感Lm始终被低压侧电压钳位,因此,Lm并不参与谐振;
在iLr2为反向电流时,iLm,iLr和iLr2之间的关系式可表示为:
在t2时刻,谐振电流iLr减少到0,开关管S1,S4,S5和S8关闭,其中S1和S4零电流关断;
其中P代表变换器的传输功率,fs代表开关频率,VHV代表高压侧输入电压,在t3时刻之后,变换器将工作在一个新的工作周期。
进一步的,固定开关频率下,其中fr为谐振频率,当fs<fr时,所提调制方法下的电压传输比保持恒定且不受负载影响,因此电压传输比等同于变压器变比,具体推导步骤如下:
步骤1:谐振电流iLr(t)的周期平均值等价于高压侧电流IHV,它可以被推导出如下:
步骤2:当低压侧电压VLV对应的电阻是RLV时,忽略系统损耗,则高压侧电流能表示为:
进一步的,该调制方法下,谐振电容的参数需要满足于变换器DCM模式的边界条件,具体推导步骤如下:
步骤a:忽略体二极管的正向电压降和线路损耗,则D1、D4、D6、D7四个体二极管的导通条件为:
这里iLr可表示为:
步骤b:假设谐振电流是连续的,然后ΔVCr-(VHV+nVLV)近似为0,因此电感上的谐振电压L·dILr/dt可以被忽略,根据以上步骤a的式子,可以得到续流二极管的导通条件如下:
此外,本发明还公开了一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制设备,包括处理器、通信接口、存储器和总线,其中,处理器,通信接口,存储器通过总线完成相互间的通信,处理器可以调用存储器中的逻辑指令,以执行如上述任一所述的能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。
此外,本发明还公开了一种计算机可读存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,该计算机程序被处理器执行时实现如上述任一所述的能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。
相对于现有技术,本发明具备如下的有益效果:在本发明的调制方法下,双向全桥LLC谐振变换器高压侧和低压侧的PWM信号完全一致,不需要方向的判断和模式的切换,实现了能量的自然双向流动,并且很好地减少了双向系统控制的复杂度,使系统的可靠性也得到改善。工作在本发明的调制方法下的LLC变换器可以实现恒定电压增益,其本质可以等效为一个高效的直流变压器,此外,该调制方法实现了一侧的零电压开关(ZVS)和另外一侧的零电流开关(ZCS)。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为一种两级式解决方案系统结构图;
图2为本发明实施例所依据的LLC谐振变换器拓扑结构图;
图3中的图a-b分别为根据本发明实施例的正向运行开关动作相关波形和反向运行开关动作相关波形;
图4为根据本发明实施例的正向运行时详细工作波形图;
图5(a)为根据本发明实施例的开关周期的第I个阶段工作模态的等效电路图;
图5(b)为根据本发明实施例的开关周期的第II个阶段工作模态的等效电路图;
图5(c)为根据本发明实施例的开关周期的第III个阶段工作模态的等效电路图;
图5(d)为根据本发明实施例的开关周期的第IV个阶段工作模态的等效电路图;
图6(a)为根据本发明实施例的CCM模式下变换器工作情况等效电路图。
图6(b)为根据本发明实施例的CCM模式下变换器工作情况简化的谐振腔电路图。
图7为根据本发明实施例的DCM模式边界条件图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
在本发明的实施例中,参考图1-2,本发明以双向全桥LLC变换器为研究对象,高压侧和低压侧的两组开关管同开同关。
双向全桥LLC谐振变换器拓扑如图2所示,图2中,开关管S1~S4组成高压侧H桥,S5~S8组成低压侧H桥,D1~D8为对应于S1~S8的体二极管,C1~C8为S1~S8的寄生电容,具体的,S1和S2、S3和S4、S5和S6、S7和S8组成四组桥臂,S1、S3、S5、S7位于四组桥臂中点的上方,S2、S4、S6、S8位于四组桥臂中点的下方。
定义高压侧电压VHV,低压侧电压VLV,变比n和电压比之间的关系可表示如下:
谐振频率fr有如下定义:
定义当电源从高压侧传输到低压侧时,即为正向电能传输,反之为反向电能运行。
S1,S4,S5和S8开关管同时动作,S2,S3,S6和S7开关管同时动作,在双向电能传输时,开关管的高压侧和低压侧驱动信号是相同的、工作完全同步,开关频率固定并且小于谐振频率。需要去保证开关占空比等于半个谐振周期,即:
D=Tr/2Ts
其中Ts是开关周期,Tr是谐振周期,D是开关占空比。
如图3所示为依据本发明实施例的双向功率流下的开关动作相关波形。在这里本发明只讨论断续模式下的动作。
在断续模式下,一旦公式D=Tr/2Ts满足,电压比就取决于开关频率。同时,励磁电感Lm也不参与到整个谐振周期当中,励磁电流仅仅用来实现软开关。所以正向运行和反向运行的工作模态是对称的,在这里本发明只分析正向运行这种情况。该调制方法下的正向运行详细工作波形如图4所示。
模态1[t0,t1]:在t0时刻,开关管S1,S4,S5和S8打开,其中S5和S8零电压开通。电感的谐振电流iLr有如下表达式:
iLm,iLr和iLr2之间的关系式可表示为:
iLr2=iLr-iLm
其中iLr2为双向全桥LLC变换器上变压器高压侧的绕组电流,变压器的励磁电感被钳位在低压侧电压VLV。因此iLm可表示如下,
模态2[t1,t2]:在t1时刻,iLr等价于iLm。开关管S5和S8在此刻仍然是导通的。励磁电感Lm始终被低压侧电压钳位。因此,Lm并不参与谐振。
在iLr2为反向电流时,iLm,iLr和iLr2之间的关系式可表示为:
在t2时刻,谐振电流iLr减少到0。开关管S1,S4,S5和S8关闭,其中S1和S4零电流关断。
其中P代表变换器的传输功率。
在t3时刻之后,变换器将工作在一个新的工作周期。
对于电压增益的推导,我们有谐振电流iLr(t)的周期平均值等价于高压侧电流IHV,它可以被推导出如下:
当低压侧电压VLV对应的电阻是RLV时,忽略系统损耗,则高压侧电流能表示为:
当fs<fr时,所提调制方法下的电压传输比保持恒定且不受负载影响,因此电压传输比等同于变压器变比。
对于满足LLC变换器DCM断续模式边界条件下的谐振电容参数的设计。如图4所示,在t2时刻,当等于时,iLr等于0。谐振回路中,假设谐振电流iLr反向时,谐振电容处于放电。如图6(a),假设谐振电流反向,高压侧谐振电流将通过体二极管D1,D4续流,低压侧电流将要通过体二极管D6,D7续流。在这种情况下,变换器工作在CCM连续模式。
简化的谐振腔电路如图6(b)所示。忽略体二极管的正向电压降和线路损耗,则D1、D4、D6、D7四个体二极管的导通条件为:
这里iLr可表示为:
假设谐振电流是连续的,然后ΔVCr-(VHV+nVLV)近似为0。因此电感上的谐振电压L·dILr/dt可以被忽略。根据以上步骤的式子,可以得到续流二极管的导通条件如下:
综上所述,为了实现自然的双向功率流和易于控制,本发明实施例具有如下优势:
(1)本发明实施例的调制方法中,谐振电流在设计合理的情况下是完全断续(DCM)的,且谐振电流过零点固定不变。同时,励磁电流仅仅用来实现软开关,而不参与谐振。考虑到以上情况,固定开关频率下(低于谐振频率),当负载变化时,该变换器都能实现恒定电压增益。
(2)在双向电能传输时,高压侧和低压侧的驱动信号是相同的。因此在本调制方法下LLC谐振变换器是一个自然的双向拓扑,没有开关模态切换的判断,减少了双向系统的控制复杂度,系统的可靠性也得到改善,且不需要改变现有的双向全桥LLC变换器的结构(例如:加额外的辅助电感)。
最后说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法,其特征在于,在双向电能传输时,双向全桥LLC变换器开关管的高压侧和低压侧驱动信号是相同的、工作完全同步,开关频率固定并且小于谐振频率,并保证开关占空比等于半个谐振周期与开关周期的比值,即:
D=Tr/2Ts
其中Ts是开关周期,Tr是谐振周期,D是开关占空比;
只讨论断续模式下的动作,在断续模式下,一旦公式D=Tr/2Ts满足,电压比就取决于开关频率,同时,励磁电感也不参与到整个谐振周期当中,励磁电流仅仅用来实现软开关,所以正向运行和反向运行的工作模态是对称的;开关管S1~S4组成高压侧H桥,S5~S8组成低压侧H桥,D1~D8为对应于S1~S8的体二极管,C1~C8为S1~S8的寄生电容,具体的,S1和S2、S3和S4、S5和S6、S7和S8组成四组桥臂,S1、S3、S5、S7位于四组桥臂中点的上方,S2、S4、S6、S8位于四组桥臂中点的下方;系统的开关动作模态如下:
模态1[t0,t1]:在t0时刻,开关管S1,S4,S5和S8打开,其中S5和S8零电压开通,电感Lr的谐振电流iLr有如下表达式:
iLm,iLr和iLr2之间的关系式可表示为:
iLr2=iLr-iLm
其中iLr2为LLC变换器上变压器高压侧的绕组电流,变压器的励磁电感被钳位在低压侧电压VLV,因此谐振电流iLr可表示如下:
模态2[t1,t2]:在t1时刻,iLr的大小为iLm的值,开关管S5和S8在此刻仍然是导通的,励磁电感Lm始终被低压侧电压钳位,因此,Lm并不参与谐振;
在iLr2为反向电流时,iLm,iLr和iLr2之间的关系式可表示为:
在t2时刻,谐振电流iLr减少到0,开关管S1,S4,S5和S8关闭,其中S1和S4零电流关断;
其中P代表变换器的传输功率,fs代表开关频率,VHV代表高压侧输入电压,在t3时刻之后,变换器将工作在一个新的工作周期。
4.一种能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制设备,其特征在于,包括处理器、通信接口、存储器和总线,其中,处理器,通信接口,存储器通过总线完成相互间的通信,处理器可以调用存储器中的逻辑指令,以执行如权利要求1至3任一所述的能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。
5.一种计算机可读存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,其特征在于,该计算机程序被处理器执行时实现如权利要求1至3任一所述的能实现自然双向功率流的LLC变换器调制方法。
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